The most prevailing feature that led to the massive success of current Wireless Mobile Tele-Communication systems, is mobility. Being able to communicate on the go, anywhere and anytime has revolutionized modern day communication. In recent times the focus has not been only on simply being reachable while on the move but at the same time to use a variety of rich media content services over a variety of available network technologies, termed as 4G networks. The telecommunication development from the very beginning took two different tracks. One was the Internet which provided a fixed means of communication delivering rich media content taking full advantage of its packet switched nature. The second track was that of the cellular systems taking advantage of their circuit switched nature providing mainly voice and short messaging services to wireless and mobile users. In time both these technologies made major advances following their own respective tracks and it became evident that the convergence of both these technologies would be of even greater value. The driving force for this convergence was that a great need was felt for the support of mobility in the Internet. But since the Internet was not designed keeping mobility in mind, it did not support mobility by design. On the other hand in cellular systems in addition to circuit switching, packet switching was needed for flexibility, to make better use of network resources, and to deliver rich media content to the user at cheaper prices. For non-mobile user’s, packet switched networks performed really well in providing the required Quality of Service (QoS). However such networks faced considerable problems to achieve similar QoS for mobile users. With no support for mobility in the Internet from scratch, new components and functionalities were needed to be incorporated into the Internet for mobility support. Examples of such functionality include location tracking, network discovery, packet re-routing to the current point of attachment of the Mobile Node (MN), accounting, authorization and authentication. Special mobility management protocols to provide the required new functionalities were needed. For this purpose the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) proposed Mobile IP version 4 (MIPv4) and Mobile IP version 6 (MIPv6) to support mobility for a single IP host and Network Mobility (NEMO) protocol to support mobility for a whole network in motion. These protocols have the ability to maintain data connections for mobile IP enabled devices when they roam across different subnets or networks. When a mobile user moves across network boundaries, it has to perform handover to maintain its connections. When performing a handover a MN may not be able to send or receive data packets therefore the handover duration becomes a critical factor in guaranteeing real time applications (e.g. Voice over IP (VoIP)) their QoS. The purpose of this research work is to deal with handover issues in packets switched networks. A stepwise approach was followed during this study. Starting at layer-2 of the TCP/IP protocol stack and after identifying major problems at this layer for 802.11 networks, solutions were devised for seamless handovers by utilizing the Media Independent Information Service (MIIS) of the Media Independent Handover (MIH). After dealing with major handover issues at the MAC layer of 802.11 networks, the work moved one layer up in the TCP/IP protocol stack to layer three or the IP layer. The MIH framework which was originally proposed for vertical handovers is proposed to be utilized for improving the efficiency of horizontal handovers. Keeping the research work focused on horizontal handovers in 802.11 networks only, an Access Point (AP) selection scheme is proposed and an investigation was carried out regarding the implications of proposed solutions at the MAC layer, on MIPv6 handover delays. In the next step, the study is extended to vertical or heterogeneous handovers. This part proposes to break up a heterogeneous handover algorithm in a Wi-Fi/WiMAX integrated environment, into two parts. The handover algorithm parts are proposed to be executed separately from each other distributed among multiple network components, resulting in intelligent resource utilization and good scalability, without sacrificing handover efficiency. For proof of concept and the effectiveness of the proposed schemes simulations were performed in Network Simulator-2 (ns-2) for a scenario in which a MN moves linearly in the topology, performs handovers and makes use of MIH facilities for improved handovers. An important portion of this research also deals with the analysis of a variety of NEMO route optimization schemes proposed in the literature and their implications on handovers in NEMO networks. The goal of this part is to overview the handover signaling complexity of the various proposed NEMO route optimization schemes.

Die von Molaren-Inzisiven-Hypomineralisation (MIH) bzw. Milchmolaren-Hypo-mineralisation (MMH) betroffenen Kinder und Jugendlichen sind häufig in ihrer mundgesundheitsbezogenen Lebensqualität (MLQ) erheblich eingeschränkt. Die er-höhte Sensibilität der betroffenen Zähne und die schadhafte Kronenmorphologie be-einträchtigen die Nahrungsaufnahme und verschlechtern die Mundhygiene der Pati-enten, was einen Anstieg des Kariesrisikos zur Folge hat. In einer vorangegangenen Studie von Ebel et al. (Int J Paediatr Dent 2018) wurden schwerwiegende Konsequenzen für die Zahnhygiene und die Lebensqualität von MIH/MMH-betroffenen Kindern und Jugendlichen verifiziert. Die Anzahl der erkrank-ten Zähne und das Ausmaß der Beschwerden korrelierten signifikant mit einem An-stieg der Komplikationen: Mit zunehmender Zerstörung der Zähne, die von einer ge-steigerten Überempfindlichkeit begleitet wird, verschlechterte sich die häusliche Mundhygiene und die Plaqueakkumulation stieg deutlich an. Darüber hinaus kam es mit steigendem Schweregrad vermehrt zu Ernährungseinschränkungen, die durch Schmerzen beim Essen und Trinken hervorgerufen wurden. Diese Probleme bei der Nahrungsaufnahme führten zu nachhaltigen Einschränkungen im Alltag der Betroffe-nen mit psychischen und physischen Konsequenzen. In der vorliegenden Studie sollte die Frage beantwortet werden, ob eine Behandlung das Ausmaß der Hypersensitivität der erkrankten Zähne reduziert und ob sich die Kaufähigkeit der Patienten durch desensibilisierende oder rekonstruktive Maßnahmen verbessert. Dies hätte einen unmittelbar positiven Effekt auf die MLQ der erkrankten Kinder und Jugendlichen. Ferner sollte untersucht werden, ob geeignete therapeuti-sche Maßnahmen die Mundhygienefähigkeit der Patienten verbessern, was prognos-tisch das Kariesrisiko reduzieren würde.

