Untersuchungen zur Dauerhaftigkeit von ARGlasbewehrung im Textilbeton haben gezeigt, dass durch die Alkalität des Betons in Verbindung mit Feuchtigkeit eine Glaskorrosion hervorgerufen wird, die im Laufe der Zeit zu Festigkeitsverlusten des Glases führt. Eine Möglichkeit, die durch die Glaskorrosion verursachten Festigkeitsverluste zu reduzieren, stellt die Polymermodifikation des Betons dar. Durch die Polymerzugabe wird die Wasseraufnahme der Feinbetonmatrix reduziert, dadurch sinkt der Gehalt an gelösten Alkalien im Bereich der Bewehrung. Um den Einfluss verschiedener Feinbetonmatrices auf die Dauerhaftigkeit von Textilbeton beurteilen zu können, sind u. a. zeit- und tiefenabhängige Informationen zur Feuchteverteilung erforderlich, die durch den Einsatz der NMR-Technik gewonnen werden. Der nachfolgende Artikel beschreibt den Feuchtetransport in einer speziell für den Textilbeton entwickelten Feinbetonmatrix sowie den Einfluss verschiedener Modifikationsstoffe auf das Wasseraufnahmeverhalten des Betons. / Durability tests of textile reinforced concrete revealed a loss of strength of the AR-glass reinforcement due to glass corrosion effected by the alkalinity and moisture content of the concrete. In order to reduce this strength loss of AR-glass in cementitious matrices, polymers can be used for concrete modification. The aim of the polymer addition is to reduce the amount of capillary water absorption of the matrix, which reduces the amount of free alkalies closed to the reinforcement. In order to evaluate the effect of the concrete matrix on the durability of TRC, it is necessary to determine the moisture content as functions of time and depth. This data can be obtained by the use of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technique. This paper deals with the moisture transport in a finegrained concrete matrix especially developed for the use in TRC as well as the influence of polymer addition on the water absorption properties of the concrete matrix.

Agricultural production is becoming increasingly important as the world demand increases. On the other hand, there are several factors threatening that production such as the climate change. Therefore, monitoring and management of different parameters affecting the production are important. The current study is dedicated to two key parameters, namely agricultural land cover and soil-moisture mapping using X- and L-Band Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data. Land-cover mapping plays an essential role in various applications like irrigation management, yield estimation and subsidy control. A model of multi-direction/multi-distance texture analysis on SAR data and its use for agricultural land cover classification was developed. The model is built and implemented in ESRI ArcGIS software and integrated with “R Environment”. Sets of texture measures can be calculated on a plot basis and stored in an attribute table for further classification. The classification module provides various classification approaches such as support vector machine and artificial neural network, in addition to different feature-selection methods. The model has been tested for a typical Mid-European agricultural and horticultural land use pattern south to the town of Pirna (Saxony/Germany), where the high-resolution SAR data, TerraSAR-X and ALOS/PALSAR (HH/HV) imagery, were used for land-cover mapping. The results indicate that an integrated classification using textural information of SAR data has a high potential for land-cover mapping. Moreover, the multi-dimensional SAR data approach improved the overall accuracy. Soil moisture (SM) is important for various applications such as crop-water management and hydrological modelling. The above-mentioned TerraSAR-X data were utilised for soil-moisture mapping verified by synchronous field measurements. Different speckle-reduction techniques were applied and the most representative filtered image was determined. Then the soil moisture was calculated for the mapped area using the obtained linear regression equations for each corresponding land-cover type. The results proved the efficiency of SAR data in soil-moisture mapping for bare soils and at the early growing stage of fieldcrops. / Landwirtschaftliche Produktion erlangt mit weltweit steigender Nahrungsmittelnachfrage zunehmende Bedeutung. Zahlreiche Faktoren bedrohen die landwirtschaftliche Produktion wie beispielsweise die globale Klimaveränderung einschließlich ihrer indirekten Nebenwirkungen. Somit ist das Monitoring der Produktion selbst und der wesentlichen Produktionsparameter eine zweifelsfrei wichtige Aufgabe. Die vorliegende Studie widmet sich in diesem Kontext zwei Schlüsselinformationen, der Aufnahme landwirtschaftlicher Kulturen und den Bodenfeuchteverhältnissen, jeweils unter Nutzung von Satellitenbilddaten von Radarsensoren mit Synthetischer Apertur, die im X- und L-Band operieren. Landnutzungskartierung spielt eine essentielle Rolle für zahlreiche agrarische Anwendungen; genannt seien hier nur Bewässerungsmaßnahmen, Ernteschätzung und Fördermittelkontrolle. