The study sought to explore possibilities of harmonising Shona-Nyai cross-border varieties in Zimbabwe and Mozambique. Emerging from the responses were problems of attitudes, ignorance of what the harmonisation project entails and the different levels of development among the varieties to be harmonised. Participants believed that the challenges they faced could be resolved and they proposed some intervention strategies. Results from the questionnaire, the interview and documents analysed affirmed the generally held view that, the future of Shona-Nyai as a language and culture is securely in the hands of the speakers’ initiatives. The argument of the study has been that, the success of such a harmonisation project depends on the presence of favourable and conducive political and economic conditions through enabling language engineering activities. Information collected from the questionnaires was mainly presented in tables and information from interviews and document analysis was presented qualitatively in words. The language as a right and the language as resource orientations of language planning guided this study. The intention was to show that the preservation of linguistic diversity is important in the maintenance of group and individual identity and harmonisation should further this cause. Findings from this thesis indicate that for a successful harmonisation project to take place there is need for research in the documentation of underdeveloped Shona-Nyai varieties so that they have some presence in the education domain. The study recommends that people’s mindsets must be changed by packaging the harmonisation project in a way which they understand and appreciate. A holistic approach in solving the language problem can be achieved through a mixed approach of language policy formulation. / African Languages / D. Litt. et Phil. (African languages)

Text in English / There is an abundance of multilingual education (MLE) studies internationally and locally. Studies show that MLE is a global issue. South Africa is a unique country since it has assigned eleven languages official status at the national level. The multilingual nature of this country calls for the implementation of MLE. This study seeks to argue that if mother tongue, the language of wider communication as well as other languages are important, the transition should be geared towards MLE rather than to second language (L2). The question is how the transitioning to MLE is embraced in South Africa. This study is an attempt to examine the transitioning to MLE in South Africa schools with reference to Limpopo Province. The study mainly explored the Language-in-education policy (LiEP) implementation and practices in the selected schools as well as examining schools’ compliance with the pedagogical motivations and theories dealing with transition to multilingual education. The study used both quantitative and qualitative methodologies to corroborate the data obtained by using one method to reduce the limitations of another method. In quantitative research, questionnaires and semi-structured interviews were used to gather data from principals, parents, teachers and learners. In the qualitative research methodology, observations and document analysis methods of collecting data were employed. Purposive sampling was the major sampling method to ensure that relevant data was collected. Qualitative data was analysed thematically. LiEP and the National Language Policy Framework (NLPF) formed the major analytical framework for this study. Cummins’ theories (1978), bi/multilingual education models as well as the Language management theory form the theoretical framework that guided this study. The theories emphasise the link between mother tongue and the development of L2. The findings of this study show the misunderstandings of the LiEP, the implementation of early transitional bilingual education as well as the lack of confidence in the ability of African languages to provide quality education. The study generally suggests that language policies should be dealt with differently due to the contexts which they address. This study concludes by suggesting a working model that is suitable for the unique linguistic situations of schools. / Linguistics and Modern Languages / D. Litt. et Phil. (Linguistics)

This thesis is a study of language use in English language classrooms in primary schools in Hungary. The focus of the study is on the use of the target language (English) and the mother tongue (Hungarian) by the teachers and the learners. The teachers are all Hungarian native speakers, with varying levels of competence and previous experience in communicative language teaching, and this presents a challenge to the adoption of a communicative approach to the teaching of English. The National Core Curriculum endorses the communicative approach, with the expectation that the target language will be used as much as possible. However, in practice, the mother tongue is widely used in these classrooms, both by the teachers and by the students. There is therefore a conflict between policy and practice: the policy is that the target language should be used wherever possible, whereas the practice is that the use of the target language is limited to predictable and routine contexts. It is this conflict which constitutes the central question which is addressed in this thesis: how do teachers resolve the conflict between what they are expected to do, and what they feel capable of doing. Data from classrooms and interviews were collected and analysed, using both quantitative and qualitative techniques. The focus of the analysis was on the amount and function of the use of the mother tongue by the teachers. Comparisons were drawn between teachers of Grade 4 pupils who started to learn English in Grade 1 and those who started in Grade 4. This analysis is complemented by evidence concerning the teachers‘ beliefs and understandings about the pressures and constraints which affect their teaching of English to young learners. The results suggest that the possibility of communicative language teaching in these classrooms is constrained by various factors, including the limitations in the children‘s cognitive capabilities and the proficiency level of the children, and the teachers‘ preference for using their previous methods which included grammar, translation and memorisation; also by curriculum requirements such as the use of the textbook, and the necessity to prepare the children for examinations. The implications of these findings for curriculum development in foreign language teaching in other comparable contexts are discussed.

