Although higher dietary intake of MUFA has been shown to improve glycaemic control and lipid profiles, whether MUFA consumption from different sources is linked to the development of type 2 diabetes (T2D) remains unclear. We aimed to prospectively assess the associations of plant-derived MUFA (P-MUFA) and animal-derived MUFA (A-MUFA) intakes with T2D risk in a nationwide oriental cohort. Overall, 15 022 Chinese adults, aged andhe;20 years, from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS 1997-2011) were prospectively followed up for a median of 14 years. Consumption of MUFA from plant and animal sources was assessed using 3-d 24-h recalls in each survey, and the cumulative average of intake was calculated. Multivariable-adjusted Cox models were constructed to estimate the hazard ratios (HR) of T2D according to quartiles of MUFA intake. P-MUFA were mainly consumed from cooked vegetable oils, fried bread sticks and rice, while A-MUFA were mainly consumed from pork, lard and eggs. Intake of P-MUFA was associated with a higher risk of T2D (HRQ4 v. Q1 1-50 (95 % CI 1-18, 1-90); Ptrend = 0-0013), whereas A-MUFA showed no significant association (HRQ4 v. Q1 0-84 (95 % CI 0-59, 1-20); Ptrend = 0-30). When further considering the cooking method of food sources, consumption of P-MUFA from fried foods was positively associated with T2D risk (HRQ4 v. Q1 1-60 (95 % CI 1-26, 2-02); Ptrend = 0-0006), whereas non-fried P-MUFA were not associated. Intake of MUFA from fried plant-based foods may elevate T2D risk among the Chinese population.

Submitted by Rodrigo Martins Cruz (rodrigo.cruz@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2016-01-04T16:31:23Z No. of bitstreams: 2 nayara_rayane_cesar.pdf: 2602002 bytes, checksum: c844463923756f76132f0190a6617bd5 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rodrigo Martins Cruz (rodrigo.cruz@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2016-01-04T16:31:46Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 nayara_rayane_cesar.pdf: 2602002 bytes, checksum: c844463923756f76132f0190a6617bd5 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-04T16:31:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 nayara_rayane_cesar.pdf: 2602002 bytes, checksum: c844463923756f76132f0190a6617bd5 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Funda??o de Amparo ? Pesquisa do estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico (CNPq) / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (Capes) / O padr?o diet?tico ocidental, caracterizado pelo alto consumo de gordura saturada e carboidratos refinados, favorece o ac?mulo de tecido adiposo e o surgimento de v?rias doen?as cardiometab?licas (DCM). Atualmente, tem-se considerado que n?o apenas a quantidade, mas o perfil das gorduras ingeridas pode exercer forte influ?ncia sobre o desenvolvimento dessas doen?as. Nesse contexto, v?rios estudos t?m demonstrado que o consumo de alimentos fontes de ?cidos graxos monoinsaturados (MUFA) est? associado a um menor risco para o desenvolvimento de DCM. Al?m disso, t?m sido tamb?m identificados muitos compostos bioativos presentes nos alimentos vegetais, os quais t?m sido associados a efeitos ben?ficos na redu??o do risco e, ou, no tratamento de DCM. Dentre esses compostos est?o os carotenoides, que apresentam atividade antioxidante. Nessa perspectiva, o ?leo do pequi apresenta-se como um potencial alimento funcional, dado que os MUFA representam aproximadamente 60% dos seus ?cidos graxos, e possui ainda um teor elevado de carotenoides totais. Considerando que o padr?o de consumo alimentar ocidental favorece o desenvolvimento das DCM, e que o ?leo do pequi ? um potencial alimento protetor, mas ainda n?o foi explorado nesse contexto, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da substitui??o parcial da banha de porco (rica em ?cidos graxos saturados - SFA) por ?leo de Caryocar brasiliense ? pequi (rico em MUFA e carotenoides) em uma dieta de padr?o ocidental, sobre o metabolismo, a fun??o card?aca e o estado redox celular de ratos. Ap?s uma semana de adapta??o, os animais rec?m-desmamados foram distribu?dos em tr?s grupos (n=12) e tratados durante 12 semanas. Os grupos foram identificados conforme a dieta que receberam: CTRL ? controle, dieta AIN93G; HFS ? dieta alta em gordura e sacarose; HFS-OP ? dieta alta em gordura e sacarose, com substitui??o parcial da banha de porco por ?leo de pequi (27%). O peso corporal e a ingest?o alimentar foram monitorados durante todo o per?odo experimental; a press?o arterial sist?lica (PAS) e a frequ?ncia card?aca (FC) foram aferidas na 3? e 10? semanas; as fezes das ?ltimas 72 horas foram coletadas para avalia??o das concentra??es de colesterol e triglicer?deos (TG) e, ao final do experimento, os animais foram eutanasiados por decapita??o. As cavidades abdominais e tor?cicas foram abertas para coleta de amostras: (A) cora??es: foram retirados imediatamente para avalia??o da fun??o card?aca ex vivo; posteriormente foram avaliados os n?veis de peroxida??o lip?dica e capacidade antioxidante total; (B): tecido adiposo das regi?es epididimal e retroperitoneal, que foi pesado e posteriormente utilizado para avalia??es da adiposidade e histol?gicas; (C) soro: para determina??o das concentra??es de glicose, colesterol e TG; (D) plasma: para determina??o das concentra??es de insulina, leptina e adiponectina, peroxida??o lip?dica e capacidade antioxidante total; (E) f?gados: para avalia??o das concentra??es de colesterol e TG, an?lises histopatol?gicas e peroxida??o lip?dica, capacidade antioxidante total e atividade enzim?tica (super?xido dismutase, catalase e glutationa peroxidase). Observou-se que os pesos corporais dos animais HFS-OP e HFS foram mais elevados que CTRL (p<0,05), no entanto, a