Energieffektivisering är intressant för alla industrier, eftersom det handlar om minskning av både energianvändning och kostnad. Syftet med detta examensarbete är att analysera potentiell energiåtervinning av spillvärme från en mangel vid Limatvätten AB. Limatvätten AB är en stor och modern tvätterianläggning. Limatvätten tvättar åt främst hotell- och restaurangkunder. Limatvätten AB har egna textilier som hyrs ut till hotell, konferenser m.m. Största kunderna finns i Sälenfjällen och Siljansregionen. Då inga processdata fanns tillgängliga för detta arbete krävdes mätningar för att få basinformationen. Utifrån mätningar beräknas mängden av energi som kan återvinnas. Systemförslag för värmeåtervinning ges även i rapporten. Aquavent är en värmeväxlare som använder ventilationsvärme från manglar. Vattnet som värms upp i aquavent leds in i tvättrören, vilket leder till minskning av ångförbrukning i tvättprocesser. Temperaturförändring är beroende av värmeväxlarens verkningsgrad, ju högre temperaturförändring det är desto mer mängd av energiåtervinning fås. Efter identifiering av problemet kartlades tidsplan, lämpliga instrument samt intressanta parametrar. Fukthalten, temperaturen och dynamiska trycket har mätts. Formlerna som beskrivs i teoriavsnittet har använts till de flesta beräkningarna med hjälp av Excel. Av resultatet framkommer att maximala energibesparingen blir 184 MWh/år om all överskottsvärme från manglarna återanvänds. Utifrån resultatet blir den totala besparingspotentialen på 57 000 SEK/år. Ytterligare kompletterande mätningar och analyser behövs för att få tillräckligt bra beslutsunderlag. Men detta arbete tyder på att ytterligare analys är intressant. Resultaten visar det att finns potential att använda överskottsvärme från Limatvättens manglar. Förutom besparingen av energin så minskas också klimatpåverkan eftersom överskottsenergin återanvänds igen som annars skulle försvinna ut i atmosfären. Om två av manglarna kopplas med ett värmeåtervinningssystem, resulterar det en dubblering på besparingspotentialen. För att få ett mera noggrant resultat kunde man logga en längre tid för mätningarna för att se förändring kring de mätande storheterna t.ex. genom att installera mätare som loggar till en dag eller till med en vecka. Övervakning och tolererande givare behövs dock. / Energy efficiency is in the interest of all industries, as it involves the reduction of both energy and cost. The purpose of this project for a bachelor’s degree is to analyse potential energy recovery of waste heat from an ironer. The work was carried out at Limatvätten AB, which is a large and modern laundry facility. Limatvätten AB is a textile service company that has been in existence for 50 years. The Lima laundry’s main customers are from the hotel and restaurant business. Limatvätten AB has its own textiles that are rented to hotels, conferences, etc. The largest customers are in Sälenfjällen and in the Siljan region. The work is done by identifying moisture, temperature and dynamic pressure in an ironer Based on measurements, the amount of energy that can be recycled is calculated. Heat recovery system proposals are also given in the report. Aquavent is a heat exchanger that uses ventilation heat from the ironers. The water that is heated in the aquavent is led into the washing pipes, which leads to the reduction of steam consumption in washing processes. Temperature change depends on the heat exchanger's efficiency, the higher the temperature change, the more amount of energy recovery is obtained. After identification of the problem, a timetable was mapped, and appropriate instruments and interesting parameters were chosen. The moisture content, temperature and dynamic pressure have been measured. The equations described in the theory section are used for most of the calculations with the help of Excel. According to the result, the energy saving will be 184 MWh/year if all excess heat from a mangle is reused. Based on the result, the total savings potential is SEK 57 000 /year. According to the results, it is shown that there is the potential to use excess heat from the Lima wash ironers. In addition to the saving of energy, climate impact is also reduced, as the excess energy is again reused which would otherwise disappear into the atmosphere. If two of the ironers are coupled with a heat recovery system, it results in a doubling on the savings potential.