This thesis deals with the theme of integration and education of foreign pupils at primary schools. Further, it presents the findings which are connected with this theme. It focuses on classification of challenges and problems which can occur when the pupil starts to attend a school in a foreign country, and tries to find possible solutions and preventive measures as well. It has been confirmed that teachers see positive contribution of a foreign pupil in the class but they also admit and express concerns about insufficient preparedness and the lack of materials for work with the foreign pupils. The empirical part of this paper analyses three case studies which have been made thanks to observation of the foreign pupils and thanks to interviews with their class teachers. This part also concerns with teachers' opinions and their view of the challenges that are brought up by the presence a foreign pupil. The outcome of the thesis is a set of sample work sheets intended for foreign pupils. These worksheets are compatible with the textbooks for teaching Czech language which are commonly used at primary schools. Key words Integration, second language pupils, foreign pupils, students-foreigners, adaptation, intercultural education, inclusion, cultural differences, multicultural education,...

The thesis is devoted to the problem of providing language support to children with a different mother tongue in preschool age. The theoretical part discusses the child with a different mother tongue, the framework conditions for providing language support to children with a different mother tongue at preschool age in the Czech Republic, methodical and educational materials suitable language support for children with a different mother tongue in preschool age and the method Kikus. Empirical part is prepared on the basis of action research conducted under the support of a language course by Kikus methods for children with a different mother tongue in preschool age. The artist in the empirical part of the main objective, secondary objectives and the main research question of action research, as well as the methodology of this research. Characterizes children's group, which conducted action research and its transformation. Presents selected case reports of children with a different mother tongue preschoolers attending a language course. The conclusion considers the specifics of the application method Kikus in support of the Czech language as a second language in children with a different mother tongue in preschool age and summarizes the course of action research. The finding is that Kikus method can...

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T18:23:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rogeria pdf.pdf: 1154375 bytes, checksum: 5eec0f2cc9effbdf70507fb2cd5fdd9a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-05-12 / This is the collaborative research account realized with a mother tongue teacher returning to classroom after ten years out. The research is proposed to a reflexive space to confront different curricula politics concerning teaching portuguese as mother tongue. The goal is describe how the other teacher s practices and professional identity are constituted. The languge and the teaching language are based on post-structuralist perspective to understand the discourse constitutive and constituted by individual actions in the social world. The focus on the constituve nature of discourse need an analytical intruments to reveal the agency. Thus, the metaphor (Lakoff & Johnson, 1980; Cameron, 1999) as discursive practices and the positioning theory (van Langenhove & Harré, 1998) show up very productive to describe desires, choices and actions of co-researchers. In a qualitative way, the research identify grammar, discourse genre and reading as teaching practices questioned in the reflexive-collaborative process. The grammar and the discourse genre are the theoretical constructs directly confronted. Although the opposite presented theoretical constructs, they are conciliated by portuguese mother tongue teacher / Este é o relato de uma pesquisa colaborativa realizada por mim e por uma professora de língua materna que, após dez anos de afastamento da prática docente, retorna à sala de aula. Trata-se de uma pesquisa que se propõe como um espaço reflexivo no qual são confrontadas diferentes políticas curriculares do ensino de português como língua materna. O objetivo é descrever como são constituídas outras práticas discursivas e outras identidades profissionais pela professora durante o processo reflexivo-colaborativo. A linguagem e o ensino de línguas são tomados com base na perspectiva pós-estruturalista que aborda o discurso como constituinte das/constituído pelas ações dos indivíduos no mundo social. O foco na natureza constitutiva dos discursos exige um instrumental analítico que ressalte a agentividade, dessa forma, a metáfora (Lakoff & Johnson, 1980; Cameron, 1999; entre outros) como prática discursiva e a teoria do posicionamento (van Langenhove & Harré, 1998) mostram-se bastante produtivas para descrever os desejos, as escolhas e as ações das co-pesquisadoras. De maneira qualitativa, a pesquisa identifica a gramática, a teoria dos gêneros discursivos e a leitura como as práticas de ensino problematizadas durante o processo reflexivo-colaborativo, sendo a gramática e a teoria dos gêneros discursivos os construtos teóricos confrontados diretamente. Apesar da forma excludente como são situados na pesquisa, esses construtos teóricos são, ao final, conciliados pela professora ao constituir para si uma outra prática e identidade como professora de português como língua materna

