Artificial retreats are increasingly used to sample animal populations and in attempts to boost animal numbers in degraded habitats. Here, I test potential applications of artificial retreats for lizards inhabiting a coastal environment of high conservation value (Kaitorete Spit, New Zealand). I first conducted a pitfall-trapping survey examining the distribution and relative abundance of lizards in duneland, farmland and shrubland habitats, and tested the influence of trap placement on capture rates. Capture rates of the diurnal skinks Oligosoma maccanni (McCann�s skink) and O. nigriplantare polychroma (common skink) were highest in duneland and farmland, respectively, and were most sensitive to the distance separating traps from the nearest cover (the greater the distance, the lower the capture rate). Captures of O. lineoocellatum (spotted skink) and Hoplodactylus maculatus (common gecko) were rare. Secondly, in separate chapters I test the utility of artificial retreats for monitoring: 1) a preference trial examining relative use of three types of artificial retreats by skinks (O. maccanni and O. n. polychroma) and geckos (H. maculatus); 2) a comparison of the effectiveness of artificial retreats relative to pitfall traps for detecting cryptic and primarily nocturnal geckos (H. maculatus) following translocation; and 3) capture-recapture estimation of population parameters (survival and abundance) of H. maculatus. I found that: 1) geckos strongly preferred retreats made of Onduline over corrugated iron and concrete tiles, whereas skinks exhibited no apparent preferences; 2) artificial retreats were more effective than pitfall traps for detecting geckos following translocation; and 3) monthly survival and recapture probabilities of geckos varied with age-class and over time. Estimated survival was unexpectedly low, possibly due to excessive trap spacing. I developed a new capture-recapture model specifically for population size estimation with data from artificial retreats, which gave estimates that were up to 50% greater than those predicted by conventional capture-recapture models. I caution that permanent placement of artificial retreats in long-term studies may be inappropriate for estimation of population parameters due to potential habitat-enhancement effects and/or altered predation risk. Thirdly, I conducted a capture-recapture field experiment, using a replicated Before-After-Control-impact (BACI) design, to test the relative effects of habitat manipulation (artificial retreat addition) and partial predator removal (by fencing) on annual survival of duneland skink (O. maccanni) populations. Survival increased at sites with predator exclosures, but not at control sites or following the addition of artificial retreats, either alone or in combination with a predator exclosure. The magnitude of the increase in survival for the exclosure-only treatment was small, but sufficient to change the trajectory of an apparently stable population into an increasing one, suggesting that the population is limited by predators. Predator control, but not the addition of artificial retreats, is predicted to benefit O. maccanni. To conclude, the Onduline design developed here appears to be particularly useful for sampling cryptic, terrestrial geckos; however, artificial retreats must be used appropriately to avoid bias arising from habitat-enhancing effects and/or altered predation risk. The restoration value of artificial retreats requires further testing on other species and in areas where natural retreat sites are limited.