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde ein Modell entwickelt, welches auf Grundlage einer Texturanalyse der genannten SAR-Daten für variable Richtungen und Distanzen eine Klassifikation landwirtschaftlicher Nutzungsformen ermöglicht. Das Modell wurde als zusätzliche Funktionalität für die ArcGIS-Software implementiert. Es bindet dabei Klassifikationsverfahren ein, die aus dem Funktionsschatz der Sprache „R“ entnommen sind. Zum Konzept: Ein Bündel von Texturparametern wird durch das vorliegende Programm auf Schlagbasis berechnet und in einer Polygonattributtabelle der landwirtschaftlichen Schläge abgelegt. Auf diese Attributtabelle greift das nachfolgend einzusetzende Klassifikationsmodul zu. Die Software erlaubt nun die Suche nach „aussagekräftigen“ Teilmengen innerhalb des umfangreichen Texturmerkmalsraumes. Im Klassifikationsprozess kann aus verschiedenen Ansätzen gewählt werden. Genannt seien „Support Vector Machine“ und künstliche neuronale Netze. Das Modell wurde für einen typischen mitteleuropäischen Untersuchungsraum mit landwirtschaftlicher und gartenbaulicher Nutzung getestet. Er liegt südlich von Pirna im Freistaat Sachsen. Zum Test lagen für den Untersuchungsraum Daten von TerraSAR-X und ALOS/PALSAR (HH/HV) aus identischen Aufnahmetagen vor. Die Untersuchungen beweisen ein hohes Potenzial der Texturinformation aus hoch aufgelösten SAR-Daten für die landwirtschaftliche Nutzungserkennung. Auch die erhöhte Dimensionalität durch die Kombination von zwei Sensoren erbrachte eine Verbesserung der Klassifikationsgüte. Kenntnisse der Bodenfeuchteverteilung sind u.a. bedeutsam für Bewässerungsanwendungen und hydrologische Modellierung. Die oben genannten SAR-Datensätze wurden auch zur Bodenfeuchteermittlung genutzt. Eine Verifikation wurde durch synchrone Feldmessungen ermöglicht. Initial musste der Radar-typische „Speckle“ in den Bildern durch Filterung verringert werden. Verschiedene Filtertechniken wurden getestet und das beste Resultat genutzt. Die Bodenfeuchtebestimmung erfolgte in Abhängigkeit vom Nutzungstyp über Regressionsanalyse. Auch die Resultate für die Bodenfeuchtebestimmung bewiesen das Nutzpotenzial der genutzten SAR-Daten für offene Ackerböden und Stadien, in denen die Kulturpflanzen noch einen geringen Bedeckungsgrad aufweisen.

Materials, Processes, and Characterization of Extended Air-gaps for the Intra-level Interconnection of Integrated Circuits Seongho Park 157 pages Directed by Dr. Paul A. Kohl and Dr. Sue Ann Bidstrup Allen The integration of an air-gap as an ultra low dielectric constant material in an intra-metal dielectric region of interconnect structure in integrated circuits was investigated in terms of material properties of a thermally decomposable sacrificial polymer, fabrication processes and electrical performance. Extension of the air-gap into the inter-layer dielectric region reduces the interconnect capacitance. In order to enhance the hardness of a polymer for the better process reliabilities, a conventional norbornene-based sacrificial polymer was electron-beam irradiated. Although the hardness of the polymer increased, the thermal properties degraded. A new high modulus tetracyclododecene-based sacrificial polymer was characterized and compared to the norbornene-based polymer in terms of hardness, process reliability and thermal properties. The tetracyclododecene-based polymer was harder and showed better process reliability than the norbornene-based sacrificial polymer. Using the tetracyclododecene-based sacrificial polymer, a single layer Cu/air-gap and extended Cu/air-gap structures were fabricated. The effective dielectric constant of the air-gap and extended air-gap structures were 2.42 and 2.17, respectively. This meets the requirements for the 32 nm node. Moisture uptake of the extended Cu/air-gap structure increased the effective dielectric constant. The exposure of the structure to hexamethyldisilazane vapor removed the absorbed moisture and changed the structure hydrophobic, improving the integration reliability. The integration processes of the air-gap and the extended air-gap into a dual damascene Cu metallization process has been proposed compared to state-of-the-art integration approaches.