deposi??o de gordura na regi?o visceral em resposta ao consumo das dietas ocidentais foi atenuada pela substitui??o da banha de porco por ?leo de pequi (p<0,05). A menor sobrecarga reduziu a deposi??o de TG no tecido hep?tico o que pode estar associado ao retardo do desenvolvimento do diabetes. De um modo geral, a fun??o card?aca foi prejudicada pelas dietas ocidentais em compara??o ao CTRL. Nas avalia??es in vivo n?o foram observados efeitos diferenciais da substitui??o parcial da banha de porco por ?leo de pequi, contudo, quando a fun??o card?aca foi avaliada ex vivo, a ingest?o do ?leo atenuou os danos ? fun??o card?aca (p<0,05), sugerindo que, ainda que modestamente, o ?leo do pequi exerceu um efeito protetor sobre as estruturas card?acas intr?nsecas. Al?m disso, foi observada uma atenua??o da peroxida??o lip?dica no tecido hep?tico para HFS-OP em rela??o ? HFS (p<0,05), sugerindo que o ?leo do pequi pode ter favorecido a incorpora??o dos MUFA e de carotenoides nas membranas dos cardiomi?citos, o que exerceu um efeito protetor. Devido ao papel prim?rio do f?gado no controle metab?lico de todo o organismo, esse efeito de prote??o contra a peroxida??o lip?dica n?o p?de ser observado nos hepat?citos. Contudo, a presen?a dos carotenoides na dieta HFS-OP fortaleceu o sistema antioxidante ex?geno, evitando que a atividade das enzimas super?xido dismutase e glutationa peroxidase fosse prejudicada em HFS-OP como observado para HFS (p<0,05). Essas adapta??es sugerem que a substitui??o parcial da banha de porco por ?leo de pequi foi capaz de atenuar alguns efeitos delet?rios da dieta ocidental sobre o metabolismo lip?dico, a fun??o card?aca e o estado redox celular de ratos. / Disserta??o (Mestrado) ? Programa Multic?ntrico de P?s-gradua??o em Ci?ncias Fisiol?gicas, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2015. / ABSTRACT The Western diet pattern, which means a high saturated fat and refined carbohydrates intake, leads to body fat accumulation and several cardiometabolic diseases (CMD). Currently, it has been considered that, not only the amount, but the fat quality, can exert a strong influence in the development of those diseases. In this context, several studies have shown that consuming foods high in monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) is associated with lower risk for CMD. Moreover, it has also been identified many bioactive compounds in plant foods which are associated with beneficial effects in reducing the risk, or treating DCM. Among these compounds are carotenoids, which have strong antioxidant activity. In this perspective, pequi oil is a potential functional food, since MUFA represent approximately 60% of its fatty acids content, and it is also high in several antioxidant carotenoids. So, considering that western diet pattern promotes CMD development, and pequi oil is a potential functional food, but it has not been explored in this context, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a partial replacement of lard (high in SFA) by pequi oil (high in MUFA and carotenoids), into a Western diet model, on metabolism, cardiac function and cellular redox status of rats. The animals were divided into three groups (n = 12) and treated during 12 weeks: CTRL - control, AIN93G diet; HFS ? high in saturated fat and sucrose; HFS-OP - high in saturated fat and sucrose, with partial replcement of lard by pequi oil (27%). Body weight and food intake were monitored throughout the experimental period; systolic blood pressure (SBP) and heart rate (HR) were measured at the 3rd and 10th weeks; faeces from the last 72 hours were collected for evaluation of cholesterol and triglycerides (TG). At the end of the experiment, all animals were killed by decapitation, the abdominal and thoracic cavities were opened for collection of samples: (A) hearts were taken immediately to evaluate the ex vivo cardiac function; levels of lipid peroxidation and total antioxidant capacity; (B): epididymal and retroperitoneal adipose tissues were harversted, weighed and subsequently used for adiposity and histological evaluations; (C) serum: for glucose, cholesterol and TG determination; (D) plasma: for insulin, leptin and adiponectina determinations, lipid peroxidation, total antioxidant capacity; (E) livers: for cholesterol and TG levels, histopathological analyzes, lipid peroxidation, total antioxidant capacity and enzyme activities. Body weights from HFS-OP and HFS animals were equally higher than CTRL (p<0.05); however, visceral fat deposition in response to consumption of the Western diet was attenuated by replacing lard by pequi oil and it also led to less TG deposition in the liver (p<0.05). In general, cardiac function was impaired by Western diet, promoting a higher blood pressure and heart rate in vivo and a lower cardiac contractility and relaxation efficiency ex vivo (p<0,05). However, although there were no differential effects from the partial replacement of lard by pequi oil on blood pressure and heart rate in vivo, this replacement attenuated the damage to cardiac function compared to HFS (p<0.05), suggesting that, eventhough modestly, pequi oil exerted a protective effect on intrinsic cardiac structures. In addition, the partial replacement of lard by pequi oil reduced lipid peroxidation in cardiomyocytes (p<0.05) compared to HFS, which was not observed in hepatocytes. Moreover, in the hepatocytes, there were an increasing in total antioxidant capacity and catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities compared to HFS (p<0.05). These adaptations suggest that the partial replacement of lard by pequi oil mitigated some deleterious effects of the Western diet on lipid metabolism, cardiac function and cellular redox status of rats.

