Financial Non-Governmental Organisations (FNGOs) are regulated microfinance institutions (MFIs) that operate with the social welfare logic in the delivery of Microcredit (MC) and Entrepreneurship Training (ET) to the poor in Ghana. The provision of these two capitals (MC and ET) is aimed at supporting the poor to create sustainable Micro and Small Enterprises (MSEs) which is aimed at generating both skilled and unskilled employment. The major aim of this study is to investigate the impact of MC and ET delivered by FNGOs on the performance of MSEs in Ghana. Theoretically, the study adopts both the Institutional Theory and the Resource-Based View theory as the underlying theoretical frameworks, assuming that institutional and resource factors have a great influence on FNGOs in their delivery of MC and ET to MSEs in Ghana. The research design adopted in undertaking this study is based on the pragmatic research philosophy. Specifically, the mixed strategy with an explanatory triangulation method has been used. The mixed method has been adopted purposely for model testing as well as for exploring various issues on FNGOs and their role in the performance of MSEs. Primary data were collected through a quantitative method using a survey as well as through qualitative interviews. Adopting a stratified random sampling method, a total of 720 self-administered questionnaires were sent out in March 2017 to MSEs in the Volta Region of Ghana to collect primary data. Out of the number sent, 506 questionnaires were retrieved generating a response rate of 70.2%. Also, interviews were conducted with 10 MSEs. A multiple regression model was applied in measuring the impact of MC and ET on the performance of MSEs. The findings suggest that firm characteristics such as gender, managers educational level, industry category and business age correlate positively with employment sales and profitability growth which are statistically significant at 1% level. Secondly, the study also found that both MC and ET factors have a significant impact on MSE performance in the areas of employment, sales and profitability at 1% significant level. The qualitative findings also support the model tested in this study in the sense that the combined approach of both MC and ET have a significant impact on MSE performance in Ghana. This study has made two main contributions. Firstly, the provision of MC by FNGOs can only have the desired impact on the performance of MSEs if it is combined with entrepreneurship training, thereby leading to a sustainable employment, sales and profitability growth. Therefore, by using the 506 MSEs financed by FNGOs in the Volta region of Ghana, this study has for the first time in the Ghanaian microfinance landscape tested an empirical model and came out with meaningful findings for effective integration of ET into microfinance to improve the delivery of financial services to MSEs in Ghana by FNGOs and other socially oriented MFIs. The study has therefore developed a practical framework for ensuring that ET is provided alongside the delivery of MC in order to have the desired impact on the performance of MSEs. The study provided implications for policy and practice for making MC and ET more accessible to MSEs to achieve the desired goal of creating employment. Secondly, even though FNGOs play a very important role in providing entrepreneurial finance to MSEs particularly in developing countries, it has received insufficient research attention. This study has, therefore, added to the scanty research available about FNGOs and their contribution to entrepreneurship development and poverty reduction in developing countries.