Climatic change is associated with the increase of greenhouse gases (GHG) concentration, including carbon dioxide (CO2). Among the most important strategies to decrease global warming are decrease emissions and increase biological capture of CO2 through carbon sequestration in the ecosystems. Therefore, soils are fundamental to this strategy because depending in its use and management, they could act as a carbon source or sink. A study was conducted in a Rhodic Hapludox, in a long-term (22 years) experiment, to evaluate CO2-C emissions from soil produced by management practices and its dependence on soil temperature and moisture. CO2-C emissions were intensively analysed with two soil cameras, a dynamic camera (Licor-6400-09) fabricated by LI-COR Company and a static camera (PVC camera) during an evaluation period of 30 days. A intensive cropping system were used in both tillage systems. Results suggest that tillage systems produced differences in the CO2-C emission. No-till system had the highest CO2-C efflux from soil, being 22% higher than the conventional tillage. In conventional tillage highest peaks of CO2-C emissions were verified after soil tillage with disk harrow and chisel plow, nevertheless they were of short duration. CO2-C emissions were influenced by variations in soil temperature and moisture. Higher CO2-C emissions from soil in the no-till system were related to higher soil carbon stocks, presence of soybean residues in the surface, higher contents of particulate organic carbon and higher microbial biomass that together with the higher soil moisture compared to conventional tillage explained the higher efflux. The CO2-C efflux in the long-term no-till reflected the higher soil quality in this system. These results suggest that in the long-term no-till system due to high biologic activity and high soil moisture, soybean residues won t increase soil organic matter content. / As mudanças climáticas contemporâneas estão sendo associadas ao aumento da concentração de gases de efeito estufa (GEE), entre eles o dióxido de carbono (CO2). Entre as estratégias para diminuir o aquecimento global destaca-se a diminuição das emissões e o incremento da absorção biológica de CO2 através do seqüestro de carbono em ecossistemas. Assim, os solos são fundamentais nessa estratégia uma vez que, dependendo do seu uso e manejo, podem ser um importante fonte ou sumidouro de carbono. Com o objetivo de avaliar as emissões de C-CO2 do solo causadas pelas práticas de manejo e sua dependência na temperatura e umidade do solo, desenvolveu-se um estudo em solo classificado como Latossolo Vermelho distrófico típico em experimento de longa duração (22 anos). As emissões de C-CO2 foram registradas e captadas com duas câmaras; uma dinâmica (Licor-6400-09) fabricada pela companhia LI-COR e outra estática (câmara de PVC) durante um período de avaliação de 30 dias. Os resultados demonstraram que os sistemas de preparo causaram diferenças na emissão de C-CO2 do solo e o plantio direto (PD) foi o que ocasionou o maior efluxo de CO2 do solo, sendo 22% superior ao preparo convencional (PC). Os maiores picos de emissões de C-CO2 foram verificados logo após o preparo do solo com arado e gradagem na parcela sob PC, porém tiveram curta duração. As emissões de C-CO2 foram influenciadas pelas variações da temperatura e umidade do solo, foi verificada correlação significativa (r=0,89) entre o fluxo de C-CO2 do solo e a temperatura do solo em PD, contrastando com o PC onde não houve correlação entre estas variáveis. As maiores emissões de C-CO2 do solo no PD foram relacionadas ao maior estoque de carbono, a presença de resíduos na superfície, a maior quantidade de carbono lábil e a maior biomassa microbiana que associados com maior umidade do solo explicam o efluxo, refletindo assim a maior qualidade do solo neste sistema. Os resultados sugerem que no PD de longa duração, devido à alta atividade biológica e altos conteúdos de umidade, os resíduos de soja não promoverão aumento de matéria orgânica do solo. As emissões de C-CO2 captadas com a câmara dinâmica foram correlacionadas significativamente com as emissões da câmara estática no PD. No entanto, não apresentaram relação no PC. Este projeto de pesquisa é o resultado de uma cooperação científica entre o grupo de pesquisa em Manejo do Solo da UFRGS, Departamento de Solos da UFSM e FUNDACEP.