Submitted by Reginaldo Soares de Freitas (reginaldo.freitas@ufv.br) on 2016-02-15T13:55:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 1142937 bytes, checksum: 0984fe5cce7d693509543f408c6416db (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-02-15T13:55:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 1142937 bytes, checksum: 0984fe5cce7d693509543f408c6416db (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-06-17 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / O feijão-caupi (V. unguiculata) destaca-se como alimento para a população e alternativa de renda principalmente no Nordeste, com 60% da produção do gênero Vigna. O cultivo deste feijão está sujeito a perdas pós-colheita, devido a pragas no armazenamento, incluindo Callosobruchus maculatus (Coleoptera: Bruchidae). Inseticidas sintéticos são eficazes contra essa praga, mas seu uso excessivo pode comprometer a qualidade dos alimentos e ocasionar resistência nos insetos. Em razão deste problema, métodos alternativos para o controle de insetos em grãos armazenados, como inseticidas de origem vegetal, tem sido pesquisados. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a inibição da oviposição, taxa instantânea de crescimento populacional (ri), taxa de desenvolvimento de C. maculatus e a perda de massa de grãos de feijão-caupi após aplicação dos óleo essenciais de Ocimum basilicum (manjericão) e Vanillosmopsis arborea (candeeiro) e seus principais componentes (linalol, estragol e - bisabolol). As unidades experimentais foram constituídas por frascos de 0,8 L tratados com -1 -1 -1 -1 de ar de ar; -1 -1 de ar -1 de ar -1 de ar -1 de ar dos óleos essenciais de manjericão, linalol e estragol -1 de ar -1 de ar -1 de ar de ar -1 de ar -1 de ar de ar de ar; -1 -bisabolol. O óleo essencial de manjericão e os componentes linalol e estragol foram diluídos em etanol e o óleo essencial de candeeiro e o componente -bisabolol em h ou componente foi aplicado por disco de papel filtro com uma microsseringa. O disco de papel foi colocado em placa de Petri coberta com organza em um frasco com 20 insetos adultos sexados ou não, para a avaliação da toxicidade para machos e fêmeas de C. maculatus com 1 a 2 dias de idade. Cada tratamento teve quatro repetições com os insetos expostos ao óleo por fumigação durante 48 h. A taxa de desenvolvimento de C. maculatus foi avaliada com procedimento semelhante, mas a contagem dos adultos foi realizada diariamente após a emergência do primeiro. A oviposição desse inseto foi avaliada nas concentrações letais (CL50, CL25, CL10 e CL1) com 10 casais expostos as mesmas por fumigação durante 48 h (4 repetições por tratamento) e o número de ovos contabilizado por repetição. As CL50 e CL95 do estragol L-1 de ar, -1 -bisabolol foram de -1 -1 de ar -1 de ar -1 respectivamente. As CL50 e CL95 foram de -1 -1 de ar de ar de ar -1 de ar -1 de ar, de ar para de ar para linalol. O aumento das concentrações dos óleos essenciais reduziu a ri, a taxa de desenvolvimento, oviposição e o número de ovos. A perda de massa do feijão tratado com óleo essencial de manjericão foi de 8,2% e a do controle de 14,9%. O feijão tratado com o óleo essencial de candeeiro mostrou perda de 8,4% comparado ao controle, de 15%. Linalol e estragol foram letais a C. maculatus em menores concentrações que os óleos essenciais de manjericão e candeeiro e mostraram maiores inclinações das curvas de mortalidade, o que pode ser explicado pela sua ação de inibição mista à enzima acetilcolinesterase (AChE) ao se ligar à enzima livre e ao complexo enzima- -bisabolol foi mais letal em menores concentrações (CL50 e CL95) para C. maculatus que o óleo essencial de candeeiro, o que pode se explica pelo seu mecanismo de ação que está relacionado com a ativação dos canais K+ATP. Os óleos essenciais de manjericão e candeeiro -bisabolol, possuem efeito inseticida fumigante sobre adultos de C. maculatus e representam uma alternativa ao uso de inseticidas sintéticos. / The cowpea (V. unguiculata) stands out as food for the population and alternative income mainly in the Northeast, with 60% of production of Vigna genre. The cultivation of beans is subjected to postharvest losses due to storage pests, including Callosobruchus maculatus (Coleoptera: Bruchidae). Synthetic insecticides are effective against this pest, but their excessive use may compromise the quality of food and cause resistance in insects. By reason of this problem, alternative methods for the control of insects in stored grains such as vegetable insecticides, have been researched. The objective of this study was to evaluate the inhibition of oviposition, instantaneous rate of population growth (laughs), C. maculatus development rate and the mass loss of cowpea beans after