Poor people benefit from microfinance and positively improve their poverty and socio-economic conditions. Microfinance support serves as development tool to redress the exclusion of the poor from the development process and outcomes in the mainstream intervention frameworks. As developing countries and poverty context are diverse and contextual, comprehensive knowledge about and empirical evidence on the impact of microfinance is scant. Specifically, the impact of microfinance services on the development of micro and small enterprises (MSEs) owned by women is scant. The findings of available studies and policy practice reports on microfinance in Ethiopia are not holistic in terms of a theoretical lens and methodological pluralism. Available studies do not consider the impact of microfinance and non-financial services on women-owned MSEs at household, individual and enterprise levels thereby reducing the poverty context and holistic empowerment at these levels. This study used multiple theoretical and conceptual frameworks: Hulme’s (2000, p. 79 - 81) microfinance impact assessment tool, debates on survivalist and growth-orientation perspectives of MSEs (Harvie, 2003, p. 27; Snodgrass & Biggs, 1996, p. 43; Hallberg, 2001, p. 19; Nichter & Goldmark, 2005, p. 67), women empowerment continuum model of interpretation (Filmon, 2009, p. 87) and policy practice at the epicenter of governance and policy decision-making (Addis Ababa, Ethiopia’s capital). The assessment considered three elements of microfinance impact assessment, generating primary evidence from 120 micro and small business owners (women entrepreneurs) whose firms stayed two years and above in the market and as clients of selected microfinance institutions. The clients considered were those who accessed at least two loan cycles and above. The respondents were randomly selected from three randomly selected microfinance institutions and a survey questionnaire was administered. The data sets were analysed using multiple tests (non-parametric statistical tests such as Pearson Correlation, Paired-Sample, Chi-Square, Wilcoxon Rank and McNemar tests) as well as parametric tests were conducted using logit econometric model. These tests were conducted to determine statistical difference of microfinance services after program intervention and the contribution of total loans taken on expenditure and businesses investment. The results indicated both developmental or survivalist firms. The result also indicated the empowerment of the women (MSEs owners). A significant number of women entrepreneurs owning MSEs improved their living house, cash savings, household income, child education, household health, household food and diet, business investment, and decision making status in their households. In terms of policy support, the study identified that there were specific affirmative interventions (as stipulated in the policy documents) to support women entrepreneurs owning MSEs in terms of targeted financial service, provision of working and selling premises, designing and implementing training and skill development programs, market networking and tax support on their products and sales. The study recommends that different institutions that work on women empowerment and women associations have to design women focused affirmative policy and strategy interventions to scale-up the positive results (growth-orientation of the MSEs) and address the bottlenecks that limit women entrepreneurs who own MSEs from accessing services that can transform the survivalist MSEs to profitable and empowering businesses for women. The recommendations are proposed to link women empowerment with working policy support. / Development Studies / D. Ph. (Development Studies)

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T16:05:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 _Jose_Vinicius_Santos_Barboza.pdf: 4262655 bytes, checksum: 3bc9bcfa715a05e7fb59fc7cf6cdc34d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-17 / Micro and Small Enterprises (MSEs) as well as the Rural Enterprise have great relevance in a regional context. The research aimed to analyze the profile of 121 MPE Brazil Award (Competitiveness Award for Micro and Small Enterprises) in the agribusiness category which is represented by 32% companies and 82% rural producers. Through an exploratory analysis was possible to identify a global overview of the criteria and their respective performances in Leadership (45%), Strategies and Plans (33%), Customers (37%), Society (42%), Information and Knowledge (44 %) People (35%), Processes (45%) and Results (3%). After, data mining techniques were used for analysis by groups; the participants were grouped into four clusters due to their similar characteristics, highlighting the Leadership and Processes criteria with the highest average among all of the criteria. Finally, a detailed analysis by criterion of Excellence was carried out as a way to deepen the results and diagnose the main factors that influence the outcome. It was highlighted some critical factors such as the definition of mission and vision, definition of functions, standardization of processes, availability of information, lack of customer satisfaction assessment, control