Tese (doutorado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, 2017. / Submitted by Raquel Almeida (raquel.df13@gmail.com) on 2017-10-18T18:04:56Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2017_RenataNunesCabral.pdf: 3340849 bytes, checksum: 5bb07a5f56c1fe3bd396c91189a50679 (MD5) / Rejected by Raquel Viana (raquelviana@bce.unb.br), reason: Bom dia, O título descrito não condiz com o título do documento submetido. Atenciosamente. on 2017-11-07T09:34:56Z (GMT) / Submitted by Raquel Almeida (raquel.df13@gmail.com) on 2017-11-07T15:51:33Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2017_RenataNunesCabral.pdf: 3340849 bytes, checksum: 5bb07a5f56c1fe3bd396c91189a50679 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Raquel Viana (raquelviana@bce.unb.br) on 2017-11-07T16:34:38Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2017_RenataNunesCabral.pdf: 3340849 bytes, checksum: 5bb07a5f56c1fe3bd396c91189a50679 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-07T16:34:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2017_RenataNunesCabral.pdf: 3340849 bytes, checksum: 5bb07a5f56c1fe3bd396c91189a50679 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-11-07 / Introdução: O termo hipomineralização molar-incisivo (MIH) se refere a uma condição de origem sistêmica e etiologia ainda desconhecida que afeta um ou mais primeiros molares permanentes, podendo ou não afetar incisivos permanentes. As características clínicas da MIH consistem em opacidades assimétricas e bem demarcadas, podendo ocorrer quebras pós-eruptivas (PEBs) ao longo do tempo. Em relação ao tratamento de dentes acometidos pela MIH, ainda não há um critério validado que possa guiar os profissionais no manejo da doença. Objetivos: desenvolver um sistema para o diagnóstico da hipomineralização molar-incisivo capaz de abranger todos os estágios dos defeitos, estabelecendo uma relação direta entre diagnóstico e gravidade da condição; avaliar o padrão de PEBs ao longo de 36 meses; e, por fim, avaliar o manejo clínico de dentes afetados pela MIH. Métodos: o novo sistema foi desenvolvido e o padrão de quebras foi avaliado em crianças com idade entre 7-12 anos, residentes da região do Paranoá, DF. 179 e 181 crianças foram incluídas, respectivamente, que foram avaliadas por meio do novo sistema em um period de 36 meses. A confiabilidade do novo sistema foi testada por meio de porcentagens de concordância e valores de kappa. Em relação ao padrão de quebras, análises bivariadas foram conduzidas ao nível do dente. Para esta análise, o teste do quiquadrado foi utilizado para investigar associações entre a cor das opacidades e ocorrência de PEBs restritas ao esmalte e com exposição de dentina. Para fins de avaliação do tratamento de dentes afetados, desenvolveu-se um questionário, e foram enviados convites eletrônicos para pesquisadores do assunto selecionados via pubmed/medline. Para verificar o efeito do tipo de PEB (moderada x grave), presença de dor e avaliação de apenas um ou vários dentes por paciente na indicação de diferentes tratamentos foram utilizados os testes Kruskal-Wallis e Mann-Whitney com um nível de significância de 0,05. Resultados: para o novo sistema testado, as porcentagens de concordância em relação ao diagnóstico da MIH variaram de 94,6 a 97,9%, e os valores de kappa variaram de 0,82 a 0,88. Em relação ao padrão de quebras pós-eruptivas, as opacidades amarelas/marrons apresentaram maiores taxas em relação às opacidades brancas (p<0,05), e variáveis como cor e tipo de dente foram significativas em relação à progressão da MIH. (p<0,05) A respeito do manejo clínico, os resultados do questionário apontaram que as variáveis tipo de quebra pós-eruptiva, presença de dor e avaliação de um ou mais dentes afetados foram significativas para a decisão de tratamento. (p = 0,0001; Kruskal-Wallis) Conclusão: o novo sistema testado apresentou alta confiabilidade. Em relação à gravidade, a MIH é uma condição progressiva. Variáveis como cor e tipo de dente foram significantes em relação à ocorrência de PEBs. A respeito do tratamento da condição, existe uma grande disparidade entre as decisões de tratamento de primeiros molares permanentes afetados. O manejo clínico da condição é influenciado pela localização da quebra póseruptiva, presença de dor e o número de dentes afetados pela condição. / Introduction: The term molar-incisor hypomineralization (MIH) refers to a condition, which presents systemic origin and still unknown etiology that affects one or more permanent first molars (FPM), and may or may not affect permanent incisors. The clinical characterization of MIH consists of asymmetric and welldemarcated opacities, and post-eruptive breakdowns (PEBs) that can possibly occur over time. Regarding the treatment of teeth affected by MIH, there is still no validated criteria that can guide professionals in the management of the condition. Aims: to develop a system for MIH diagnosis comprising the total spectrum of the defects, establishing a direct relationship between diagnosis and severity, evaluating the PEB occurrence over 36 months, and also to evaluate the clinical management of MIH- affected teeth. Methods: the new system was tested and the occurrence of PEBs was evaluated in the same group of children, aged 7-12 years, residents of the Paranoá, DF. 179 and 181 children were included, respectively, who