Depuis quinze ans, on recommence à construire en bois, et notamment en bois lamellé-collé (LC), pour répondre aux nouveaux challenges imposés par les problématiques de développement durable. Néanmoins, des problèmes de dégradations liés à l'humidité ou aux cycles d'humidification/séchage limitent le développement des ouvrages en bois. De ce fait, le suivi de l'humidité des ouvrages d'art en bois devient un enjeu crucial. Aujourd'hui, certaines solutions existent mais ne permettent pas un suivi local au niveau des lamelles du bois LC. Une telle solution permettrait d'améliorer la prédiction de la durée de vie des ouvrages. Suite à ce constat, nous avons proposé de transformer le bois LC en " structure intelligente " par intégration d'un système du suivi de l'humidité au niveau des lamelles, et ce, en tenant compte des principales contraintes de fabrication de ce matériau (faible épaisseur du joint collé, pression de collage importante, etc.). Pour ce faire, nous avons effectué une recherche bibliographique afin de sélectionner les méthodes de suivi pouvant répondre à ces contraintes. A l'issue de cette recherche, deux technologies se sont révélées intéressantes : les mesures électriques et les mesures ultrasonores. Plusieurs configurations de mesures ont été proposées et testées pendant ce travail de thèse. Par la suite, nous avons effectué des essais préliminaires pour s'assurer du bon fonctionnement de ces configurations de mesures, et ainsi vérifier le comportement des capteurs lors de la fabrication du bois LC. Puis, nous avons humidifié les échantillons en utilisant deux protocoles d'humidification différents afin de vérifier la faisabilité du suivi de l'humidité avec les capteurs intégrés. Les résultats montrent que l'ensemble des configurations de mesures sont opérationnelles pour suivre la variation de l'humidité dans les échantillons LC. De plus, pour les mesures électriques, nos résultats montrent que l'on peut adopter quasiment les mêmes modèles d'étalonnage pour le suivi de l'humidité par mesures résistives, quel que soit le type de capteurs utilisé. Qui plus est, il est possible de récupérer des informations complémentaires par la réalisation simultanée des mesures résistives et des mesures capacitives en utilisant les électrodes surfaciques. Concernant les mesures ultrasonores, nous avons obtenu les courbes de sensibilité en fréquence pour plusieurs familles de capteurs à film piézoélectrique. L'influence de la pression de collage et de la distance entre les capteurs sur les mesures électriques/ultrasonores a aussi été investiguée dans ces travaux. De futures études consisteront à utiliser ces configurations de mesures pour le suivi in situ dans les ouvrages, ainsi qu'à établir un lien entre la durabilité des structures LC et les cycles d'humidification/séchage afin de prédire la durée de vie résiduelle des ouvrages d'art en bois. / For fifteen years, we restart to construct with wood, and particularly with glulam to respond to the new challenges imposed by the issues of sustainable development. However, degradation issues related to moisture content (MC) or wetting/drying cycles limit the development of timber structures. As a result, the MC monitoring in timber structures becomes a critical issue. Today, several solutions exist but they do not allow a local monitoring in the lamellas of glulam. Such a solution would improve the prediction of the service life of timber structures. In the light of this observation, we proposed to transform glulam into "smart material" by embedding a MC monitoring system in the lamellas, and this, considering the major constraints of fabrication of this material (small glue line thickness, important bonding pressure, etc.). To achieve this, we have conducted a bibliographic research, in order to select the monitoring methods which can satisfy these constraints. According to this research, two technologies turn out to be interesting: the electrical measurements and the ultrasonic measurements. Several measurement configurations were proposed and tested in this PhD work. Thereafter, we conducted preliminary tests to make sure of the good functionality of these measurement configurations, and also to verify the behavior of sensors throughout the glulam fabrication process. Afterwards, we moistened the specimens with two different moistening protocols in order to verify the feasibility of MC monitoring with embedded sensors. Results showed that all the measurement configurations are operational for the MC monitoring in glulam specimens. Moreover, for electrical measurements, our results show that we can adopt almost the same calibration models for the MC monitoring by resistive measurements, no matter the type of sensors used. Furthermore, it is possible to obtain complementary information by the realization of the resistive and capacitive measurements at the same time, using surface electrodes. Regarding the ultrasonic measurements, we have obtained the sensibility curves in frequency of several families of piezoelectric film sensors. On the other hand, the influence of bonding pressure and of sensor distance on the electrical/ultrasonic measurements was also investigated in this study. Future studies will consist in using these measurement configurations to perform in situ monitoring in timber structures, and also to establish a link between the durability of glulam structures and the wetting/drying cycles in order to predict the service life of timber structures.