Resumo: A caracterizacao da variabilidade espacial de atributos do solo de areas agricolas e uma tarefa importante, pois somada a influencia dos aspectos pedologicos temos uma grande contribuicao do manejo. Neste trabalho foi determinada a estrutura da variabilidade espacial da emissao de CO2, temperatura e umidade em Latossolo Vermelho eutroferrico em tres localidades sob cultivo da cana-de-acucar em sistemas de manejos de cana crua e de cana queimada, no nordeste do Estado de Sao Paulo. As maiores emissoes foram observadas no local sob manejo de cana queimada, num valor medio de 2,05 Êmol m-2 s-1, porem dependencia espacial na emissao de CO2 foi encontrada somente nas areas sob manejo de cana crua. Os modelos de semivariancia foram exponenciais, esfericos e gaussianos sendo a dependencia espacial classificada como forte ou moderada em todos os casos. Os mapas de krigagem da emissao de CO2, temperatura e umidade do solo sob manejo de cana queimada mostraram correspondencia a declividade do terreno, com as maiores emissoes e temperaturas e menores umidades localizadas na parte mais alta do local estudado. Os resultados indicaram correlacao linear entre a emissao de CO2 com a temperatura e com a umidade do solo somente no local com manejo de cana queimada, e nao no sistema de cana crua, onde a presenca de palhada na superficie certamente impede a acao direta da radiacao solar e o escoamento de chuvas. / Abstract: The characterization of spatial variability in agricultural soils is an important task, because added to the pedological aspects the soil management also influences such variability. In this work the spatial variability structure of a bare Dark Red Latosol CO2 emission, temperature and moisture were determined in three locations used with sugar cane crop culture, submitted to slash and burn or no till management systems in northeastern of Sao Paulo State. The highest emissions were observed in the slash and burn plot, with mean value of 2,05 Êmol m-2 s-1, but no spatial variability structure was seen for the CO2 emission in this plot. The variability models were exponential, spherical and gaussian, being the spatial dependence classified as strong and moderate in all the cases. In the slash and burn system, the kriging maps of soil CO2 emission, temperature and moisture had shown similarities to the land declivity, with the higher emissions and temperatures and the lower moisture values located in the highest parts of the studied place. The results indicated linear correlation between soil emission with temperature and moisture only in the slash and burn plot, and not in the no-till plots where crop residues were left in soil surface and certainly modified the direct action of the solar radiation and the rain draining. / Orientador: Newton La Scala Júnior / Coorientador: Gener Tadeu Pereira / Banca: José Marques Júnior / Banca: Marisa de Cássia Piccolo / Mestre

Soil moisture can be a determining factor in hydrological processes. However, the monitoring of soil water content is difficult to perform because of its spatio-temporal variability and because field measurements are expensive and time-consuming. Thus, the use of the Tank Model and also a moisture index derived from this model can be very useful in hydrological studies and in the management of natural disasters. In addition, the evaluation of this index in a distributed form in the river basin allows a more detailed analysis of the water content of the soil, considering its spatial variability. The objective of this study was to develop a distributed version of the Tank Model (D-Tank Model) to determine a soil moisture content (IUS), dividing the basin into cells with a resolution of 2 meters. The study area was the Araponga River basin (5.26 ha), located in the north of Santa Catarina, and with hydro-meteorological and tensiometric data available. In the study, data were used every 5 minutes of rainfall, evapotranspiration and flow, and soil water tension every 10 minutes, measured from March 2011 to December 2015. Initially the Tank Model was used, Aiming only at the rain-flow process of the basin for five short-duration events aiming at the calibration of the parameters, which were also used in the D-Tank Model cells. The validation of this transfer of parameters was done using the average of the parameters found in the calibration, applying it in two other short duration events. After validation, the water storage in the soil of each of the basin cells generated for the D-Tank Model was calculated. With the D-Tank Model, the IUS values were obtained, which were compared with the soil water tension values measured by the tensiometers. The individual storage values of the two reservoirs S1, and S2, were also compared with the water tension values. The comparison was made