were evaluated by the new diagnostic system for a period of 36 months. The reliability of the new system was tested using percentages of agreement and kappa values. Regarding the occurrence of PEBS, bivariate analyses were conducted at the tooth level. For this analysis, the chi-square test was used to investigate associations between color of opacities and occurrence of PEBs restricted to the enamel and exposing dentine. For the treatment decisions evaluations, a questionnaire was developed, and an electronic invitation was sent to researchers who were selected via Pubmed / Medline. In order to verify the effect of the type of PEB (moderate or severe), the presence of pain and evaluation of only one or several teeth per patient in the indication of different treatments, non-parametric statistical tests were used (Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney) with a significance level of 0.05. Results: For the new system tested, the percentages of agreement in relation to the MIH diagnosis ranged from 94.6 to 97.9%, and the kappa values ranged from 0.82 to 0.88. Regarding the occurrence of PEBs, yellow / brown opacities presented higher rates of posrteruptive breakdown in relation to white opacities (p <0.05), and variables such as color and tooth type were significantly associated to the progression of MIH. (p<0.05) Regarding the clinical management, the results of the questionnaire indicated that the variables such as type of PEBs, presence of pain and evaluation of one or more affected-teeth influenced the treatment decision. (P = 0.0001; Kruskal-Wallis) Conclusion: the new system presented high reliability. In relation to severity, MIH is a progressive condition. Variables such as color and type of the tooth were significant in relation to the occurrence of PEBs. Regarding the treatment of the condition, there is a great disparity between the treatment decisions regarding affected FPM. The clinical management of the condition is influenced by the location of the PEB, the presence of pain and the number of affected-teeth.

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, 2016. / Submitted by Camila Duarte (camiladias@bce.unb.br) on 2017-01-16T20:48:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_JulianadeAguiarGrossi.pdf: 1828944 bytes, checksum: f06f14268bbb0f1603d288f4c0c6ba3e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Guimaraes Jacqueline(jacqueline.guimaraes@bce.unb.br) on 2017-04-18T13:02:07Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_JulianadeAguiarGrossi.pdf: 1828944 bytes, checksum: f06f14268bbb0f1603d288f4c0c6ba3e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-18T13:02:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_JulianadeAguiarGrossi.pdf: 1828944 bytes, checksum: f06f14268bbb0f1603d288f4c0c6ba3e (MD5) / Hipomineralização molar incisivo (HMI) é um defeito qualitativo do esmalte dentário envolvendo 1 ou até 4 primeiros molares permanentes, associado ou não a defeitos nos incisivos permanentes. Clinicamente, os dentes apresentam esmalte poroso nas áreas demarcadas que, frequentemente, apresentam fratura de esmalte pós-eruptiva, expondo dentina e facilitando o desenvolvimento de cárie. A literatura mostra que crianças com HMI recebem mais tratamentos dentários que crianças não afetadas. Além disso, os tratamentos tendem a ser mais invasivos, desafiando o profissional quanto à escolha da melhor opção restauradora. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a sobrevida de restaurações realizadas de acordo com o Tratamento Restaurador Atraumático (ART) em primeiros molares afetados por HMI. Para isso, um estudo epidemiológico identificou 1971 escolares dos quais 184 eram portadores de HMI diagnosticadas por meio do critério da Academia Européia de Odontopediatria - EAPD. Destas, 60 crianças apresentavam grau severo de HMI com cárie e sem envolvimento pulpar, das quais 44 compuseram a amostra desse estudo. Os tratamentos foram realizados na escola por um único dentista utilizando-se ionômero de vidro de alta viscosidade (Equia Forte, GC America) de acordo com a técnica ART. Após 6 e 12 meses, um examinador independente avaliou as restaurações por meio do critério ART modificado. Foram realizadas análise descritiva dos dados e regressão logística [P≤0.05; 95% intervalo de confiança]. Foram tratados 60 dentes em um total de 44 crianças, sendo 24 meninas (54,54%) e 20 (45,45%) meninos com idade média de 10,55 (±1,25) anos. Considerando o número de superfícies, 29 (48,3%) das restaurações envolveram 1 face, 20 (33,3%) duas e 11 (18,4%) mais que duas faces. Quanto à extensão das restaurações, 25 (41%) apresentavam lesão em dentina sem enfraquecimento de cúspide, 23 (37,7%) com lesão em dentina e enfraquecimento de cúspide, e 13 (21,3%) com lesões em dentina com destruição de uma ou mais cúspides. A anestesia foi necessária em 4 casos. A taxa de sucesso após 6 e 12 meses foi de 98,3%, observando-se falhas em somente 1 restauração. Uma análise bivariada mostrou que dentre as variáveis idade, sexo, dente, número de faces e extensão das cavidades apenas a variável número de faces mostrou-se se estatisticamente associada a falhas (p=0,016), uma vez que a mesma ocorrereu em dente com três ou mais faces envolvidas. Porém, no modelo de regressão logística no qual todas as variáveis foram incluídas, não se apresentou significativo (p=0,276). Diante do exposto, concluiu-se que a maioria dos dentes com HMI não apresentou necessidade de tratamento, e aqueles com necessidade de tratamento, requerem majoritariamente restaurações diretas. Dentes afetados por HMI apresentam cavidades atípicas, uma vez que foram associadas à quebra pós-eruptiva, não seguindo um padrão comum definido como ocorre para cárie dentária. As restaurações ART, colocadas em campo, para restauração em primeiros molares permanentes afetados por HMI, mostraram-se eficazes para preservação da estrutura dentária desses dentes. Restaurações envolvendo três ou mais faces tiveram maior chance de falhar no período de 12 meses. _______________________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT / Molar-Incisor Hypomineralisation (MIH) is a qualitative enamel defect that involves hypomineralisation of 1 to 4 first permanent molars (FPM) associated or not with affected permanent incisors. Clinically, MIH teeth present with demarcated enamel opacities that very often envolves post eruptive breakdown (PEB) wich exposes dentine facilitating caries development. The literature shows that children with MIH receive more dental treatments than those who are not affected. Moreover, treatments tend to be more invasive, challenging the professional with respect to the best restorative approach. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the survival rate of Atraumatic Restorative Treatment (ART) restorations in first permanent molars affected by MIH. An epidemiological survey detected 1971 schoolchildren from whom 184 individuals were diagnosed with MIH using the EAPD criteria. From this total, 60 schoolchildren presented severe MIH molars associated to carious dentine lesions without pulp involvement, from wich 44 composed the sample included in this trial. Treatments were performed by one trained dentist using the ART approach at school premises. A high viscosity glass ionomer cement (GIC) restorative system (Equia Forte, GC®) was used according to ART technique. Treatments were evaluated after 6 and 12 months by an independent examiner using the ART modified criteria. Data analysis involved descriptive statistics and logistic regression [P≤0.05; 95% confidence interval (95% CI)]. A total of 60 teeth were treated in 44 children, 24 (54.54%) girls and 20 (45.45%) boys with a mean age of 10.55 (±1.25) years. In regard to the number of surfaces involved in the restorations, 29 (48.3%) of them involved one surface, 20 (33.3%) two and 11 (18.4%) more than two surfaces. Considering cavity size of the restorations, 25 (41%) presented dentine cavitation without cusp weakness, 23 (37.7%) large dentine cavitation with cusp weakness and 13 (21.3%) large dentine cavitation with one or more cusp breakdown. Only 4 children required the use of local anaesthesia. A survival rate, after 6 and 12 months of 98,3% was observed, as only one restoration failed. A bivariate analysis showed that variables age, gender, tooth, number of surfaces and cavity size only ‘number of surfaces’ was considered significant (p=0.016) as all failures occurred in restorations of three or more surfaces. However, in a logistic regression model, with all variables included, it were not considered significant (p= 0.276) as all the failures occurred in one restorations of three or more surfaces. From this preliminary data, it is possible to conclude that the majority of the teeth diagnosed with MIH didn’t require treatment and those who need it, direct restorations were indicated. MIH teeth have a different pattern of cavities design (atypical cavities) resulting from post eruptive enamel breakdown. The ART restorations, performed in the field, showed to be an effective treatment to preserve first permanent molars affected by MIH. Restorations with three or more surfaces had a higher chance to fail.

Objetivo: Evaluar el manejo terapéutico seleccionado por los estudiantes de pregrado, egresados y docentes de una Universidad privada de Lima en piezas dentarias con HIM Materiales y métodos: En este estudio se trabajo con 151 participantes, siendo estudiantes de pregrado, egresados y docentes entre los 20 a 42 años de una Universidad Privada en Chorrillos, Lima-Perú. Se les aplicó un cuestionario el cual se subdividió en 2 fases: tipo de material y tipo de preparación cavitaria con 3 casos de HIM con diferente grado de severidad. Para el análisis univariado, se procedió a obtener la estadística descriptiva, frecuencias absolutas y relativas (P<0.05). Resultados: En el caso 1 el tratamiento más seleccionado por todos los encuestados fue “Sellante de fisuras a base de material de ionómero de vidrio” siendo en pregrado 31(68.9%), egresados 37(47.43%) y docentes 19(67.86%). En el caso 2 el tratamiento más seleccionado fue “corona preformada” siendo en pregrado de 20(44.45%), egresados de 33(42.30%) y docentes 15(53.57%). En el caso 3 en la primera opción “Remover solo el esmalte blando y dañado” fue más elegida por egresados 45(57.69%). En la segunda opción “Remover mayor sustancia dental, pero dejar el borde de la preparación en esmalte hipomineralizado” fue más elegida por pregrado 27(60%). En cuanto a la tercera opción, “Remover todo el esmalte afectado con HIM y dejar el borde de la preparación en esmalte sano", fue más elegida por docentes 7(25%). También se observa que si hubo diferencia