The thesis aimed to examine the problem of excessive moisture in existing buildings and to design a suitable construction and technological procedure including the analysis of particular options and their economic analysis. For this purpose I chose a particular family house with excessive moisture. I elaborated basic characteristics of the building, where I described the age of all parts affected by moisture. Next I described used material, that was incorporated into the ground plan of the house. To make a complex view I described the surroundings of the building as well. Apart from that I worked out a basic reconnaissance of the bedrock, which included the analysis of radon threat analysis. Furthermore, I described the moisutre manifestations in the building and their possible causes. Based on this analysis I suggested a construction and technological procedures consisting of two solution options, which were in detail described and incorporated into the ground plan of the building. I calculated the costs of both solutions and finally the most suitable solution was chosen with a corresponding proper explanation.

Based on productivity maps and data analysis it is possible for the producer to check and act over the low yielding areas, maximizing the final productivity that way. This paper intents to show the importance of the usage of precision agriculture maps on farms in order to help farmers to determine low yielding areas and act over it, improving productivity. This paper and the generated maps referred during the text were made using John Deere equipment and AMS (Agricultural Management Solutions). The studied area is a 19ha (190.000m²) total area, located at Faxinal, Paraná state. Five maps were analyzed totaling a 3 years range period of samples that were used later for interpolation. The interpolations and adjustments done were made using Apex® and CR Campeiro® software. The output of this interpolation is a single map that shows some tendencies for some areas to present low, medium and high yield. Those regions represent 5,95%, 86,25% and 7,80% respectively. This map is a base for the final analysis that will provide information to develop and increase productivity in low yielding areas. / Com base nos mapas de produtividade e as análises realizadas dos locais proporciona ao produtor rural agir pontualmente nestas áreas de baixa produtividade para maximizar sua produção. Este trabalho demonstra a importância da agricultura de precisão em utilizar os mapas de produtividade nas propriedades rural para ajudar a determinar pontos de baixa produtividade nas áreas colhidas, desta forma possibilita ser realizada análise destes locais para determinar qual é o fator que está gerando esta baixa produtividade. Para o desenvolvimento deste trabalho e geração dos mapas de produtividade foi utilizado o sistema de Solução em Gerenciamento Agrícola (AMS) e equipamentos da John Deere. A área do estudo é de 19 ha (190.000 m²) localizados no município de Faxinal - PR obteve-se desta área, mapas de produtividade de um período de três anos totalizando cinco mapas, que foram utilizados para realizar a interpolação. Para a realização da interpolação e ajustes dos mapas utilizaram-se os programas Apex® e CR Campeiro®, o resultado final desta interpolação foi a geração do mapa mostrando as zonas de manejo da área de estudo onde, no decorrer deste período, a produtividade manteve uma tendência nas regiões de baixa, média e alta produtividade do talhão, estas regiões representaram 5,95%, 86,25% e 7,80% respectivamente. Com base no mapa com as áreas de zona de manejo possibilitará a análise das regiões menos produtivas do talhão para maximizar a produção.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:31:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-12-19Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:20:48Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 batista_wr_dr_botfca.pdf: 2260401 bytes, checksum: b61aab17efe4e099be5e84d8637f318a (MD5) / Outros / O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o emprego da reflectometria no domínio do tempo, conhecida também, como TDR (Time Domain Reflectometry) na obtenção da umidade em madeiras. Atualmente esta técnica é muito empregada na física dos solos e sistemas de irrigação, para o monitoramento do teor de água no solo. Para este estudo, empregou-se duas espécies de madeiras comerciais, o Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis e a Grevillea robusta (Cunn.), procedentes dos municípios de Cabrália Paulista-SP e Duartina-SP. Para cada espécie, foram escolhidas de forma aleatória 11 árvores onde estas foram abatidas, serradas em