through the linear correlation coefficient, seeking negative correlations between the variables, which occurred in a satisfactory way, both between the IUS and the tension values, as well as the storage values of the reservoirs and the water tension values. The present work showed that IUS may be an applicable measure for soil moisture representation. / A umidade do solo pode ser um fator determinante nos processos hidrológicos. No entanto, o monitoramento do conteúdo de água no solo é difícil de ser realizado, devido à sua variabilidade espaço-temporal e porque as medições de campo são dispendiosas e demoradas. Assim, a utilização do Tank Model e também de um índice de umidade, derivado deste modelo, podem ser muito úteis nos estudos hidrológicos. Além disso, a avaliação desse índice de forma distribuída na bacia hidrográfica permite uma análise mais detalhada do conteúdo de água do solo, uma vez que considera a sua variabilidade espacial. O objetivo deste estudo foi desenvolver uma versão distribuída do Tank Model (D-Tank Model), para determinar um índice de umidade do solo (IUS), dividindo a bacia em células com resolução de 2 metros. A área de estudo foi a bacia hidrográfica do Rio Araponga (5,26 ha), localizada no norte de Santa Catarina, e com disponibilidade de dados hidro-meteorológicos e tensiométricos. No estudo foram utilizados dados a cada 5 minutos de precipitação, evapotranspiração e vazão, e de tensão de água no solo a cada 10 minutos, medidos no período de março de 2011 a dezembro de 2015. Inicialmente foi utilizado o Tank Model (concentrado), visando somente o processo chuva-vazão da bacia para cinco eventos de curta-duração visando a calibração dos parâmetros, que foram também utilizados nas células do D-Tank Model. A validação desta transferência de parâmetros se deu utilizando a média dos parâmetros encontrados na calibração, aplicando-a em outros dois eventos de curta duração. Após a validação, foi calculado o armazenamento de água no solo, de cada uma das células da bacia, geradas para o D-Tank Model. Com o D-Tank Model obteve-se os valores de IUS, que foram comparados com os valores de tensão da água no solo, medidos pelos tensiômetros. Os valores de armazenamento individuais dos dois reservatórios S1, e S2, também foram comparados com os valores de tensão. A comparação foi feita através do coeficiente de correlação linear, buscando correlações negativas entre as variáveis, o que ocorreu de forma satisfatória, tanto entre o IUS e os valores de tensão, como para os valores de armazenamento dos reservatórios e os valores de tensão da água no solo. O presente trabalho mostrou que o IUS pode ser uma medida aplicável para representação da umidade do solo.

Resumo: O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o emprego da reflectometria no domínio do tempo, conhecida também, como TDR (Time Domain Reflectometry) na obtenção da umidade em madeiras. Atualmente esta técnica é muito empregada na física dos solos e sistemas de irrigação, para o monitoramento do teor de água no solo. Para este estudo, empregou-se duas espécies de madeiras comerciais, o Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis e a Grevillea robusta (Cunn.), procedentes dos municípios de Cabrália Paulista-SP e Duartina-SP. Para cada espécie, foram escolhidas de forma aleatória 11 árvores onde estas foram abatidas, serradas em toras de 3,0m e encaminhadas para serraria onde foi realizado o processo de desdobramento em tábuas pelo sistema de corte tangencial. As tábuas apresentaram espessura de 28mm e largura de 24cm. Em seguida, escolheu-se novamente de forma aleatória 11 tábuas, que foram embaladas em plástico para evitar a perda de água, e encaminhadas para o laboratório. Uma vez obtidas as amostras representativas para avaliação, estas foram inicialmente pesadas e secas em estufa elétrica a 40 oC de temperatura. Para o Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis, o processo de secagem iniciou-se com umidade média de 101,45% e finalizou, à 7,36% de umidade. Já para a Grevillea robusta (Cunn.), a umidade média inicial foi de 125,88% e final de 6,62%. Durante o processo de secagem, a umidade foi determinada, periodicamente, através do método de massas correntes, bem como, a respectiva constante dielétrica relativa pela TDR. Para o estudo da viabilização da TDR na determinação... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The main objective of this present work was to evaluate the applied of the reflectometry in the domain of time, technique known as TDR (Time Domain Reflectometry) to obtention of moisture in woods. Nowadays, this technique is very used in soil physics and irrigation system, to the monitoring of moisture in the soil. To this study, two species of commercial woods were used, the Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis and the Grevillea robusta (Cunn.), these woods come from the municipal district of Cabrália Paulista-SP and Duartina-SP. To each specie, were chosen in a casual way, 11 trees. They were dejected, planked in logs of 3,0m and referred to the sawmill, the place where was realized the process of unfolding the wood in boards by the system of tangential section. The boards brung up the ply of 28mm and the width of 24cm. Next, were chosen again, in a casual way, 11 planks that were unrolled in plastic just to avoid the waterless, and referred to the lab. When were obtained the appropriate samples to the evaluation, they were, in an initial instant, measure out and dry in an electric greenhouse of a temperature of 40 oC. To Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis, the dry process started with a media moisture of 101,45% and finished with 7,36% of moisture. To the other specie, the Grevillea robusta (Cunn.), the initial media moisture found was 125,88% and the final was 6,62%. During the whole dry process, the moisture was determinated, periodically, throw the masses current, as like the relative dielectric constant by the TDR. To the study of the feasibility of TDR in the determination of moisture in woods, was chosen to establish 3 distances among the sensor's stick: 10mm, 20mm and 30mm (these distances were applied in commercial resistive gauges too). In the same way, it was established the variations in the velocity of propagation of electromagnetic pulses send out from TDR equipment... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Orientador: João Eduardo Guarnetti dos Santos / Coorientador: Antonio Evaldo Klar / Coorientador: Elias Taylor Durgante Severo / Banca: Marcos Antonio de Rezende / Banca: Momotaro Imaizumi / Banca: José Fernandes Presenço / Banca: Eik Teório / Doutor

Ce travail vise à mettre en relation les caractéristiques de la zone d’interphase « granulat-pâte de ciment » avec les caractéristiques de porosité, d’absorption d’eau, de dureté et de rugosité de calcaires poreux.La première partie de ce travail a consisté à étudier l’influence de la teneur en eau et de la dureté des granulats sur la résistance mécanique de mortiers. Les résultats montrent que, pour des calcaires poreux et absorbants, les mortiers fabriqués à partir de granulats à l’état sec sont plus résistants que ceux fabriqués à partir de granulats à l’état sursaturé. La deuxième partie de ce travail a consisté à étudier l’adhésion « roche-pâte de ciment ». Il a été constaté que la rugosité et l’état de saturation de la roche affectent significativement les résistances en traction et au cisaillement des composites.La dernière partie est consacrée à l’étude de la microstructure de la zone d'interphase par la technique d’analyse d’images. L’évolution de la porosité moyenne de la zone d'interphase est liée aux propriétés mécaniques des mortiers par la relation de Féret démontrant ainsi que la résistance à la compression dépend principalement de la mésoporosité de l’interphase. Le gradient de porosité est mis en relation avec le gradient de degré d’hydratation et le gradient de rapport E/C. Ces deux derniers sont calculés en appliquant le modèle de Powers. Les résultats obtenus montrent que pour des calcaires poreux et absorbants, la pâte de ciment et la zone d’interphase des mortiers de granulats secs et de granulats sursaturés ne sont pas équivalentes alors qu’initialement on visait le même rapport E/C. / The aim of this study was to relate the characteristics of interfacial transition zone (ITZ) "aggregate-cement paste" to the characteristics of porosity, water absorption, resistance and roughness of porous limestones.The first part of this work was to study the influence of moisture content and resistance of aggregates on the mechanical strength of mortars. The results show that, for porous and absorbent limestones, mortars made from dry aggregates are more resistant than those made from wet aggregates.The second part of this work was to study the ITZ of composites “rock-cement paste”. It was found that the surface roughness and the moisture content of rocks significantly affect the tensile and shear strengths of composites.The last part is devoted to the microstructure of ITZ by image analysis. The evolution of average porosity of ITZ is related to the mechanical properties of mortars by Féret’s law demonstrating that the compressive strength depends mainly on the mesoporosity of ITZ. The porosity gradient is related to the degree of hydration gradient and the W/C ratio gradient. These latter two are calculated by applying Powers’ model. The results show that for porous and absorbent limestones, the cement pastes and the ITZs of dry and wet aggregates mortars are not equivalent although initially we aimed to the same W/C ratio.