application of the essential oil of Ocimum basilicum (basil) and Vanillosmopsis arborea (lamp) and its main components -bisabolol). The experimental units consisted of 0.8 L bottles treated with 1,2 L L-1 air; 1,6 L L-1 air; 2 L L-1 air; 2,4 L L-1 air; 2,8 L L-1 air; 3,2 L L-1 air and 3,6 L L-1 air to basil essential oil, linalool and estragole and ,2 L L-1 air; 1,6 L L-1 air; 2 L L-1 air, 2,4 L L-1 air; 2,8 L L-1 air; 5,6 L L-1 air; 8,4 L L-1 air e 11,2 L L-1 air for the essential oil lamp and the -bisabolol. The essential oil of basil and linalool and estragole were dil -bisabolol in hexane. A total of 25 L of each solution or oil component was applied by the filter paper disc with a microsyringe. The paper disc was placed in a covered petri dish with organza a vial with the components sexed and 20 adult insects or not for the evaluation of toxicity to C. maculatus males and females with 1 to 2 days old. Each treatment was replicated four times with the oil insects exposed for 48 h. The instantaneous rate of increase (ri) in the presence of essential oils was determined with the lethal concentrations (LC50, LC25, LC10, LC1, LC0,5 e LC0,25) of bioassays of toxicity. Bottles with 100 g of bean and 20 adult insects, non-sexed aged 1-2 days, and four replications were used for LC. After 45 days, the adult offspring was recorded. A similar procedure was done to assess the development rate, but the count was performed daily after the emergence of the first adult. The paper disc was placed in a covered Petri dish with organza and added at the bottom of the flasks then received 20 adult insects or unsexed sexed in the case of the evaluation of toxicity for males and females aged 1 to 2 days. Each treatment consisted of 4 replications, and the insects were exposed to oil for fumigation for 48 h. The instantaneous rate of increase (laughs) insects in the presence of essential oils was determined using the lethal. Oviposition was evaluated in lethal concentrations (LC 50, LC25, LC10 and LC1) 10 couples with the same exposed for fumigation for 48 hours (four replications per treatment), and counted the number of eggs per replicate. The LC 50 and LC95 were 1.79 L L-1 air and 4.36 L L-1 air to 1.68 L L-1 air and basil oil and 3.35 L L-1 air to linalool respectively. The LC50 and LC95 showed estragole 1.51 L L-1 air and 2.87 L L-1 air, essential oil lamp showed 5.23 L L-1 air for the LC50 and LC95 was 12.97 L L-1 air. The -bisabolol 2.47 L L-1 air and 8.82 L L-1 air to LC50 and LC95, respectively. Increasing concentrations of essential oils decreased the laughs, the rate of development and oviposition. The number of eggs decreased with increasing concentrations. The mass loss of the treated beans with basil essential oil was 8.2% and in control of 14.9%. The essential oil lamp showed loss of 8.4% compared to the control of 15%. Linalool and estragole were lethal to C. maculatus at concentrations less than the essential oils of basil and lamp and showed higher slopes of the mortality curves, which can be explained by its action mixed inhibiting the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) to connect to free and enzyme-substrate complex -bisabolol was deadliest in lower concentrations (LC50 and LC95) for C. maculatus that the essential oil lamp, which can be explained by their mechanism of action that is related to the activation of K+ ATP channels. The essential oil of basil and lamp and its -bisabolol possess fumigant insecticidal effect on adults C. maculatus and represent an alternative to the use of synthetic insecticides.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / FundaÃÃo de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Cearà / A planta Calotropis procera pertencente à famÃlia Asclepiadaceae à encontrada em vasta extensÃo do Nordeste Brasileiro. à uma planta laticÃfera e sua produÃÃo endÃgena de lÃtex à extraordinÃria. Embora haja na literatura cientÃfica diversas publicaÃÃes que relatam o potencial medicinal de diversas partes da planta, principalmente de seu lÃtex, nÃo hà ainda uma abordagem bioquÃmica e funcional de seu fluido laticÃfero. Esta pesquisa foi desenvolvida no sentido de proceder a um estudo bioquÃmico parcial de atividades endÃgenas da fraÃÃo protÃica majoritÃria do lÃtex e de avaliar seus efeitos inseticidas sobre diferentes modelos de pragas agrÃcolas. A fraÃÃo protÃica majoritÃria do lÃtex foi preparada a partir de um protocolo previamente desenvolvido no laboratÃrio em que sÃo envolvidas etapas de centrifugaÃÃo e diÃlise. A fraÃÃo protÃica isenta de borracha e de molÃculas de baixa massa molecular foi testada para atividades enzimÃticas endÃgenas proteolÃticas, quitinÃsicas e a-amilÃsica e atividades inibitÃrias para proteases e a-amilase. Ensaios