toras de 3,0m e encaminhadas para serraria onde foi realizado o processo de desdobramento em tábuas pelo sistema de corte tangencial. As tábuas apresentaram espessura de 28mm e largura de 24cm. Em seguida, escolheu-se novamente de forma aleatória 11 tábuas, que foram embaladas em plástico para evitar a perda de água, e encaminhadas para o laboratório. Uma vez obtidas as amostras representativas para avaliação, estas foram inicialmente pesadas e secas em estufa elétrica a 40 oC de temperatura. Para o Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis, o processo de secagem iniciou-se com umidade média de 101,45% e finalizou, à 7,36% de umidade. Já para a Grevillea robusta (Cunn.), a umidade média inicial foi de 125,88% e final de 6,62%. Durante o processo de secagem, a umidade foi determinada, periodicamente, através do método de massas correntes, bem como, a respectiva constante dielétrica relativa pela TDR. Para o estudo da viabilização da TDR na determinação... / The main objective of this present work was to evaluate the applied of the reflectometry in the domain of time, technique known as TDR (Time Domain Reflectometry) to obtention of moisture in woods. Nowadays, this technique is very used in soil physics and irrigation system, to the monitoring of moisture in the soil. To this study, two species of commercial woods were used, the Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis and the Grevillea robusta (Cunn.), these woods come from the municipal district of Cabrália Paulista-SP and Duartina-SP. To each specie, were chosen in a casual way, 11 trees. They were dejected, planked in logs of 3,0m and referred to the sawmill, the place where was realized the process of unfolding the wood in boards by the system of tangential section. The boards brung up the ply of 28mm and the width of 24cm. Next, were chosen again, in a casual way, 11 planks that were unrolled in plastic just to avoid the waterless, and referred to the lab. When were obtained the appropriate samples to the evaluation, they were, in an initial instant, measure out and dry in an electric greenhouse of a temperature of 40 oC. To Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis, the dry process started with a media moisture of 101,45% and finished with 7,36% of moisture. To the other specie, the Grevillea robusta (Cunn.), the initial media moisture found was 125,88% and the final was 6,62%. During the whole dry process, the moisture was determinated, periodically, throw the masses current, as like the relative dielectric constant by the TDR. To the study of the feasibility of TDR in the determination of moisture in woods, was chosen to establish 3 distances among the sensor’s stick: 10mm, 20mm and 30mm (these distances were applied in commercial resistive gauges too). In the same way, it was established the variations in the velocity of propagation of electromagnetic pulses send out from TDR equipment... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:33:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-05-08Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:04:45Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 abreu_dca_dr_jabo.pdf: 448924 bytes, checksum: f7327627931aa31f7d9b00e679ba1064 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / É essencial conhecer o comportamento fisiológico das sementes, para que se possa definir a técnica apropriada para o armazenamento seguro. Contudo, um dos principais problemas é a falta de informações precisas sobre esse assunto, para muitas espécies florestais nativas do Brasil. O teor de água das sementes e a temperatura do ambiente de armazenamento são fatores decisivos para a conservação da qualidade fisiológica das sementes. Este trabalho teve como objetivo geral estudar a possibilidade de conservar as sementes de Cariniana legalis a longo prazo, com vistas ao armazenamento em bancos de germoplasma. Os objetivos específicos foram: (a) estudar a tolerância das sementes à desidratação e hidratação com o uso de soluções salinas saturadas; (b) classificar o comportamento fisiológico das sementes em relação ao armazenamento e (c) avaliar a qualidade fisiológica das sementes armazenadas com diferentes teores de água durante 360 dias em freezer (-20°C) e em nitrogênio líquido (-196°C). Concluiu-se que (a) a construção da isoterma de sorção com soluções salinas saturadas foi eficiente para determinar diferentes teores de água de equilíbrio; (b) as sementes toleram a desidratação e suportam temperaturas inferiores a zero, apresentando comportamento ortodoxo; (c) o teor de água mais adequado para o armazenamento das sementes no freezer e no nitrogênio líquido foi de 