The Zimbabwean Education Act of 1987 stated that English was the official language of learning and teaching (LoLT) from grade four upwards. From grade three downwards, the mother tongue was to be used. That Education Act was later amended in 2006, to extend the use of the mother tongue up to grade seven. As a college lecturer, I have observed that there is tension between policy and practice. English and indigenous languages are vying for supremacy as the LoLT from as early as the Early Childhood Development (ECD) level. For the majority of these learners, English is a second language. This research aims to investigate problems emanating from the use of English as a second language (ESL) in learning and teaching Environmental Science (ES) at primary school level. Its objectives are to investigate the usefulness of the language policy currently in use in Zimbabwe as well as to investigate empirically, how grades four to seven teachers and their pupils communicate in class during ES lessons; and identify problems resulting from the use of ESL during ES lessons at primary school level and suggest solutions to these problems. I purposively chose ES because I developed interest in that subject when I taught it at college level where I observed many students teaching it for almost three decades. Most of the pupils these students taught struggled to communicate in ESL. My research was not intended to test existing theory. Therefore I chose an inductive (qualitative) approach. I adopted the phenomenological case study in which I collected data from the natural setting, namely: three purposively selected primary schools. I did my pilot study at the fourth school. I used four methods of data collection, namely: direct observation, in-depth interviews, focus group discussions and document analysis. The participants were grades four to seven teachers and their pupils. Findings of this study show that pupils were not willing to participate in class oral discourse. When teachers asked questions, pupils usually gave one-word answers. Teachers and pupils spoke the same first language (L1). So, when they failed to express themselves coherently in English, they code-switched to their L1. When that happened, most of the pupils were eager to talk. They gave correct responses in their L1. Group discussions were very lively when they were held in the pupils’ L1. But when teachers instructed the pupils to discuss in English, many pupils were silenced because of their limited English proficiency (LEP). It was very evident that ESL was a barrier to the learning of ES for many learners. Pupils faced conceptual and communication problems because most of them were not yet proficient enough to use ESL effectively to learn ES. Participants welcomed code-switching to L1 as a solution to their limited English proficiency. / Educational Studies / D. Phil. (Education)

<p>Our work is based on a mathematics test which the students accomplished, interviews with student and teachers who are working on this program and the current literatures. The purposes of this work are to search the importance and the effect of the languages understanding in students learning of mathematic in the Individual high school curriculum. In total, sex students and three teachers took part in our study. Tow of the students is mother tongue language student and the remains are second language student. Our study should answer tow important questions:</p><p>• Do the student in the Individual high school curriculum have the fundamental knowledge in mathematic?</p><p><em><strong></strong></em></p><p>• How does the understanding of Swedish language effect in the understanding of the mathematic problems and in the students results in mathematic test?</p><p><em><strong></strong></em></p><p>In order to answer those questions, the students have to complete a mathematic test that consists of four parts. To answer the first questions the student must finish the first three parts of the test. It is about how to calculate addition, subtraction, multiplication and divisions problems and to account number in decimal and break shape. The mother tongue language student passed the test with excellence degree and they refused doing the fourth part. It was voluntary to participate and for this we couldn’t change there mind. Two students didn’t pass this test and they can not complete the fourth part. From the interviews we know that they have problem with concentration, they have ADHD (Attention deficit hyperactivity Disorder) and DAMP. For this they didn’t participate in the forth part. </p><p>Just two students finished the fourth part and they passed it with good degree. To analyse the difference in the test results between the students, we make some interviews with teachers and students in the IV program. From the final results of the test and interviews, we realized that the second language students’ difficulties are depended on the defect in the vocabulary in Swedish language, defect in understanding of concepts and expressions and some others factors which can effect in students learning.</p>

Our work is based on a mathematics test which the students accomplished, interviews with student and teachers who are working on this program and the current literatures. The purposes of this work are to search the importance and the effect of the languages understanding in students learning of mathematic in the Individual high school curriculum. In total, sex students and three teachers took part in our study. Tow of the students is mother tongue language student and the remains are second language student. Our study should answer tow important questions: • Do the student in the Individual high school curriculum have the fundamental knowledge in mathematic? • How does the understanding of Swedish language effect in the understanding of the mathematic problems and in the students results in mathematic test? In order to answer those questions, the students have to complete a mathematic test that consists of four parts. To answer the first questions the student must finish the first three parts of the test. It is about how to calculate addition, subtraction, multiplication and divisions problems and to account number in decimal and break shape. The mother tongue language student passed the test with excellence degree and they refused doing the fourth part. It was voluntary to participate and for this we couldn’t change there mind. Two students didn’t pass this test and they can not complete the fourth part. From the interviews we know that they have problem with concentration, they have ADHD (Attention deficit hyperactivity Disorder) and DAMP. For this they didn’t participate in the forth part.  Just two students finished the fourth part and they passed it with good degree. To analyse the difference in the test results between the students, we make some interviews with teachers and students in the IV program. From the final results of the test and interviews, we realized that the second language students’ difficulties are depended on the defect in the vocabulary in Swedish language, defect in understanding of concepts and expressions and some others factors which can effect in students learning.

The aim of this study was to examine the alignment of teaching, learning and assessment in English home language in grade 10 in Johannesburg District 9. A literature study investigated the theoretical background to Outcomes-based education, the definition of outcomes, Outcomes-based assessment and the role of feedback in the alignment of teaching, learning and assessment. In addition this alignment in English home language was explored. For the qualitative investigation teachers from three schools participated in individual interviews and a content analysis. Major findings included: the teachers were intuitively aware of the importance of the alignment of teaching, learning and assessment, the implementation of the alignment was also intuitive and not explicitly planned. The teachers did not understand the assessment standards attached to each learning outcome. Continuous assessments were not used for learning. The study concludes with recommendations to improve the alignment of teaching, learning and assessment in English home language. / Educational Studies / M.Ed. (Specialisation in Curriculum Studies)