and then the performance in the social sphere by the entrepreneurs. For these critical factors has been proposed an action plan for results improvement. Among the activities are the executions of courses and workshops, development of management tools, dissemination of good practices, among others. It is suggested the support of entities such as the Sebrae (Brazilian Micro and Small Business Support Service), Senar (Brazilian National Rural Learning Service) and universities. The results show that, as in the literature analyzed, both farmers and micro and small businesses have in common the difficulty in management, development of strategies and management practices. At the same time, there is an increased demand for support services / As Micro e Pequenas Empresas (MPEs) assim como os Empreendimentos Rurais têm grande relevância no cenário regional. A pesquisa objetivou analisar o perfil dos 121 participantes paranaenses do Prêmio MPE Brasil - Prêmio de Competitividade para Micro e Pequenas Empresas, do segmento agronegócio sendo a população representada por 32% empresas e 82% produtores rurais. Por meio de uma análise exploratória foi possível identificar um panorama global dos critérios e os seus respectivos desempenhos (Liderança (45%), Estratégias e Planos (33%), Clientes (37%), Sociedade (42%), Informação e conhecimento (44%), Pessoas (35%), Processos (45%) e Resultado (3%)). Após, foram utilizadas técnicas de data mining (mineração de dados) para uma análise por agrupamentos, sendo os participantes agrupados em quatro clusters por apresentarem características semelhantes, destacando-se os critérios de Liderança e Processos com as maiores médias entre os critérios. Por fim, uma análise detalhada por critério de excelência foi realizada como forma de aprofundar os resultados e diagnosticar os principais fatores que influenciam no resultado. Destacaram-se alguns fatores críticos como a definição da missão e visão, definição de funções, padronização de processos, disponibilidade de informações, ausência de avaliação de satisfação de clientes, controle e por fim atuação no âmbito social por parte dos empreendedores. Para esses fatores críticos foi proposto um plano de ação para que os resultados sejam melhorados. Entre as ações estão a realização de cursos e oficinas, desenvolvimento de ferramentas de gestão, divulgação de boas práticas, entre outros. Sugere-se o apoio de órgãos como exemplo o Sebrae, Senar e Universidades. Os resultados demonstram que, assim como na literatura analisada, os produtores rurais e as micro e pequenas empresas, possuem como característica comum a dificuldade na gestão, na elaboração de estratégias e a práticas administrativas. Ao mesmo tempo ocorre uma procura crescente dos pequenos empreendimentos aos órgãos de apoio.

La presente investigación busca determinar la relación que tiene la gestión administrativa en la competitividad de las mypes comerciales de Tingo María 2021. Se presenta como parte de la investigación, las definiciones de la gestión administrativa, la competitividad, así como las dimensiones que contiene cada variable. Asimismo, se desarrollan distintos modelos teóricos que analizan las variables dependiente e independiente. Además, se analizan las mypes del sector comercial ubicadas en la ciudad de Tingo María. Se empleó una investigación básica no experimental de carácter cuantitativo y con alcance explicativo a través de una encuesta a nuestro público objetivo, donde se recolectó data que fue analizada en el SPSS; asimismo, se analiza cada dimensión de la gestión administrativa con cada dimensión de la competitividad, dando como resultado una relación positiva entre las variables. / This research seeks to determine the relation that administrative management has on the competitiveness of the commercial MSMEs of Tingo Maria 2021. As part of the research, the definitions of administrative management, competitiveness, as well as the dimensions contained in each variable will be presented. Also, different theoretical models that analyze the dependent and independent variables are developed. In addition, the mypes of the commercial sector located in the city of Tingo Maria are analyzed. Non-experimental quantitative research with an explanatory scope was used. Through a survey to our target public where data was collected and analyzed in SPSS. Each dimension of administrative management was analyzed with each dimension of competitiveness, resulting in a positive relation between the variables. / Tesis