significativa entre el nivel de formación con manejo terapeutico. (p=0,000). Conclusiones: En base a los resultados encontrados es posible concluir que el tratamiento para HIM debe ser elegido de acuerdo a las características individuales de la pieza afectada, las cuales, determinaran el tipo de preparación cavitaria o el tipo de material a utilizar. / Objective: To evaluate the therapeutic management selected by undergraduate students, graduates and teachers of a private University of Lima in dental pieces with HIM. Materials and methods: In this study worked with 151 participants, being undergraduate students, graduates and teachers between the ages of 20 and 42 of a Private University in Chorrillos, Lima-Peru. A questionnaire was applied which was subdivided into 2 phases: type of material and type of cavitary preparation with 3 cases of HIM with different severity. For the univariate analysis, the descriptive statistics, absolute and relative frequencies were analyzed (P <0.05). Results: In case 1, the treatment most selected by all respondents was “glass ionomer fissure sealants” being undergraduate 31 (68.9%), graduates 37 (47.43%) and teachers 19 (67.86%). In case 2, the most selected treatment was “preformed crown” being undergraduate of 20 (44.45%), graduates of 33 (42.30%) and teachers 15 (53.57%). In case 3, in the first option “Remove only soft and damaged enamel”, it was most chosen by graduates 45 (57.69%). In the second option "Remove more dental substance, but leave the edge of the preparation in hypomineralized enamel" was most chosen by undergraduate 27 (60%). As for the third option, "Remove all the enamel affected with HIM and leave the edge of the preparation in healthy enamel", was most chosen by teachers 7 (25%). It is also observed that if there was a significant difference between the level of training with therapeutic management (p = 0,000). Conclusions: Based on the results found, it is possible to conclude that the treatment for HIM should be chosen according to the individual characteristics of the affected piece, which will determine the type of cavitary preparation or the type of material to be used. / Tesis

Nous assistons actuellement à une évolution considérable des communications mobiles. En l’absence d’accord entre les fournisseurs, changer son point d’attachement au réseau signifie encore casser la session en cours et dépendre de l'application pour récupérer les données perdues. De même, il n'est guère possible pour un utilisateur mobile de contrôler la connectivité de son appareil. L'objectif de cette thèse est de présenter le concept d'une structure technologique innovante pour le contrôle autonome des terminaux multimodes dans les environnements sans fil hétérogènes et non fédérés. Son but est de permettre à un terminal auto-configuré de se connecter et de se déplacer de manière transparente à travers des réseaux indépendants, tout en respectant les choix et préférences de son utilisateur. Le schéma obtenu implique des mécanismes d’abstraction et inter-couches. Il tient compte de contraintes basées sur les systèmes sans fil hétérogènes, les architectures autonomes, et permet l’exécution de services génériques comme le choix du réseau d'accès et la gestion de la connectivité et des sessions. Ce schéma s'applique au terminal mobile, avec des mécanismes dissociés de l'infrastructure réseau. La thèse analyse comment les technologies existantes sont améliorées et combinées avec de nouvelles fonctionnalités pour atteindre cet objectif, et donne une description de l'ensemble du concept et de sa mise en œuvre. Un modèle simulé est utilisé pour évaluer la validité de la structure proposée. Diverses applications à des systèmes réels mettant en œuvre les éléments de cette architecture sont présentées, faisant ressortir la généralité et les principaux avantages du concept. / Recent years have witnessed a massive evolution of mobile communications. When no agreement between the network providers exists, changing the attached network still means breaking the session and relying on the application to recover the lost data. In parallel, it is hardly possible for a mobile user to control the connectivity of his terminal. The objective of this thesis is to present the concept of an innovative technological framework for the autonomous control of multimode terminals in heterogeneous and non-federated wireless environments. The aim is to enable a self-configuring terminal to connect and roam seamlessly across independent networks, while respecting its user’s choices and preferences. The target scheme involves abstraction and cross-layer mechanisms. It takes into account constraints based on heterogeneous wireless systems, autonomous architectures and enables generic services such as smart access network selection, connectivity and session management. This scheme applies to the mobile terminal, with mechanisms independent of the network infrastructure. The thesis analyses how existing technologies are enhanced and combined with new features to achieve this objective and gives a description of the overall concept and of its implementation. A simulated model is used to assess the validity of the proposed framework. Diverse applications to real systems that implemented the components of this framework are presented, highlighting the generality and key benefits of the concept.