enzimÃticos de digestÃo das proteÃnas do lÃtex por extratos digestivos de insetos foram tambÃm realizados. Bioensaios utilizando-se dietas artificiais contendo diferentes proporÃÃes das proteÃnas do lÃtex Ãntegras, digeridas por pronase ou aquecidas a 98 ÂC foram realizados com seis insetos pertencentes a quatro ordens. Nos bioensaios foram avaliados parÃmetros tais como desenvolvimento, sobrevivÃncia, tempo de emergÃncia dos indivÃduos alÃm de ser avaliado o efeito cumulativo de proteÃnas do lÃtex na dieta por sucessivas geraÃÃes. Na fraÃÃo protÃica do lÃtex foram encontradas atividades proteolÃticas do tipo cisteÃnica e serÃnica, alÃm de atividade quitinolÃtica. NÃo foi detectada atividade a-amilÃsica. SoluÃÃes de proteÃnas do lÃtex nÃo exibiram atividade inibitÃria do tipo a-amilÃsica e tripsÃnica ou quimiotripsÃnica. ApÃs tratamento tÃrmico, proteÃnas do lÃtex ainda solÃveis foram capazes de inibir a atividade da papaÃna. Posteriormente esta atividade inibitÃria foi capaz de inibir as atividades proteolÃticas de Callosobruchus maculatus e Dysdercus peruvianus. As proteÃnas do lÃtex foram inseticidas para C. maculatus, Zabrotes subfasciatus, Anticarsia gemmatalis e Ceratitis capitata enquanto que nÃo foram para Spodoptera frugiperda e D. peruvianus. NÃo houve efeito deletÃrio acumulativo em insetos submetidos a uma dieta contendo proteÃnas do lÃtex durante seis geraÃÃes. Quando digeridas por pronase e aquecidas por 30 min a 98 ÂC, a aÃÃo inseticida das proteÃnas do lÃtex ainda foi mantida sobre o C. maculatus. As proteÃnas do lÃtex foram completamente resistentes à proteÃlise por enzimas digestivas de Dysdercus peruvianus e Callosobruchus maculatus. Entretanto, a aÃÃo proteolÃtica endÃgena do lÃtex promoveu a proteÃlise do extrato enzimÃtico de C. maculatus embora isto nÃo tenha ocorrido no extrato intestinal de D. peruvianus. O lÃtex de C. procera apresenta forte atividade proteolÃtica e resistÃncia à proteÃlise por enzimas digestivas de insetos. Atividade quitinolÃtica foi tambÃm observada. O lÃtex possui atividade inseticida para diferentes pragas agrÃcolas e esta atividade parece estar associada à presenÃa de um inibidor de atividade proteolÃtica do tipo cisteÃnica, alÃm da presenÃa de quitinases e elevada atividade proteolÃtica endÃgena. Assim, a fraÃÃo protÃica do lÃtex pode ser considera como parte constituinte da defesa da planta contra insetos. / The plant Calotropis procera belonging to Asclepiadaceae is found around a vast extension of the Northeast from Brazil. It is a lactifers plant and its endogenous production of latex is admirable. Despite continuous reports appearing in the literature give mention to the medicinal properties of different parts of the plant, including the latex, there is not scientific approaches comprising biochemical of functional aspects of the latex from C. procera. The aims this work was determine the presence of endogenous enzymatic activities and inhibitory activity against different proteases and a-amylase, to evaluate insecticidal properties against different crop pests and to correlate enzymatic content and insecticidal action with possible role of the latex in protecting the plant to insect pathogens. The major soluble protein fraction from the latex was prepared following the protocol previously defined that includes centrifugations and dialysis steps. The protein fraction devoided of rubber and low molecular mass molecules was assayed to the presence of endogenous proteolytic activities as well as a-amylase activity. Even, the presence of inhibitor of such activities was investigated. Additionally the latex proteins were submitted to proteolysis by digestive content of different insects. Bioassays base on artificial diets with different contents of native, pronase digested or heated treated (98 ÂC) latex proteins were performed against six insects belonging to 4 different orders. Increment in bodyweight of larvae, time of development and percentage of survive were the parameters considered to analyze detrimental effects of latex proteins upon insects. The effect of latex proteins upon Callosbruchus maculatus insects by continuous exposure until F-6 generation was reached was performed. It was found strong endogenous proteolytic activity and latex proteins were resistent to proteolysis by insect digestive extracts. In addition chitinolytic activity was also detected. The latex exhibited insecticidal activity against different insect groups and this effect may be correlated to the presence of a cysteine protease inhibitor associated to its proteolytic properties and chitinolytic activity. It is suggested that the protein fraction of the latex from Calotropis procera plays a relevant role in defending the plant against pathogens.

