Submitted by Anderson Luiz dos Santos Safre (andersonsafre@hotmail.com) on 2018-07-23T19:43:45Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ALSS_dissertacao.pdf: 7462772 bytes, checksum: b07ec4a1d1d0d003c7c73a59116539ce (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Lucia de Grava Kempinas (algkempinas@fca.unesp.br) on 2018-07-24T12:07:25Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 safre_als_me_botfca.pdf: 7462772 bytes, checksum: b07ec4a1d1d0d003c7c73a59116539ce (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-24T12:07:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 safre_als_me_botfca.pdf: 7462772 bytes, checksum: b07ec4a1d1d0d003c7c73a59116539ce (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-05-11 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Os usos de técnicas de modelagem em águas subterrâneas vêm sendo amplamente utilizado para entender a variabilidade e as incertezas associadas às condições hidrodinâmicas dos aquíferos. Os modelos numéricos de fluxo das águas subterrâneas são utilizados para representar a distribuição da carga hidráulica, bem como a velocidade e volume de escoamento da água no aquífero. O Estado de São Paulo possui algumas unidades de conservação de proteção integral, chamadas de Estações Ecológicas. Na região hidrográfica do Médio Paranapanema (UGRHI-17), destaca-se a Estação Ecológica de Santa Barbara (EEcSB), localizada sob uma transição do Sistema Aquífero Bauru (SAB) e o Sistema Aquífero Serra Geral (SASG). A principal atividade econômica na região é a agricultura, onde as águas subterrâneas e superficial são captadas para a irrigação. A demanda excessiva pode ameaçar os recursos hídricos e os ecossistemas da região. Desse modo, foi analisado nesse estudo qual o papel da EEcSB como área de garantia de recarga, utilizando a modelagem do fluxo das águas subterrâneas a partir da plataforma FREEWAT, que utiliza o código MODFLOW de diferenças finitas para simulação numérica. Gerou-se uma camada de espessura variada, representado o SAB. A discretização horizontal foi de 7.789 células ativas, com extensões de 100 m x 100 m. Foram utilizados 23 poços de observação, distribuídos por entre as microbacias da EEcSB, para calibração do modelo. A recarga foi dívida em duas zonas para representar a EEcSB ou outros usos da terra no entorno. Os valores variaram entre 15% de recarga da precipitação média. As duas formações do SAB contidas na EEcSB (Adamantina e Marilia) foram representadas por zonas com diferentes condutividades hidráulicas, a primeira com 1,75 m/d e a segunda com 0,9 m/d. A análise de sensibilidade foi realizada automaticamente pelo módulo UCODE_2014 e demonstrou que os parâmetros com maior sensibilidade foram a condutividade hidráulica na zona 1 e a recarga. A calibração teve um erro médio quadrático residual de 0,52 m. O valor total de afluxo simulado pelo modelo em regime permanente é de 66.893,882 m³/d, onde 59.079 m³/d correspondem ao volume escoado pelos drenos, e 7.813 m³/d ao valor de saída pela evapotranspiração. Foram observados três padrões principais de fluxo, com um divisor de águas subterrâneas no centro do domínio simulado. Um padrão de fluxo possui sentido Oeste em direção ao Rio Capivari, apresentando segmentações nas direções de fluxo próximas aos córregos afluentes (Divisa, Santana, Guarantã e Boi). Foram simulados dois cenários, o primeiro com a remoção de 50% da área e o segundo com remoção total da EEcSB. O primeiro cenário apresentou redução de 53,6% no volume da recarga e 47,5% no volume das drenagens, com quedas de até 11m no nível freático. O segundo cenário apresentou uma redução de 61,68% na recarga e de 77,79% na vazão das drenagens com rebaixamentos de até 14m no nível freático. / The uses of groundwater modeling techniques have been widely applied to understand the variability and uncertainties associated with the hydrodynamic conditions of aquifers. Numerical groundwater models are used to represent the hydraulic head distribution, as well as the velocity and volumetric flow. The São Paulo State has some Conservation Units of integral protection, called Ecological Stations. In the Médio Paranapanema Hydrographic region (UGRHI-17), stands out the Santa Bárbara Ecological Station (EEcSB), located under a transition from the Bauru Aquifer System (BAS) and the Serra Geral Aquifer System (SGAS). The main economic activity in the region is agriculture, where the