Atualmente tem crescido o uso de aparelhos móveis com mais de uma interface de rede para o acesso à Internet, caracterizando em parte as Redes de Próxima Geração (NGN). Outras características da NGN são o acesso sob demanda, no qual o cliente de acesso não seria, necessariamente, usuário de um único provedor e usaria a rede de outros provedores conforme a necessidade, e o gerenciamento de handover (trocas de rede) centrado no usuário, no qual o usuário é quem decide à qual rede vai se conectar e em que momento. Existem algumas implicações relacionadas ao acesso sob demanda que podem melhorar ou piorar a experiência de acesso do usuário e causar certos impactos relacionados à vazão recebida, valor gasto, número de handovers, entre outros. Para o dispositivo móvel gerenciar os handovers, ele precisa obter informações sobre as redes disponíveis como, por exemplo, preço e incentivos, além das informações já obtidas atualmente como força do sinal recebido e identificador do provedor (SSID). Porém, os provedores não possuem um sistema automatizado para fornecer tais informações aos dispositivos móveis. Esta tese apresenta uma avaliação dos impactos das trocas dinâmicas entre provedores Wi-Fi para o usuário móvel, comparando o acesso sob demanda com o acesso tradicional (como é feito atualmente). Como metodologia para esta avaliação, foram realizadas simulações de redes em um cenário com provedores Wi-Fi com perfis diferentes, nas quais foram analisados o número de handovers realizados, a quantidade de bytes recebidos e o valor gasto com o acesso. Nestas simulações o usuário pôde priorizar o custo da conexão, a força do sinal recebido e a carga de trabalho no ponto de acesso para decidir a troca de rede. Esta tese também apresenta uma arquitetura para provimento de informações adicionais sobre as redes disponíveis em um ambiente de acesso sob demanda com gerenciamento de handover centrado no usuário, chamada MYHand (MIH-based and Y-Comm-based Handover Management). Para isso foi utilizada a arquitetura para acesso sob demanda chamada Y-Comm e o padrão IEEE 802.21 (MIH Media Independent Handover). Os resultados desta tese contribuem no gerenciamento das trocas de rede e ubiquidade do acesso à Internet em NGN. A arquitetura MYHand auxiliará o dispositivo móvel a obter mais informações necessárias à decisão de handover, podendo otimizá-la. Com os resultados das simulações, o dispositivo móvel poderá prever o quanto determinada decisão poderá beneficiar a experiência do usuário em termos de qualidade da conexão e custo / Currently, the usage of mobile devices with multiple network interfaces for Internet access has been growing, characterizing partially the Next Generation Networks (NGN). Other features of the NGN are access on demand, in which the customer is not, necessarily, user of a single provider and would use the network of other providers as needed, and the user-centric handover management, in which the user decides which network to connect to and at which time. There are some implications related to access on demand which can improve or worsen the user access experience and cause some impacts related to throughput, paid value, number of handovers, among others. The mobile can manage the handovers but he needs to obtain information about available networks as, for example, price and incentives, in addition to the information already obtained currently as received signal strength and provider identifier (SSID). However, providers do not have an automated system to provide such information to mobile devices. This thesis presents an evaluation of the impacts of dynamic switching between Wi-Fi providers for the mobile user, comparing access on demand to the traditional approach (as currently done). As methodology for this evaluation, simulations were performed in a scenario with Wi-Fi providers with different profiles, in which the number of handovers performed, the amount of received bytes, and the paid value were analyzed. In these simulations the mobile user could prioritize the cost of the connection, the received signal strength, and the load on the access point to decide the handover. This thesis also presents an architecture for additional information provisioning about available networks in an access on demand environment with user-centric handover management, called MYHand (MIH-based and Y-Comm-based Handover Management). For this purpose, an architecture for access on demand called Y-Comm and the IEEE 802.21 standard (MIH Media Independent Handover) were used. The results of this thesis contribute to the handover management and ubiquity of Internet access in NGN. The MYHand architecture will assist the mobile device to obtain more information, necessary to the handover decision, optimizing it. With the results of the simulations, the mobile device can predict how much a particular decision may benefit the user experience in terms of connection quality and cost

Les diagnostics d’hypominéralisations molaire-incisive (HMI) et de colorations post-mortem de l’émail sont peu fiables et reproductibles dans des séries archéologiques. Notre guide de diagnostic a permis de distinguer les hypominéralisations de l’émail des colorations taphonomiques. L'émail hypominéralisé est caractérisé par des taux de β-carbonate plus élevés et une densité minérale plus faible. Les colorations taphonomiques présentent une concentration plus élevée en manganèse, en fer, en cuivre et en plomb, mises en évidences par des analyses en fluorescence X. Les dentures d’individus immatures issus de 21 séries archéologiques ont été examinés et comprenaient : 4 séries françaises, Sains-en-Gohelle (Pas-de-Calais), Cognac-Saint-Martin (Charente), Beauvais (Oise) et Jau-Dignac-et-Loirac (Gironde) provenant de cimetières médiévaux et post-médiévaux et 17 séries anglaises (Londres) provenant de cimetières romains, médiévaux et post-médiévaux. Nous avons dénombré 555 individus dont l’âge au décès est compris entre 5 et 19 ans et dont la datation chronologique s’étale sur une période allant du 1er au 19ème siècle. Au total, sur les 290 individus avec au moins une première molaire permanente (PMP) présente, 42 avaient au moins une opacité délimitée de l’émail sur une PMP (soit 14,5%). Parmi les 17 individus dont les dents ont été analysées, les tests statistiques n’ont mis en évidence que 9 cas de HMI, soit 52,9% de l’effectif. Une prévalence de 9,3% de HMI a été estimée dans nos séries archéologiques ce qui avoisine les prévalences connues à l’heure actuelle dans les populations du vivant en Europe. Les défauts du développement de d'émail sont souvent utilisés comme indicateurs de la santé générale dans les populations archéologiques passées. La possibilité de trouver des HMI dans des populations anciennes minimise l’importance de certaines hypothèses étiologiques contemporaines (par exemple les dérivés de dioxines, les bisphénols ou les antibiotiques) sans exclure l'aspect multifactoriel possible de l'anomalie. / Developmental enamel defects are often used as indicators of general health in past archaeological populations. It can be difficult to macroscopically distinguish subtle hypomineralised enamel opacities such as Molar Incisor Hypomineralisation (MIH) from post-mortem staining. The diagnostic guide developed enables the differentiation of developmental hypomineralisation of enamel from taphonomic discolorations. Hypomineralised enamel had higher β-carbonate rates and lower mineral density. Taphonomic discoloration had higher concentration of manganese, iron, copper and lead, determined by means of X-ray fluorescence analyses. Sub adults from 21 archaeological series were examined and included: 4 French series, Sains-en-Gohelle (Pas-de-Calais), Cognac-Saint-Martin (Charente), Beauvais (Oise) and Jau-Dignac-et-Loirac (Gironde) from medieval and post-medieval cemeteries and 17 English series (London) from Roman, medieval and post-medieval cemeteries. We recorded 555 individuals aged between 5-19 years dating from 1st to 19th century. Among 290 specimens with at least one first permanent molar (FPM) present, 42 showed at least one FPM opacity (14.5%). Among the 17 individuals whose teeth were analysed, statistics highlighted 9 cases of MIH (52.9%). MIH prevalence of 9.3% was estimated among the archaeological series which is close to prevalence in living populations in Europe. The identification of MIH among past populations downplays contemporary aetiological hypotheses (e.g. dioxins, bisphenols, antibiotics) without excluding multifactorial aetiology of this pathology.