<p>The importance of cryptic female choice, i.e. female post-copulatory influence over male reproductive success, in driving the evolution of male traits remains controversial. The main aim of this thesis was to understand the post-copulatory consequences of sexual interactions and the importance of cryptic female choice in two species of beetle.</p><p>Males of the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum use their legs to rub the lateral edges of the female elytra during mating. When manipulating female perception of this behaviour, I found that females preferentially use the sperm of males with vigorous leg rubbing when they mate with more than one male. Leg rubbing also appeared to increase female rate of oviposition. Females do not seem to gain any indirect benefits by preferring males with an intense leg rubbing behaviour since this behaviour was found to have very low narrow sense heritability and did not appear to be condition dependent in its expression.</p><p>Males of the bruchid beetle Callosobruchus maculatus have spiny genitalia that harm their mates. Females kick males during copulation and when prevented from kicking, suffered reduced lifetime offspring production as a consequence of more extensive injuries. Males were not able to delay female remating, increase rate of oviposition or increase sperm precedence by inflicting relatively severe injuries to non-kicking females. Hence, the injuries appear to be side effects of male efforts to remain in copula. When copulation duration was manipulated, ejaculate size and female lifetime offspring production increased with the length of copulation. Females reduced their mating rate when they had access to water, suggesting that they obtain water from the large ejaculates and trade-off their need for additional water against the costs of mating. Males may then reduce the benefits of remating by providing their mates with a large amount of water. Females did not increase their remating propensity to avoid inbreeding when they had mated to brothers. Together, these studies reveal the complexity of sexual interactions and the importance of post-copulatory processes for the fitness of both males and females.</p>

The importance of cryptic female choice, i.e. female post-copulatory influence over male reproductive success, in driving the evolution of male traits remains controversial. The main aim of this thesis was to understand the post-copulatory consequences of sexual interactions and the importance of cryptic female choice in two species of beetle. Males of the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum use their legs to rub the lateral edges of the female elytra during mating. When manipulating female perception of this behaviour, I found that females preferentially use the sperm of males with vigorous leg rubbing when they mate with more than one male. Leg rubbing also appeared to increase female rate of oviposition. Females do not seem to gain any indirect benefits by preferring males with an intense leg rubbing behaviour since this behaviour was found to have very low narrow sense heritability and did not appear to be condition dependent in its expression. Males of the bruchid beetle Callosobruchus maculatus have spiny genitalia that harm their mates. Females kick males during copulation and when prevented from kicking, suffered reduced lifetime offspring production as a consequence of more extensive injuries. Males were not able to delay female remating, increase rate of oviposition or increase sperm precedence by inflicting relatively severe injuries to non-kicking females. Hence, the injuries appear to be side effects of male efforts to remain in copula. When copulation duration was manipulated, ejaculate size and female lifetime offspring production increased with the length of copulation. Females reduced their mating rate when they had access to water, suggesting that they obtain water from the large ejaculates and trade-off their need for additional water against the costs of mating. Males may then reduce the benefits of remating by providing their mates with a large amount of water. Females did not increase their remating propensity to avoid inbreeding when they had mated to brothers. Together, these studies reveal the complexity of sexual interactions and the importance of post-copulatory processes for the fitness of both males and females.