Mögelpåväxt orsakat av fuktproblem är vanligt förekommande på kallvindar i det svenska småhusbeståndet. Enligt en rapport från Boverket har var femte småhus en fuktskada på vinden orsakad av hög relativ fuktighet. Statistik från samma rapport visar att äldre hus med självdragsventilation är drabbade i större utsträckning. Luftläckage av fuktig inomhusluft till vind uppges vara en orsak bakom förhöjd luftfuktighet. Äldre hus är oftast inte lika lufttäta som moderna vilket gör dessa kallvindar mer utsatta. Att tilläggsisolera yttertaket utifrån har visat sig vara en åtgärd som sänker den relativa fuktigheten på kallvindar. Detta brukar kallas för att bygga om kallvinden till en klimatvind.   Denna studie baserar sig på en klimatvind på ett äldre småhus beläget i Skellefteå kommun. Den tidigare kallvinden var drabbad av fuktskador och byggdes därför om till en klimatvind 2014. Sedan dess har ingen utvärdering gjorts om detta är tillräckligt för att fuktsäkra vinden. Syftet med denna studie är därför att ta reda på om klimatvinden på detta hus är fuktsäker till följd av ombyggnaden. Resultatet kommer att användas som ett underlag för att besluta om fler åtgärder är nödvändiga för att fuktsäkra vinden.   För att bedöma fuktsäkerheten har mätningar av temperatur och relativ fuktighet på klimatvinden utförts. Under samma period utfördes även likadana mätningar på en traditionellt uppbyggd kallvind belägen 150 meter från klimatvinden. Genom att jämföra mätresultat mellan dessa vindar kan slutsatser om den utvändiga isoleringens effekt på vindsklimatet göras.   Resultatet av klimatmätningarna visar att den relativa fuktigheten på klimatvinden har legat långt under kritisk nivå för mögeltillväxt. Under samma mätperiod har relativ fuktighet på referensvinden varit i närheten av kritiska nivåer. Klimatvinden har i jämförelse med referensvinden ett varmare och torrare klimat och påverkas inte i lika stor utsträckning av svängningarna i utomhusklimatet. Slutsatsen är att klimatvinden anses vara fuktsäker under mätperioden. Rekommendationen är att fortsätta med klimatmätningar under en helårsperiod för att kunna bedöma fuktsäkerheten ur ett helårsperspektiv. / Mold growth caused by moisture are common in cold attics in small houses in Sweden. According to a report from the National Board of Housing - Boverket, a fifth of all attics in small houses in sweden has moisture problems caused by increased levels of relative humidity. Statistics from the same report show that older houses with natural draft ventilation are affected to a greater extent. Air leakage of damp indoor air into the attic space is said to be one cause of increased humidity. The construction of older houses are usually not as airtight compared to modern houses. This makes the attics in old houses more vulnerable to this problem. Additionally insulation with eps insulation at the outside of the roof has been shown to reduce the relative humidity in cold attics. This report refers to attics with this type of construction as a ”climate attic”   This study is based on a climate attic of a older house located in Skellefteå municipality. The former cold attic had mold problems caused by moisture and was therefore converted to a climate attic in 2014. Since then, no evaluation has been made of the moisture saftey in this climate attic. The purpose of this study is therefore to find out if the climate attic in this house is moisture safe due to the conversion. The results will be used to determining whether more actions are necessary to make the attic moisture safe.   In order to evaluate the moisture safety in the climate attic, measurements of temperature and relative humidity has been made. During the same period measurements were made in a traditionally cold attic. By comparing measurement results between those attics conclusions of the effect from the external isolation can be made. The results from the measurements made in the climate attic shows that the relative humidity has been far below critical levels for mold growth. During the same period the relative humidity in the traditional cold attic has been close to critical levels. In comparison with the traditionally cold attic, the climate attic has a warmer and drier climate and is not affected to the same extent by the fluctuations in the outdoor climate. The conclusion is that the climate attic are considered to be moistureproof during the time measurement was made. The recommendation is to continue with climate measurements over a full-year period to assess moisture safety from a full-year perspective. / <p>Kull H14</p>