Atualmente tem crescido o uso de aparelhos móveis com mais de uma interface de rede para o acesso à Internet, caracterizando em parte as Redes de Próxima Geração (NGN). Outras características da NGN são o acesso sob demanda, no qual o cliente de acesso não seria, necessariamente, usuário de um único provedor e usaria a rede de outros provedores conforme a necessidade, e o gerenciamento de handover (trocas de rede) centrado no usuário, no qual o usuário é quem decide à qual rede vai se conectar e em que momento. Existem algumas implicações relacionadas ao acesso sob demanda que podem melhorar ou piorar a experiência de acesso do usuário e causar certos impactos relacionados à vazão recebida, valor gasto, número de handovers, entre outros. Para o dispositivo móvel gerenciar os handovers, ele precisa obter informações sobre as redes disponíveis como, por exemplo, preço e incentivos, além das informações já obtidas atualmente como força do sinal recebido e identificador do provedor (SSID). Porém, os provedores não possuem um sistema automatizado para fornecer tais informações aos dispositivos móveis. Esta tese apresenta uma avaliação dos impactos das trocas dinâmicas entre provedores Wi-Fi para o usuário móvel, comparando o acesso sob demanda com o acesso tradicional (como é feito atualmente). Como metodologia para esta avaliação, foram realizadas simulações de redes em um cenário com provedores Wi-Fi com perfis diferentes, nas quais foram analisados o número de handovers realizados, a quantidade de bytes recebidos e o valor gasto com o acesso. Nestas simulações o usuário pôde priorizar o custo da conexão, a força do sinal recebido e a carga de trabalho no ponto de acesso para decidir a troca de rede. Esta tese também apresenta uma arquitetura para provimento de informações adicionais sobre as redes disponíveis em um ambiente de acesso sob demanda com gerenciamento de handover centrado no usuário, chamada MYHand (MIH-based and Y-Comm-based Handover Management). Para isso foi utilizada a arquitetura para acesso sob demanda chamada Y-Comm e o padrão IEEE 802.21 (MIH Media Independent Handover). Os resultados desta tese contribuem no gerenciamento das trocas de rede e ubiquidade do acesso à Internet em NGN. A arquitetura MYHand auxiliará o dispositivo móvel a obter mais informações necessárias à decisão de handover, podendo otimizá-la. Com os resultados das simulações, o dispositivo móvel poderá prever o quanto determinada decisão poderá beneficiar a experiência do usuário em termos de qualidade da conexão e custo / Currently, the usage of mobile devices with multiple network interfaces for Internet access has been growing, characterizing partially the Next Generation Networks (NGN). Other features of the NGN are access on demand, in which the customer is not, necessarily, user of a single provider and would use the network of other providers as needed, and the user-centric handover management, in which the user decides which network to connect to and at which time. There are some implications related to access on demand which can improve or worsen the user access experience and cause some impacts related to throughput, paid value, number of handovers, among others. The mobile can manage the handovers but he needs to obtain information about available networks as, for example, price and incentives, in addition to the information already obtained currently as received signal strength and provider identifier (SSID). However, providers do not have an automated system to provide such information to mobile devices. This thesis presents an evaluation of the impacts of dynamic switching between Wi-Fi providers for the mobile user, comparing access on demand to the traditional approach (as currently done). As methodology for this evaluation, simulations were performed in a scenario with Wi-Fi providers with different profiles, in which the number of handovers performed, the amount of received bytes, and the paid value were analyzed. In these simulations the mobile user could prioritize the cost of the connection, the received signal strength, and the load on the access point to decide the handover. This thesis also presents an architecture for additional information provisioning about available networks in an access on demand environment with user-centric handover management, called MYHand (MIH-based and Y-Comm-based Handover Management). For this purpose, an architecture for access on demand called Y-Comm and the IEEE 802.21 standard (MIH Media Independent Handover) were used. The results of this thesis contribute to the handover management and ubiquity of Internet access in NGN. The MYHand architecture will assist the mobile device to obtain more information, necessary to the handover decision, optimizing it. With the results of the simulations, the mobile device can predict how much a particular decision may benefit the user experience in terms of connection quality and cost