3,7%; (d) as sementes armazenadas com esse teor de água se conservaram melhor no nitrogênio líquido; (e) a criopreservação das sementes desidratadas evidenciou a possibilidade de armazenar a longo prazo as sementes de C. legalis em bancos de germoplasma. / The understanding of the physiological behavior of seeds is essential to define the appropriated safe storage technique. However, one of the main problems, for many Brazilian native forest species, is the lack of accurate information about this issue. The seeds moisture content and storage temperature are crucial factors for the preservation of the physiological quality of the seeds. The general objective of the present work was to study the possibility of a long term conservation of Cariniana legalis (Mart.) O. Kuntze seeds, in a germplasm bank. The specific objectives were: (a) study the seeds tolerance to dehydration and hydration using saturated saline solutions; (b) classify the physiological behavior of the seeds regarding the storage and (c) evaluate the physiological quality of the seeds with different moisture contents for 360 days in freezer (-20ºC) and liquid nitrogen (-196ºC). The results showed that (a) the construction of the isotherm sorption with saturated saline solutions was efficient to determine different levels of water balance; (b) seeds tolerate dehydration and negative temperature, presenting an orthodox behavior; (c) the most suitable moisture content for seed storage in freezer and liquid nitrogen was of 3,7% (d) the seeds stored with this moisture content were better preserved in liquid nitrogen; (e) the cryopreservation of C. legalis dried seeds showed the possibility of long-term storage in germplasm banks.

Fuktskador är ett problem som kan uppstå vid byggnation i trä om konstruktionen exponeras för nederbörd under byggtiden. Mätning av fuktkvoter i trä kan utföras med flera olika instrument och metoder. Syftet med arbetet är att studera fuktkvotsförändringar i korslimmade träelement som utsätts för långvarig nederbörd i laborationsmiljö. För att utveckla detta område har Linnéuniversitetet tillsammans med Saab utvecklat ett eget mätinstrument. Instrumentet mäter resistans i trä som jämförs med mätvärden från ett annat instrument vid namn Gigamodule. Det egenutvecklade sensorkortet är fortfarande under utveckling. Förutom i arbetets försöksuppställning testas instrumentet även i en byggnad i Växjö. För kontroll av mätresultat har fler metoder och instrument använts. Två modeller har använts som representerar detalj vid anslutning av väggelement-och mellanbjälklag. Båda modellerna har under lika lång tid varit nedsänkta i vattenbad. Försöksuppställningen har utförts mellan 19:e april och 18:e maj 2018. Mätningar och beräkningar har resulterat i jämförbara resultat. Skillnader i resultat utifrån träets fiberriktning har visats från flera instrument. KL-träelementen har uppvisat en god förmåga att trots höga fuktkvotsvärden torka ut och återgå mot normala värden under mätperioden. / Moisture related damage is an occurring problem in wood-based buildings if the material is exposed to rainfall during construction. Measurement of moisture content can be done with various instruments and methods. The purpose of the thesis is to study change in moisture content in cross-laminated-timber, with prolonged exposure to water in laboratory environment. To advance the field, the Linnaeus University has been developing a measurement instrument of their own in collaboration with the company Saab. The instrument measures electrical resistance in wood where the obtained values will be compared to similar measurements from a product named Gigamodule. The self-developed sensor card is still a product under development. In addition to the lab setting measurements the instrument was also installed in a local building in Växjö. To verify the result from the previously mentioned resistance measurers additional instruments and methods have been utilized. Two separate models have been used to represent the detail of the connection between the wall element and the joist. Both models have been submerged under water for an equal amount of time. The experimental setting took place between the 19th of April to the 18th of May 2018. The measurements and calculations have been resulting in values that can be the subject of internal evaluation. Difference in result based on the direction of the grain have been observed in several measurement methods. The CLT-elements demonstrated good drying properties despite periodically high moisture content and the wood indicate a return towards initial levels of moisture.