groundwater and surface water are extracted for irrigation. The excessive demand of water threatens the region’s water resources and ecosystems. Thus, in this study, the role of EEcSB as a recharge guarantee area, was analyzed through groundwater flow modeling through the FREEWAT platform, that uses the MODFLOW finite difference code for numerical approximation. One layer of varied thickness, representing the BAS was generated. The horizontal discretization was made of 7,789 active cells, with 100 m x 100 m extension. Twenty three observation wells were used, distributed among EEcSB micro-basins for calibration. The recharge was divided in two zones, to represent the EEcSB and the other land uses in the environment. Recharge values varied around 15% of average rainfall. The two BAS formations (Adamantina and Marillia) at EEcSB were represented by two zones with different hydraulic conductivity, the first with 1.75 m.d-1, and the second with 0.9 m.d-1. The sensitivity analysis was performed automatically by UCODE_2014 module and showed that the parameters with the highest sensitivity were the hydraulic conductivity at zone 1 and the recharge. The calibration had a mean square residual error of 0.52 m. The total value of simulated inflow by the steady state model is 66,893,882 m³.d-1 where outflow was 59,079 m³.d-1 by the leakage into the drains, and 7,813 m³.d-1 by evapotranspiration. Three main flow patterns were observed, with a groundwater divide at the center of the simulated domain. A flow pattern runs westward toward the Capivari Rver, showing segmentations in the flow directions near the tributaries (Divisa, Santana, Guarantã and Boi). Two scenarios were simulated, the first with the removal of 50% of the area and the second one with total removal of the EEcSB. The first scenario presented a reduction of 53.6% in the recharge volume and 47.5% in the drainage volume, with decreases up to 11 m in the water table. The second scenario presented a reduction of 61.685 in recharge and 77.79% n drainage flow with decreases up to 14 m in the water table.

El objetivo general del presente trabajo de título es modelar y analizar el efecto que tiene la recarga artificial sobre el funcionamiento y la operación del dren Las Vegas. Se entiende por recarga artificial la acción de ejecutar obras que generen un transporte de agua desde la superficie hasta la napa subterránea, en condiciones en que sin intervención directa dicho transporte nunca hubiera ocurrido. Se estudia el caso de la Planta de Tratamiento de Agua Potable Las Vegas, que tiene la particularidad de recoger agua cruda de fuentes superficiales y subterráneas a la vez. La captación superficial corresponde a una bocatoma ubicada cerca del fin de la segunda sección del río Aconcagua, mientras que la captación subterránea es un dren construido a 40 [m] bajo la superficie. El dren Las Vegas aprovecha el angostamiento del valle para establecerse como una barrera que intenta captar el mayor caudal posible. Para aumentar el caudal captado por el dren existen las llamadas lagunas de infiltración, que tienen por misión aprovechar el agua sobrante de la bocatoma e infiltrarla al acuífero. La experiencia de recarga artificial en la Planta de Tratamiento de Agua Potable Las Vegas es una de las pocas que está en funcionamiento pleno en Chile, pero aún así tiene mucho por donde mejorar su gestión. En el mundo la recarga artificial es utilizada ampliamente para administrar los recursos hídricos, desde zonas áridas como el medio oriente hasta zonas costeras y con ríos abundantes como Ámsterdam y París. Se recopilaron los antecedentes pertinentes para poder construir un modelo hidrogeológico utilizando Visual MODFLOW, entre ellos, topografía del recinto, estudios hidrogeológicos y datos hidrológicos. Las fuentes principales de información fueron estudios de terreno realizados en el momento de construcción del dren y modelos hidrogeológicos de la cuenca del río Aconcagua encargados por la Dirección General de Aguas. El modelo resultante fue ajustado para que representara fielmente lo observado en terreno entre los meses de enero de 2008 y marzo de 2009. El modelo ajustado fue utilizado para establecer la tasa de recarga para cada sector del recinto donde podrían emplazarse nuevas lagunas de infiltración. Posteriormente se calcula la superficie necesaria para construir dichas lagunas, teniendo en cuenta consideraciones de acceso y mantención. Además, se calcula la cantidad de lagunas necesarias para distintos escenarios de demanda al dren. Asumiendo un valor deseable de caudal captado por el dren de 1.250 l/s se estima que se necesita inundar 17 [Há], equivalente aproximadamente a 50 lagunas pequeñas. Se concluye que puntos interesantes de estudiar serían: la calidad del agua infiltrada y como afecta al acuífero, la precisión de los datos con los que se trabajó y el grado de influencia de ellos en el resultado, la factibilidad de realmente establecer un régimen de mantención serio y sus posibles implicancias económicas.