The level of fish consumption in the Czech Republic is very low. One of the possible factors influencing this situation is low awareness of the customer or consumer. The thesis "The Lipid Quality of our economically significant fish species" works with the list of nineteen economically most significant fish species not only including fish from the semi-intensive and intensive breeding, but also such species that are interesting for the consumption from the sport fishing point of view. The samples taken from particular fish were primarily used for the analysis of the fat content and fatty acid composition. The analysis established very interesting results in this field and created basis for further analysis for establishing atherogenic and thrombogenic index or for formation of nutritive values mentioned as "Big 7" (fat content and the ratio of fatty acid out of it, sacharide content and the sugar ratio in it, protein content, ash content and energy value) by particular fish species according to the regulation ES 1169/2011. The results of this work confirmed that the fat content and its composition are highly influenced by the type of ingested nourishment. The fish bred in semi-intensive way with the highest fat content are Common carp (7,62 ? 2,9 %) and Silver carp (6,87 ? 1,37 %). On the contrary the predatory fish evinced the fat content usually within 1%. The fish from extensive breeding or the types caught in sport fishing are in the fat con-tent more balanced. The fattest fish in this group is Silver Bream (5,52 ? 0,44 %) and the lowest content evinced Goldfish (1,14 ? 0,38 %). Also the species living in the aquaculture and living in the free waters as well were compared (Common carp, Rainbow trout, Peled, Tench, Wels catfish). The fatty acid composition significantly depends on the fat content. The predatory fish contain 195 - 219 mg×100 g-1, the most (p0,05) was found by the peled from the extensive breed (1048 mg×100 g-1 EPA + DHA). The participation of SFA by the most of the fish was under 30%, the content of MUFA was the highest by the Common carp (52,71 ? 7,75 %), the lowest by the European perch (18,83 ? 1,12 %). Pike, Zander and European perch contain relatively the most of PUFA, this is over 50%. All the fish species (Nile tilapia excluded) show in this study the values of atherogenic index below 0,5 and thrombogenic index below 0,4. The total energetic value was counted from the results of nutritional values presented in the "Big 7" list. The higher energetic value is directly proportional to the increasing fat content. The fish species included in this thesis show the total energetic value in the range of 500 - 900 kJ×100 g-1. The results of this study bring complete, laboratory proven information about the nutrition composition of our fish. This data can be appli-cable not only to increase the knowledge of the customers but mainly to be used by breeders and manufacturers of fish as an implement of fulfilling the duty of stating the nutrition facts on their products according to ES 1169/2011 on the providing infor-mation about the eatables to the consumers.

The scope of the present work was to investigate whether the protective role of the traditional Mediterranean diet (TMD), and virgin olive oil (VOO) rich in phenolic compounds (PC), towards cardiovascular disease can be mediated through gene expression changes. Two trials were performed to assess the in vivo nutrigenomic effects of TMD and VOO in healthy volunteers. The results point out: a) significant gene expression changes of those genes related with cardiovascular-risk processes after VOO ingestion; b) a down-regulation in the expression of atherosclerosis-related genes after a 3-month intervention with a TMD; and c) an olive oil PC health-protective nutrigenomic effect within the frame of the TMD. Changes in gene expression were concomitant with decreases in oxidative damage and systemic inflammation markers. Data from our studies provide further evidence to recommend both the TMD and the VOO as a useful tool for the prevention of atherosclerosis. / El objetivo de este estudio es investigar si el papel protector de la dieta Mediterránea tradicional (TMD) y del aceite de oliva virgen (VOO), rico en compuestos fenólicos (PC), puede ser mediado a través de cambios en la expresión génica. Se realizaron dos ensayos clínicos para evaluar los efectos nutrigenómicos de la TMD y del VOO, in vivo, en voluntarios sanos. Los resultados mostraron a) cambios en la expresión génica de genes relacionados con el riesgo cardiovascular tras la ingestión del aceite virgen de oliva, b) una infra-expresión en la expresión de genes relacionados con el proceso aterosclerótico tras una intervención con TMD de 3 meses y c) que los compuestos fenólicos del aceite de oliva ejercen un efecto nutrigenómico protector en el marco de la TMD. Los cambios en la expresión génica fueron coherentes.