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-09-12Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:50:12Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 panosso_ar_me_jabo.pdf: 2194382 bytes, checksum: c6f96722456045aaddb9ac21be01b595 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A caracterizacao da variabilidade espacial de atributos do solo de areas agricolas e uma tarefa importante, pois somada a influencia dos aspectos pedologicos temos uma grande contribuicao do manejo. Neste trabalho foi determinada a estrutura da variabilidade espacial da emissao de CO2, temperatura e umidade em Latossolo Vermelho eutroferrico em tres localidades sob cultivo da cana-de-acucar em sistemas de manejos de cana crua e de cana queimada, no nordeste do Estado de Sao Paulo. As maiores emissoes foram observadas no local sob manejo de cana queimada, num valor medio de 2,05 Êmol m-2 s-1, porem dependencia espacial na emissao de CO2 foi encontrada somente nas areas sob manejo de cana crua. Os modelos de semivariancia foram exponenciais, esfericos e gaussianos sendo a dependencia espacial classificada como forte ou moderada em todos os casos. Os mapas de krigagem da emissao de CO2, temperatura e umidade do solo sob manejo de cana queimada mostraram correspondencia a declividade do terreno, com as maiores emissoes e temperaturas e menores umidades localizadas na parte mais alta do local estudado. Os resultados indicaram correlacao linear entre a emissao de CO2 com a temperatura e com a umidade do solo somente no local com manejo de cana queimada, e nao no sistema de cana crua, onde a presenca de palhada na superficie certamente impede a acao direta da radiacao solar e o escoamento de chuvas. / The characterization of spatial variability in agricultural soils is an important task, because added to the pedological aspects the soil management also influences such variability. In this work the spatial variability structure of a bare Dark Red Latosol CO2 emission, temperature and moisture were determined in three locations used with sugar cane crop culture, submitted to slash and burn or no till management systems in northeastern of Sao Paulo State. The highest emissions were observed in the slash and burn plot, with mean value of 2,05 Êmol m-2 s-1, but no spatial variability structure was seen for the CO2 emission in this plot. The variability models were exponential, spherical and gaussian, being the spatial dependence classified as strong and moderate in all the cases. In the slash and burn system, the kriging maps of soil CO2 emission, temperature and moisture had shown similarities to the land declivity, with the higher emissions and temperatures and the lower moisture values located in the highest parts of the studied place. The results indicated linear correlation between soil emission with temperature and moisture only in the slash and burn plot, and not in the no-till plots where crop residues were left in soil surface and certainly modified the direct action of the solar radiation and the rain draining.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The difficulty of obtaining dry wood with a low incidence of defects is a challenge when it comes to eucalyptus wood, since the species of this genus exhibit drying difficult and high expression of defects, contributing to their use is limited and the level of losses on many occasions raised. The main objective of this study was to develop and evaluate programs for drying wood Corymbia citriodora, Eucalyptus robusta and Eucalyptus saligna. For this, it was evaluated drying parameters and physical characteristics of the species in preliminary tests, using equations to establish the drying programs for each species. Underwent two batches of 32 tablets with 270,0 x 15,0 x 2,5 (length, width and thickness), respectively, of each kind, drying using the same drying program for each species. For each batch, we used four control samples to monitor the moisture content and four boards for the evaluation of moisture gradients during drying and standardization phase. The programs were evaluated for drying the drying rate, the manifestation of defects, the final moisture content, the shrinkage, moisture gradient and the standardization phase. The drying rate in the application of drying programs maintained the trend presented during the preliminary assessment, with values equal to 5,38 x10-4, 1,10 x10-3 e 7,96x10-4 g/cm³.h for Corymbia citriodora, Eucalyptus robusta and Eucalyptus saligna, respectively. For the final moisture content, the three species showed variation satisfactory, and the Corymbia citriodora showed less dispersion between the parts, followed by Eucalyptus saligna and Eucalyptus