Groundwater is an important natural resource in Sweden due to almost 50 % of the produced drinking water origins from groundwater, 50 % of the groundwater is artificially made. Artificial recharge is necessary in some areas in Sweden to enable enough groundwater extraction for the drinking water supply. Artificial recharge will affect the groundwater levels in the system. The infiltration of water can also affect the spread of pollution in the area. The effect of pollution spreading is due to the change in available oxygen in the system. When infiltrating water, the soil can go from anaerobic- to aerobic conditions, which in turn can cause mobilization of pollutants. This master project was carried out in collaboration with the consultancy company WSP. In this thesis, an esker assessed as suitable for artificial recharge from a hydrogeological point of view, is investigated regarding the contamination spread. Stockholm vatten och avlopp (SVOA) is investigating the possibilities for producing drinking water by artificial recharge in the esker. The area has been identified as a potential hazardous area by the Swedish environmental protection agency and increased levels of zinc, lead and copper have been found in the soil. The aim with this project is to investigate how zinc, lead and copper could spread in the groundwater for the current situation. This project also aims to investigate how the artificial recharge would affect the groundwater levels in the system as well as the effect of the spread of zinc, lead and copper regarding the mass transport, transportation time and the contaminant plume. A hydrogeological model was created in MODFLOW where the effect of infiltration was simulated. Models for groundwater transport as well as mass transport was created in MODPATH respectively in MT3DMS. The hydrogeological model´s Normalized root mean square (nRMS) was 7,4 % and the maximal residual between observed and simulated groundwater levels was 0, 16 meters. Two different scenarios for artificial recharge were investigated, one called pilotförsöket and the other called fullskaleanläggningen. For the pilotförsöket was 100 L/s infiltrated and for fullskaleanläggningen was 280 L/s infiltrated, the amount of extracted groundwater was assumed to be equal as the amount of infiltrated surface water. The simulations were indicating that the groundwater levels could rise up to 7 meters locally around the infiltration area. The groundwater levels closer to the extraction wells could decrease by 4 meters in pilotförsöket and decrease by 10-15 meters in fullskaleanläggningen. The simulations of zinc, copper and lead in the infiltration area, are indicating an increase in maximal concentration as well as an increase for the plume of contaminants as a result of infiltration. The maximal concentrations in the simulations of pilotförsöket were found to be in the following ranges 4x10-5 to 2,8x10-8 mg/L for lead; 8 x10-4 to 2,5x10-6 mg/L for copper and 0,012 to 9x10-4 mg/L for zinc. Fullskaleanläggningen resulted in the highest concentrations of the simulated scenarios. The following ranges were observed in the simulations of fullskaleanläggningen 4,5x10-5 to 4x10-8 mg/L for lead; 0,014 till 2,5x10-6 mg/L for copper, and 0,035 till 3x10-3 mg/L for zinc. The plume of contaminants was observed to increase with an increasing amount of infiltrated water. During the simulation period of 10 years, the simulation implies that zinc, copper and lead mainly will be transported close to the infiltration area. The results for simulations in all scenarios indicate that the plume of contaminant will not reach the extraction wells. These results can be due to longer transportation times than 10 years, as well as that the increase volume of water in the system will dilute the levels of metals. This master project