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-13T14:10:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Reynaldo Dannecker Cunha.pdf: 4178316 bytes, checksum: 5c6ede73ac739087ad5073ff365195d4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-04-24 / This study analyzes the influence of marketing activities in the internationalization process of micro and small enterprises (MSEs) in emerging countries, focusing on export operations carried out by Brazilian companies. The overall objective is to analyze these activities and check its impact on export performance of MSEs. The specific objectives involve the evaluation of adaptation-standardization strategies, considering the marketing mix (product, price, communication and distribution) on foreign markets; the export performance and its relevance to their business success. To that end, it was developed a conceptual framework that examines company and products characteristics, entrepreneurial marketing and how they influence the marketing activities in the export process. The model is based on a conceptual analysis on export marketing strategy (EMS) and export performance developed by Cavusgil and Zou (1994). In order to understand the context, a comprehensive theoretical review evaluated theories of globalization, marketing and the historical performance of micro and small enterprises in Brazilian exportation. To test the hypothesis a survey was performed with 173 MSEs available at SEBRAE, ABICALÇADOS and Serasa Experian databases; data were analyzed using descriptive and multivariate statistics by structural equation modeling (SEM). It was possible to detect the importance of EMS in the export performance of MSEs studied, mainly by adapting the price to the target market, making it more competitive. It was identified the critical role of international competence of the company for greater success in exporting, as well as the indirect influence of entrepreneurial marketing in export performance, through the impact on EMS. As contributions, the development of the conceptual model adapted to MSEs improves Cavusgil and Zou (1994) model, because this has been tested only in large companies, filling therefore an empirical gap. In addition, studying the export performance of MSEs is aligned with the importance of such company for the Brazilian economy, and the diagnosis on export performance of the same, from economic and strategic criteria, not only contributes to managerial decisions, but to government policies. / Este estudo analisa a influência das atividades de marketing na internacionalização de micro e pequenas empresas (MPEs) em países emergentes, com foco nas operações de exportação desenvolvidas por empresas brasileiras. O objetivo geral é analisar essas atividades e verificar seu impacto na performance de exportação das MPEs. Os objetivos específicos envolvem a avaliação da estratégia de adaptação versus a de padronização, sendo abordado o composto de marketing (produto, preço, comunicação e distribuição) com vistas a mercados externos; a performance de exportação e sua relevância para o sucesso das empresas. Para tanto, foi elaborado um modelo conceitual que analisa as características da empresa, características de seus produtos e o marketing empreendedor, e como estas influenciam as atividades de marketing nos processos de exportação. O modelo está baseado na análise conceitual sobre estratégia de marketing para exportação (EMS) e performance de exportação construído por Cavusgil e Zou (1994). Para contextualizar o campo de estudo, realizou-se uma revisão teórica sobre teorias de internacionalização, sobre marketing e sobre o desempenho histórico das micro e pequenas empresas brasileiras na exportação. Para testar as hipóteses foi realizada uma survey com 173 MPEs oriundas de bases de dados do SEBRAE, da ABICALÇADOS e da Serasa Experian, e os dados obtidos foram analisados utilizando-se estatística descritiva e multivariada, por meio da modelagem de equações estruturais (SEM). Foi possível detectar a importância das EMS na performance de exportação das MPEs estudadas, principalmente pela adaptação do preço ao mercado de destino, tornando-o mais competitivo. Identificou-se o papel decisivo da competência internacional da empresa para obter maior sucesso na exportação, assim como da influência indireta do marketing empreendedor na performance de exportação, por meio dos impactos nas EMS. Como contribuições, a elaboração do modelo conceitual adaptado a MPEs apresenta uma evolução do modelo de Cavusgil e Zou (1994), pois este foi testado apenas em grandes empresas, preenchendo, portanto, um gap empírico. Além disso, estudar a performance de exportação das MPEs está alinhado com a importância desse tipo de empresa para a economia brasileira, e o diagnóstico sobre desempenho de exportação das mesmas, a partir de critérios econômicos e estratégicos, contribui para decisões não apenas gerencias, mas para as políticas do Governo.

nÃo hà / Esta pesquisa analisa os impactos da polÃtica pÃblica de incentivo Ãs MPEs (introduzida no Brasil atravÃs da Lei Complementar n 123, de 2006) na geraÃÃo de emprego e renda na indÃstria de transformaÃÃo entre os anos de 2006 a 2011. Discorre sobre as experiÃncias nacionais e internacionais de incentivo Ãs MPEs e dà Ãnfase ao incremento da participaÃÃo dos pequenos negÃcios na economia nacional como gerador de emprego e renda. O trabalho baseia-se em pesquisa bibliogrÃfica e em dados sobre o nÃmero de estabelecimentos da indÃstria de transformaÃÃo, de acordo com a CNAE 2.0 do IBGE, bem como pessoal ocupado assalariado no banco de dados do IBGE de acordo com o cadastro geral de empresas. Com a finalidade de medir a repercussÃo da Lei Geral na criaÃÃo de empresas e no nÃmero de trabalhadores assalariados nos estados brasileiros, utilizou-se o mÃtodo de diferenÃa em diferenÃas, que à bastante utilizado na avaliaÃÃo de programas de polÃticas pÃblicas dessa natureza. Os resultados sugerem