robusta. The qualitative assessments showed that the wood, in general, the species which obtained the best results was Corymbia citriodora, followed by Eucalyptus saligna robust and Eucalyptus. The same trend was observed for the contractions during drying was not observed for the species difference between the coefficient anisotropic. The time used for the standardization step is only sufficient for Eucalyptus robusta, the moisture content which presented below 4% after the end of the standardization. / A dificuldade de obter-se madeira seca com reduzida incidência de defeitos é um desafio quando se trata de madeira de eucalipto, visto que as espécies deste gênero apresentam secagem difícil e elevada incidência de defeitos, contribuindo para que a sua utilização seja limitada e o nível de perdas, em muitas ocasiões, elevado. O objetivo principal deste estudo foi elaborar e avaliar programas de secagem para madeira de Corymbia citriodora, Eucalyptus robusta e Eucalyptus saligna. Para isso, avaliaram-se parâmetros de secagem e características físicas das espécies em ensaios prévios, utilizando equações para elaborar os programas de secagem para cada uma das espécies. Submeteram-se dois lotes, com 32 tábuas de 270,0 x 15,0 x 2,5 cm (comprimento, largura e espessura), respectivamente, de cada espécie, à secagem utilizando o mesmo programa de secagem para cada espécie. Para cada lote, utilizaram-se quatro amostras de controle para o monitoramento do teor de umidade e outras quatro tábuas para as avaliações dos gradientes de umidade, durante a secagem e na fase de uniformização. Os programas de secagem foram avaliados quanto a taxa de secagem, manifestação de defeitos, o teor de umidade final, retratibilidade, gradiente de umidade e etapa de uniformização. A taxa de secagem na aplicação dos programas de secagem manteve a tendência apresentada durante a avaliação prévia, com valores iguais a 5,38x10-4, 11,0x10-4 e 7,96x10-4 g/cm2.h, respectivamente para o Corymbia citriodora, Eucalyptus robusta e Eucalyptus saligna, sendo que as mesmas apresentaram massa específica básica de 0,82, 0,61 e 0,69 g/cm³, respectivamente. Para o teor de umidade final, as três espécies apresentaram variação satisfatória, sendo que o Corymbia citriodora mostrou a menor dispersão entre as peças, seguido pelo Eucalyptus saligna e Eucalyptus robusta. As avaliações qualitativas da madeira indicaram que, de modo geral, a espécie que obteve os melhores resultados foi o Corymbia citriodora, seguida pela de Eucalyptus saligna e pela de Eucalyptus robusta. A mesma tendência foi verificada para as contrações durante a secagem, não se verificando diferença entre as espécies para o coeficiente anisotrópico. O tempo aplicado para a etapa de uniformização foi suficiente apenas para o Eucalyptus robusta, o qual apresentou gradientes de umidade abaixo de 4% após o final da uniformização.

Submitted by Viviane Lima da Cunha (viviane@biblioteca.ufpb.br) on 2017-07-27T12:49:58Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 7019018 bytes, checksum: 871823e939a6e022aaadd5b6b55b3dab (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-27T12:49:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 7019018 bytes, checksum: 871823e939a6e022aaadd5b6b55b3dab (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-31 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This Master thesis studies the spatio-temporal variability of soil moisture in the Guaraíra experimental watershed, located on the southern coast of Paraíba. As it is an experimental basin, it is of great importance to know how its variables work and interact together, in order to allow inferences in similar basins. In that case, the soil moisture play a role responsible for several factors in the watershed, like flow generation, drought development and groundwater recharge, for example. Initially, being a small watershed, (5,84 km²) it was believed that its results related to soil moisture should be very homogeneus, however, a hypothesis was made about how the different soil and vegetation cover between each station could make an influence in the results. The research had as its main objective to study the spatio-temporal variability on the soil moisture on the said study area, in order to use these information as subsidy to similar basins, even bigger ones. For this it was used data from the TDR (Time Domain Reflectometry) soil moisture probes installed at five stations and pluviographs in the study area combined with manual collection for calibration and validation of the probe’s results since april 2013 until September 2014. This way, it was possible to apply the methods used by Vachaud