indicates that the artificial recharge in the area will affect the groundwater levels in the system. Due to the change in groundwater levels can also the spread of zinc, copper and lead increase in magnitude and in size. This master project also indicates that zinc, copper and lead would not reach the extraction wells in high levels within a 10 years period. The simulations indicate that the area could be appropriate to use for artificial recharge, when considering zinc, copper and lead. This assessment is only based on the simulations of the mass transport of zinc, copper and lead and with the assumption that the contaminated soil would be excavated if an infiltration area is built. Even though the simulations indicate that the area could be appropriate. Other pollutants that was found, but not simulated, at increased levels could have a different transportation time as well as mass transport from the infiltration area. Regarding the age of the landfill it is likely in the methanogenic phase and leaching of contaminants could already have happened decades ago. With these two aspects in mind, my recommendation is that more investigations are made regarding the spread of other pollutants as well as the level of zinc, lead and copper in the groundwater closer to the extraction wells.

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One of the Government's environmental quality objectives is to achieve a poison free environment, meaning that the presence of anthropogenic substances in the environment should not pose a threat to human health or biodiversity. Such a substance is chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons which have been used historically in dry cleaning and as degreasing agents within industrial processes. In recent years, negative effects on human health have been found since exposure to chlorinated solvents is associated with toxic and carcinogen effects, which has resulted in constrictions against such substances today.At the former Whirlpool industry in Himmelstalund, in Norrköping, the chlorinated solvents perchlorethylene (PCE) and trichlorethylene (TCE) have been used historically during production. Concentrations of PCE and TCE and their degradation products cis–1,2–dichloroethylene (cis–1,2–DCE) and vinyl chloride (VC) have been detected in groundwater at the site. This Master´s thesis aimed to develop a site–specific groundwater flow model and a mass transport model to simulate the spread of these compounds through the saturated zone after 10, 30 and 75 years. The groundwater model was developed in MODFLOW and calibrated based on known hydrological and geological conditions after which a sensitivity analysis was performed regarding hydraulic conductivity and effective porosity. It was found that the flow model generated flows which corresponded to measured ones when hydraulic conductivity was employed within the range 10–5–10–2 m/s and effective porosity in the range 5–25%.It was found that PCE, TCE and cis–1,2–DCE did not reach the surface water recipient Motala river within 75 years, the compounds traveled 500 meters west of the source zone as furthest. However, VC reached Motala river within ten years, depending on which initial concentration were applied. The plume of VC remained in the aquifer after 75 years containing concentrations exceeding the guideline values in groundwater. This is considered severe since chlorinated solvents are toxic and cancerogenic to humans.A sensitivity analysis with regard to adsorption and reaction parameters was performed where it was found that the adsorption greatly affected the spread of the plumes and was more influencing than how the reaction parameters were applied. When maximum adsorption was employed, PCE, TCE and cis–1,2–DCE remained adjacent to the source zone while VC moved about 500 meters. It was seen that the mobile properties of the compounds were considerably larger for all components when minimal adsorption was applied. Hydraulic conductivity had a major impact on transport times where higher hydraulic conductivity resulted in faster transportation through the aquifer.As the spread through the aquifer was largely affected by which parameters were chosen, it was assessed relevant to measure hydraulic conductivity, adsorption constants and measure groundwater levels in more points spread in the model area in order to improve the reliability of the mass transport model.