que o impacto na Lei Geral no aumento do nÃmero de estabelecimentos nÃo foi satisfatÃrio, ou seja, houve decrÃscimos de estabelecimentos ME e a quantidade de EPP nÃo foi estatisticamente significante. Constatou-se tambÃm igual efeito do Estatuto das MPEs no nÃmero de trabalhadores assalariados no setor da indÃstria de transformaÃÃo. / This research analyzes the impact of public policy of encouraging MSEs (introduced in Brazil by Complementary Law No. 123, 2006) in generating employment and income in the manufacturing industry between the years 2006 to 2011. Discourses on national experiences and International incentive to MSEs and emphasizes the increased participation of small businesses in the national economy as employment and income generator. The work is based on literature research and data on the number of establishments in the manufacturing industry, according to NCEA 2.0 IBGE, as well as employed persons in the database according to the IBGE of the general business register. In order to measure the impact the General Law on job training and the number of enterprises in the Brazilian states, we used the difference in differences method, which is widely used in the evaluation of public policies such programs. The results suggest that the impact on the General Law on increasing the number of stores was not satisfactory, ie there was a decrease of ME establishments and the amount of EPP was not statistically significant. We also observed the same effect of the Statute of MSEs in the number of employees in the manufacturing sector.

La presente tesis expone un modelo de gestión por procesos de recursos humanos adaptada a las Mypes dedicadas a la elaboración y conservación de frutas, hortalizas y legumbres de Lima metropolitana. La investigación realizada a las 41 Mypes permitió identificar la difícil situación que atraviesan estas empresas en materia de recursos humanos, lo cual se ha encargado de limitar su sostenibilidad en el tiempo e impulsar la rotación de su personal. La propuesta permitirá a las Mypes contar con la documentación, herramientas, procedimientos y formatos necesarios para potenciar el principal activo de la empresa a fin de aumentar la productividad y competitividad de esta. El modelo comprende los procesos de planificación del personal, contratación, capacitación, desvinculación, remuneraciones y evaluación del desempeño. La validación de la propuesta fue realizada por expertos en gestión por procesos, recursos humanos y Mypes, quienes, a través de la calificación otorgada determinaron la viabilidad del proyecto. / This thesis presents a management by processes model of human resources adapted to Micro and Small Enterprises (MSEs) dedicated to the elaboration and conservation of fruits, vegetables, and legumes of Metropolitan Lima. The research was carried out on 41 Micro and Small Enterprises (MSEs) to improve the identification of the difficult situation these companies are going through in terms of human resources, which has been in charge of limiting their sustainability over time and promoting staff rotation. The proposal will allow Micro and Small Enterprises (MSEs) to have the necessary documentation, tools, procedures, and formats to enhance the company's main asset to increase its productivity and competitiveness. The model includes the processes of personnel planning, hiring, training, termination, compensation, and performance evaluation. The validation of the proposal was carried out by experts in management by processes, human resources, and Micro and Small enterprises (MSEs), who, through the qualification granted, determined the viability of the project. / Trabajo de Suficiencia Profesional

This research project addresses the following: how topical talk operates in the organisation and management of MSE interactions; and how topical talk operates in the co-ordination of specific service requests and service provisions. It draws on a corpus of audio-recorded and transcribed interactions between general practitioners and persons seeking general medical services in suburban clinics in Brisbane, Australia. The corpus comprised a total of 67 medical service events (henceforth MSEs), audio-taped with the full informed consent of the participants. Many contemporary medical sociological accounts of the operation of topical talk in MSEs, typified by the work of Mishler (1981, 1984) and Waitzkin (1991), remain anchored to the 'professional dominance' thesis (Freidson 1970a; 1970b), arguing for the fundamental conflict between two perspectives - lay and professional. Topical talk has been formulated as one expression of this conflict in 'doctor-centred' communicative 'styles' (Byrne and Long 1976; Silverman 1987). Within such accounts, familiar interactional patterns in MSEs, including the content and structure of topics, have been theorised as instruments of power and control whereby the dominance of specialised medical knowledge and expertise are established and maintained. Mishler's (1984) characterisation of the conflict between a biomedically oriented 'voice of medicine' used by professional physicians (henceforth GPs) and a 'voice of the lifeworld' used by persons seeking medical services (henceforth Ps) is an expression of the 