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, 2015. / Submitted by Fernanda Percia França (fernandafranca@bce.unb.br) on 2016-03-02T15:21:18Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_TerezaRaquelMourãodeOliveira.pdf: 948036 bytes, checksum: 6b0faf387715443a00e3f7792c8369fc (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Raquel Viana(raquelviana@bce.unb.br) on 2016-03-14T22:22:11Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_TerezaRaquelMourãodeOliveira.pdf: 948036 bytes, checksum: 6b0faf387715443a00e3f7792c8369fc (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-14T22:22:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_TerezaRaquelMourãodeOliveira.pdf: 948036 bytes, checksum: 6b0faf387715443a00e3f7792c8369fc (MD5) / O esmalte dentário, por não sofrer remodelação, tem as alterações ocorridas em seu processo de formação registradas em sua superfície, o que caracteriza os defeitos de desenvolvimento do esmalte. Dentre eles, a Hipomineralização Molar-Incisivo (HMI) tem ganhado atenção de muitos pesquisadores devido às suas consequências clínicas. Assim, esse estudo teve por objetivo analisar os possíveis fatores etiológicos e o impacto dessa condição na qualidade de vida de escolares do Paranoá-DF. Para isso, delineou-se um estudo do tipo caso-controle, no qual 131 crianças diagnosticadas como portadoras de HMI num estudo epidemiológico prévio compuseram os casos e 131 sem HMI os controles. Dois questionários validados, um a respeito de possíveis fatores etiológicos da HMI e outro sobre qualidade de vida foram utilizados. As mães dos casos e controles foram entrevistadas por telefone e responderam a ambos os questionários. As crianças casos e controles responderam apenas ao questionário de qualidade de vida na própria escola sob a supervisão da avaliadora. Para avaliar as possíveis diferenças nos escores de diferentes variáveis dependentes na presença de diversas variáveis independentes foram empregados os testes de Mann-Whitney. Em relação ao questionário de qualidade de vida, foi utilizado o teste de correlação de Spearman para avaliar as respostas das crianças e das mães, casos e controles, em relação à variável "aparência do dente". Para a comparação das respostas referentes à classificação dos dentes, dadas pelos entrevistados, em relação “agradabilidade”, “alinhamento”, “manchamento” e “saúde” foi realizada uma avaliação da distribuição dos escores entre os pares de caso-controle, utilizando o teste não paramétrico de Wilcoxon signed-rank test, com alfa igual a 0,05. Como resultado, para o questionário de etiologia, constatou-se haver associação estatisticamente significante entre “doenças na primeira infância” (p=0,000), “febre alta” (p=0,000), “uso de antibiótico”(p=0,000), “trauma ou infecção na boca”(p=0,016), “manchamento dos dentes”(p=0,000) e “sensibilidade dentária”(p=0,032) e HMI. Em relação ao questionário de qualidade de vida, observou-se que os casos apresentaram dificuldade em sorrir espontaneamente (p=0,044) e menor satisfação com o alinhamento (p=0,020) e manchamento dos dentes (p=0,028) em comparação aos controles. Da mesma forma, as mães dos casos mostraram-se mais incomodadas com a aparência (p=0,029) e cor dos dentes dos seus filhos (p=0,000) quando comparadas com às mães dos controles. Desta forma, conclui-se que intercorrências médicas na primeira infância estejam associadas ao desenvolvimento da HMI, assim como existe um impacto negativo dessa condição na qualidade de vida das crianças acometidas, tanto sob a visão da criança quanto de sua mãe. / Tooth enamel, by not being able to remodel itself, presents the alterations that occur during its development process registered on its surface, what characterises the enamel developmental defects. Among them, the molar-incisor hypomineralization (MIH) is gaining attention from many researchers due to its clinical consequences. Thus, this study aimed to analyse the possible etiological factors and the impact of MIH on the quality of life of a group of schoolchildren of Paranoá-DF. A case-control study was designed, in which 131 children diagnosed as presenting MHI in a previous epidemiological survey composed the cases and 131 children without the condition were the controls. Two validated questionnaires, one about MIH possible etiological factors and another one about quality of life were used. Mothers from both case and control groups were interviewed by phone and replied to both questionnaires. Case and control children responded to the questionnaire at school premises under the evaluator supervision. In order to assess possible differences on the scores of different dependent variables in the presence of different independent variables, Mann-Whitney tests were used. With regard the questionnaire of quality of life, Spearman correlation was used to assess children and mothers response from both cases and controls in relation to the variable "tooth appearance". To compare the answers regarding tooth "pleasantness", "alignment", "staining" and "health", the distribution of the scores given by pairs of cases and controls were assessed using the Wilcoxon signed-ranked test, with an alpha of 0.05. The results, for the questionnaire about quality of life, showed a significant association between “diseases during early childhood” (p=0.000), “high fever” (p=0.000), “antibiotics’ use” (p=0.000), “trauma or mouth infection” (p=0.016), “tooth staining” (p=0.000) and “tooth sensitivity” (p=0.032) and MIH. In relation to quality of life, it was observed that the children cases presented more difficult in "spontaneous smiling” (p=0.044) and were less satisfied with their teeth “alignment” (p=0.020) and “colour" (p=0.028) in comparison to controls. Mothers from the cases showed to be more unhappy with their children teeth “appearance" (p=0.029) and “colour" (p=0.000) than mothers of controls. Therefore, it was concluded that medical conditions during early childhood are associated to the development of MIH, as well as there is a negative impact of the MIH on children’s quality of life, from both children and mothers perception.