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Värmdö municipality, in the archipelago of Stockholm, has one of Sweden’s fastest growing populations and is a popular location for tourism and summer houses. This puts a lot of pressure on groundwater reservoirs and will likely be even more strained in the future as the climate continues to heat up due to anthropogenic activities. The aim of this study is to investigate the use of groundwater resources on the island of Ingarö, today and in a changing climate. The goal was also to identify the behaviour of the groundwater reservoir under different extraction rates. A model was constructed using MODFLOW, a software developed and maintained by the U.S. Geological Survey. The results show that for the present-day scenario with the current extraction rate there is a surplus of recharge leaving the reservoir. Moreover, three groundwater divides could be identified in the reservoir which can prove useful when examining the movement of contaminants. The result also indicated that an extraction rate of 105% of current extractions could be possible without any artificial infiltration. At an extraction rate of 110%, one well struggled with keeping up with demand for water. As the extraction rate increased further the results were deemed as inconclusive. For these scenarios, model domain required to be extended further east due to a constant head boundary condition acting as an infinite source of water in these cases. / Värmdö kommun har en av Sveriges snabbast växande befolkningar, därtill är kommunen en populär tillflyktsort under sommaren med många turister och andra som har sina sommarhus där. Många av dessa sommarhus har under de senaste 20 åren konverterats till permanentboenden och det är troligt att denna utveckling kommer fortsätta i framtiden. Detta medför att den redan begränsade tillgången på vatten ute i skärgården påverkas negativt och kommer spädas på ytterligare i samband med att klimatet blir allt varmare. Målet med denna uppsats var att kartlägga grundvattentillgångarna i Ingarö vattentäkt och hur dessa påverkas av klimatförändringarna samt under olika uttagsscenarion, där de olika uttagen kan spegla kraven på tillgång på vatten vid en ökande befolkning. En konceptuell modell skapades i Groundwater Modelling Systems (GMS) och i ArcGIS. Modellen löses sedan numeriskt med hjälp av grundvattenflödesekvationen i MODFLOW och lösningen importeras därefter tillbaka till GMS för analys. Den underliggande förutsättningen i modellen var att det nuvarande grundvattenuttaget och den naturliga återhämtningen av magasinet är lika stor. Den naturliga återhämtningen inom domänen, och de bidragande omkringliggande områdena, baserades på årsmedelvärden av nederbörd och evapotranspiration som hämtas från Sveriges Meteorologiska och Hydrologiska Institut (SMHI). De bidragande omkringliggande områdena identifierades genom att hitta vattendelare i landskapet med hjälp av en Digital Elevation Model (2x2 m). Jorddjupet i åsen beräknades med hjälp av Sveriges Geologiska Undersöknings (SGU) jorddjupsmodell som grund. I de områden där SGUs modell inte ansågs ge tillförlitliga jorddjup ersättes den med dels en jorddjupsmodell utvecklad på Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan (Simplified Regolith thickness Model) och dels med hjälp av kriging-interpolation över ett område med en högre densitet av kända jorddjupspunkter. Resultaten från det nutida scenariot med dagens uttag visade att det finns ett visst mått av överskott på vatten i åsen. Utöver detta så visade också resultatet att det finns tre grundvattendelare i vattenreserven vars placering kan visa sig nyttig för att förstå hur föroreningar kan sprida sig i åsen. Resultatet visade att uttag på 105 % av dagens uttag troligtvis är möjliga utan artificiellinfiltrering. Då uttaget ökades till 110 % började en brunn visa på svårigheter att leverera de volymer som förväntades. För uttag på 130 % och större visade sig resultatet vara missvisande då en stor mängd vatten strömmade in från den östra gränsen. Den östra gränsen av modellen bör därför förflyttas längre öster ut för att uppnå mer tillförlitliga resultat. Klart stod dock att den generella grundvattennivån lär sjunka i framtiden då evapotranspirationen förutspås öka mer än nederbörden.

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