Biomass has been used as a fuel since ancient times. In recent decades the use has increased and the technology has developed considerably in large parts of the world. In Sub Saharan Africa, traditionally used biomass, such as wood or charcoal, is still the main source of energy in households. Zambia consumes charcoal corresponding to 6 089 000 tonnes/year. The use of biomass is very ineffective and with increasing population and energy requirements, this is placing Zambia on the top ten list of highest deforestation rates in the world.  Emerging Cooking Solutions Zambia Ltd. [ECS], started in 2012 with a vision to establish a pellet production in Africa. They provide modern cooking stoves and fuel pellets to counteract the unsustainable use of biomass and the health risk with traditional fuels. ECS aims to expand their production and are now striving to find a biomass that can increase hardness of pellets. The purpose of this work is to increase knowledge of the ability of raw materials to be pelletized, to support ECS expansion in a sustainable manner.  In this report fourteen different biomasses was evaluated at three different moisture content, 5%, 7,5% and 10%. Peanut shell, Pigeon Pea, Pine and Sicklebush was assumed to be able to be used as a base material. Remaining biomasses as additive; Bamboo, Cassava peel, Cassava stem, Eucalyptus, Gliricidia, Peanut shell, Lantana, Miombo seed capsules, Olive tree and Tephrosia. Pellet production was performed in a single pellet press located at the department of environmental and energy system at Karlstad University, Karlstad. Compression energy, friction energy, hardness and moisture uptake was some of the operating characteriztics and properties that were evaluated. Additionally, four blends were pelletized with the aim to increased hardness.  Pigeon Pea resulted in hardest pellets of the base materials, it managed a radial pressure of 46.3 kg, Pine resulted in low hardness, 17.7 kg. For the additives, the following materials were hardest as pellets; Tephrosia, 70.0 kg, Gliricidia 58.7 kg, Cassava peel 48.6 kg och Miombo seed capsules, 48.3 kg. Pine was the material that required relatively more energy pelletizing, 183.0 J. Lowest energy, Cassava stem, 49,1 J.  All blends resulted in higher hardness of pellets. Most advantageous were Cassava peel and Tephrosia. Cassava peel in Pigeon Pea increased hardness even at 10% and reduced energy requirements. Pigeon Pea with 50% Tephrosia increased hardness with 21.1 kg to 67.4 kg, slightly increasing energy requirements. Though logistic chain for Cassava peel was evaluated higher than Tephrosia.  For ECS to expand their production they are recommended, accordingly to the results in this study, to use Pigeon Pea at about 6% moisture content, as a base material. In order to increase hardness of pellets, they should primarily use Tephrosia, about 7% and Cassava peel at approximately 8% moisture content as an additive. / Biomassa har använts som bränsle sedan urminnes tider. Användningen har ökat och olika tekniker för nyttjande har utvecklats avsevärt i stora delar av världen de senaste decennierna. I Afrika söder om Sahara utgör traditionellt använd biomassa, såsom ved eller träkol fortfarande den huvudsakliga källan till energi i hemmet. Zambia konsumerar träkol motsvarande 6 089 000 ton ved varje år. Användningen av biomassan är mycket ineffektiv och med en ökande befolkning och energibehov sätter detta Zambia på topp tio listan med högsta avskogningshastigheter i världen.  Emerging Cooking Solutions Zambia Ltd [ECS], startade 2012 med visionen att etablera en pelletsproduktion i Afrika. De tillhandahåller moderna pelletsbrännare och producerar bränslepellets för att motverka problemet med den ohållbara användningen av biomassa och hälsorisker i samband med detta. ECS har som mål att öka sin produktion och eftersträvar nu främst att hitta en spetsråvara som kan öka hårdheten på pellets. Syftet med denna rapport är att öka kunskapen om råvarors möjlighet att pelleteras för att bidra till att Emerging Cooking Solutions verksamhet ska kunna expandera på ett hållbart sätt.  I denna rapport utvärderades fjorton olika biomassor vid tre olika målfukthalter 5%, 7,5% och 10%. Jordnötsskal, Pigeon Pea, Pine och Sicklebush ansågs kunna användas som basdrift, resterande biomassor som spetsråvaror, Bambu, Cassavaskal, Cassavastam, Eucalyptus, Gliricidia, Lantana, Miombo, Olivträd och Tephrosia. Pelletsproduktion gjordes i en enpetare vid Karlstads universitet, avdelningen för miljö-, och energisystem. Kompressions- och friktionsenergi samt hårdhet och fuktupptag är några av de variabler som testades, dessutom pelleterades fyra blandningar av olika biomassor med syfte att öka hårdheten på pellets.  De basmaterial som resulterade i hårdast pellets var Pigeon Pea som klarade ett radiellt tryck på 46,3 kg, Pine medförde låg hårdhet, 17,7 kg. Av spetsråvarorna medförde följande högsta hårdhet på pellets, Tephrosia, 70 kg, Gliricidia 58,7 kg, Cassavaskal 48,6 kg och Miombo frökapslar, 48,3 kg. Vid kompressionsstudierna visade sig Pine kräva relativt hög energi vid komprimering, 183,0 J. Lägst Cassavastam 49,1 J.  Samtliga blandningar med Tephrosia, Cassavaskal eller Gliricidia som spetsråvaror medförde hårdare pellets. Mest fördelaktigt som spetsråvara var Tephrosia och Cassavaskal. Cassavaskal ökade hårdheten redan vid 10% inblandning i Pigeon Pea och minskade samtidigt energibehovet. Vid inblandning av 50% Tephrosia i Pigeon Pea ökade hårdheten mest av samtliga blandningar med 21,1 kg till 67,4kg. Logistikkedjan bedömdes dock bättre för Cassavaskal än för Tephrosia.  ECS skulle enligt resultaten i denna studie kunna använda sig av Pigeon Pea vid cirka 6% fukthalt för att bredda sin råvarubas. För att öka hårdheten på pellets bör de i första hand använda sig av Tephrosia cirka 7% och Cassavaskal cirka 8% fukthalt som spetsråvara.