et al. (1985( and Mittelbach & Seneviratne (2012), with the disconnection of the resilts of soil moisture into its variable and invariable parts on time, which consist in the spatio-temporal variability of soil moisture analysis. As the TDR probes used to measure soil moisture give a temporal resolution of one hour, an analysis of temporal resolution was proceeded, allowing to use diary data in order to represent the soil moisture, without significant variation of results. The results confirmed the homogeneity of spatio-temporal variability of the soil moisture in the basin, except for the station with less vegetation cover, where the spatio-temporal variability of soil moisture differed significantly from the rest of the basin. Thus, it was perceived the similiraty between the results of soil moisture in the terms of temporal mean and anomalies, for the stations with similar vegetation cover. This way, it was concluded that the fact that the results of the station with less vegetation cover had been so different is due to its lack of vegetation cover, being very different from the rest of the basin, thus enhancing the importance of vegetacion cover as a natural controller of soil moisture. As to the temporal variability, that is more susceptible to climatic effect, like precipitation for example, while the spatial-variability is more related to the invariable terms on time. Yet, the calibration of the probes was successfully executed and they do represent well the soil moisture for that study area, allowing continuous monitoring on that experimental basin. / Este trabalho tem como objeto de estudo a variabilidade espaço-temporal da umidade do solo na bacia hidrográfica experimental do riacho Guaraíra, localizada na região litorânea sul do Estado da Paraíba. Tratando-se de uma bacia experimental, é de suma importância conhecer como funcionam e interagem entre si seus variados elementos, afim de possibilitar inferências em bacias semelhantes. Nisto, a umidade do solo é responsável por vários outros fatores na bacia hidrográfica, tais quais geração de vazão, desenvolvimento de secas e recarga de aquíferos, por exemplo. Inicialmente, por ser uma área pequena (5,84 km²), acreditava-se que os seus resultados relativos à umidade do solo seriam bastante homogêneos, entretanto, pensou-se na hipótese de os diferentes solos e vegetações de cada estação poderem influenciar no comportamento da umidade do solo. A pesquisa teve então como principal objetivo estudar a variabilidade espaço-temporal da umidade do solo na referida área de estudo, de forma a utilizar estas informações como subsídio para bacias semelhantes, podendo até serem de maior porte. Para isto, utilizaram-se dados das sondas de umidade do solo do tipo TDR (Time Domain Reflectometry) e pluviógrafos instalados em cinco locais da bacia experimental, aliados à coletas manuais para calibração e validação dos resultados destas sondas durante o período de abril de 2013 até setembro de 2014. Com isto, aplicaram-se os métodos propostos por Vachaud et al. (1985) e Mittelbach & Seneviratne (2012), que permitem a separação da umidade do solo em suas parcelas variáveis e invariáveis no tempo, que consistem na análise de variabilidade espaço-temporal da umidade do solo. Como as sondas TDR utilizadas para medição da umidade fornecem uma resolução temporal de uma hora, procedeu-se uma avaliação desta resolução temporal que permitiu utilizar dados diários para representar as umidades dos solos, sem variação significativa de resultados. Os resultados confirmaram a homogeneidade da variabilidade espaço-temporal da umidade do solo na bacia experimental, com a exceção da estação que possui menor cobertura vegetal, onde a variabilidade espaço-temporal da umidade do solo diferiu significativamente do resto da bacia. Ainda, percebeu-se a semelhança entre os resultados de umidade do solo das estações com cobertura vegetal semelhantes em termos tanto de média temporal quanto de anomalias. Desta forma, concluiu-se que, o fato de os resultados da estação com pouca cobertura vegetal terem sido tão diferentes na época chuvosa deve-se justamente à esta falta de cobertura vegetal, diferente das outras estações, reforçando a importância da cobertura vegetal como um controlador natural da umidade do solo. Quanto à variabilidade temporal, esta é mais sujeita aos efeitos climáticos, como por exemplo a precipitação, enquanto que a variabilidade espacial está mais atrelada aos termos invariáveis no tempo. Ainda, a calibração das sondas foi efetuada com sucesso e representam bem a umidade do solo para a área de estudo, tornando possível o contínuo monitoramento desta bacia experimental.