'professional dominance' thesis. The voices are characterised as attesting to a fundamental, theoretically problematic, asymmetry of power relations between GPs and Ps, thereby reinforcing the ideological status of professionals in general and the medical profession in particular. Further, recommendations regarding correctives to 'professional dominance' centre on advice GPs to attend to the primacy of Ps' talk on their experiences of illnesses rather than apparently 'ignoring' or transforming these topics into biomedical accounts of disease. This research project critiques this formulation of topical talk and the traditional theoretical and empirical bases on which it has drawn. This critique arises from the application of ethnomethodological approaches to the study of MSEs. Such approaches, as outlined in Chapters 2 and 3, are characterised by a number of conceptual and analytic premises: First, particular social structural features of social activities and the institutional contexts within which activities occur should not be assumed to be the primary criteria for judging the import and adequacy of situated action. Second, the parties to situated social events mutually constitute those events in the real world. Third, issues of agency are collaborative situated accomplishments such that the management of everyday social activities is accomplished by the people involved who show one another the rationalities of their actions as they assemble the familiar scenic features of those same institutional events (Garfinkel 1967; Sacks 1992a, 1992b). These assumptions have been applied in ethnomethodological analyses of social action, including the analysis of professional service encounters that have critiqued the 'professional dominance' thesis (Eglin and Wideman 1986; Sharrock 1979). The novelty of this study is the analysis of the operation of topic organisation as a phenomenon of order. This study also draws on recommendations within Ethnomethodology (Hester & Eglin 1997b; Watson 1997) that sequential and categorial organisations are mutually informative in the analysis of the rationality of situated social action. One of the particular contributions of this thesis is that it not only jointly applies both conversation analysis and membership categorisation analysis but also extends this recommendation to the inclusion of topic analysis as was originally provided for by Sacks (1992a , 1992b) and Garfinkel and Sacks (1970). Within this study a model of analysis has been constructed that has enabled the analytical consideration of four dimensions of social organisation: local sequential, extended sequential, topical and categorial organisations. The theoretical and empirical concepts of ethnomethodogical analysis have thus been developed and extended within this project. The central findings of this study are that in institutional service events, the 'service topic' is both significant and consequential, and that persons constitute themselves as bona fide incumbents of the categories GP or P by attending to their actions as topically organised. The local adequacy of any particular interactional move (such as questioning-answering, greetings, the design of a topic proposal, etc) is shown to be referenced to the service topic. This study found no evidence of potential or actual "struggles" between the 'voice of the life-world and the voice of medicine'. Rather, this study finds routine recognition on the part of both Ps and GPs of the centrality of the service topic and, thereby, the service task, and no evidence of orientation to distinctive biographical contributions staged in competition with biomedically relevant service topics. It is found that Ps' biographical references were made in the context of an assembled service topic such that particular service tasks, however conventional, were constituted as both relevant and reasonable as medical goods and service for the specific service recipient and provider. At the most general level, it is concluded that the service topic operates as a phenomenon of order in MSEs where order, as defined by Garfinkel and Weider (1992: 202), refers to all of the rationalities evident in the generic features of institutional events and settings, that is, the situated logic and intelligibility as well as the procedures whereby they are constituted as recognisable social events. The thesis concludes with a discussion of the implications of the findings for the theorisation, policy-making, medical education, and practices of GPs and Ps within MSEs. Overall, the significance of this work for researchers into medical interactions is that the relevance of the service topic and its pervasive organisational consequences need to be considered analytically. A major outcome of this thesis is the establishment of a new order of interest within the study of institutional interactions. The project demonstrates the pervasive consequences of service topics and thus provides a step forward in the study of institutional service interactions and ways of theorising their rationality, a step that extends beyond social structural pre-theorisations of power and domination and also beyond interactional accounts of the primary relevance of turn taking structures.