PAULA, Silvia Maria Alves de. Avaliação da biossegurança alimentar de genótipos de feijão caupi (Vigna unguiculata L. WALP) suscetível e resistente ao Callosobruchus maculatus (FABR. 1775 ). 2008. 162 f. Tese (Doutorado em bioquímica)- Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza-CE, 2008. / Submitted by Elineudson Ribeiro (elineudsonr@gmail.com) on 2016-07-28T13:52:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2008_tese_smapaula.pdf: 1435245 bytes, checksum: 8706d641a20843b4c4cd627f6208a22c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by José Jairo Viana de Sousa (jairo@ufc.br) on 2016-08-02T14:56:05Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2008_tese_smapaula.pdf: 1435245 bytes, checksum: 8706d641a20843b4c4cd627f6208a22c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-02T14:56:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2008_tese_smapaula.pdf: 1435245 bytes, checksum: 8706d641a20843b4c4cd627f6208a22c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Brazil is one of the largest producers of cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.], a very important legume for human dietary protein and carbohydrate supply. Nevertheless, there are some factors which limit its productivity and utilization. The insect Callosobuchus maculatus (cowpea weevil) is considered the principal pest that attacks stored grains. In the Northeast of Brazil, breeding efforts involving cowpea have been directed towards the selection of high yielding varieties associated with traits of resistance to diseases and pests. However, studies on the nutritional quality of these improved genotypes are scanty. In this study, the research was conducted with two cowpea genotypes, BR9 Longá e IT81D 1053, susceptible and resistant to cowpea weevil, respectively, to evaluate whether the probable factors related to the resistance would interfere with the nutritional value. Proximate composition showed that both genotypes are good sources of proteins (23.45 and 26.61 g/100 g dry matter), carbohydrates (61.62 and 62.94 g/100 g dry matter) and crude fiber (4.32 and 5.20 g/100 g dry matter), presenting low contents of oil (3.30 and 3.89 g/100 g dry matter). Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the seed flours showed similar patterns for both genotypes, except for the presence of a very prominent 29 kDa band in the resistant genotype. The presence of antinutritional factors such as lectin, urease and trypsin inhibitor was detected in both cowpea genotypes. Lectin (0.10 UH/mgF) and urease (25.13 and 25.41 U/gF) amounts were similar in the susceptible and resistant genotypes. The resistant genotype presented a higher content of trypsin inhibitor (18.55 mg trypsin inhibited/gF) than the susceptible one (12.57 mg trypsin inhibited/gF). Feeding trial conducted with rats fed the experimental diets containing seed flour of BR9 Longá and IT81D 1053 as the sole protein source, at 10% level, were not sufficient to promote animal growth compared to the animals fed the high quality diet containing egg white. However, when compared the treatments containing susceptible and resistant cowpea genotypes most of parameters analyzed were similar. Diets containing the chitin binding proteins (CBP), purified from susceptible and resistant cowpea genotypes and complemented. / O Brasil é um dos grandes produtores de feijão caupi [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.], uma importante leguminosa para consumo humano por ser boa fonte proteínas e carboidratos. Todavia, há vários fatores que limitam a produtividade e utilização dessa cultura, destacando-se o ataque pelo inseto Callosobruchus maculatus (gorgulho), conhecido como uma das principais pragas de armazenamento. No Nordeste do Brasil, genótipos de feijão caupi foram criados através de melhoramento genético, visando aumento da produtividade e resistência a doenças e pragas. Porém, é detectada a escassez de informações relacionando resistência e valor nutricional. Assim sendo, no presente estudo, dois genótipos melhorados geneticamente, BR9 Longá e IT81D 1053, suscetível e resistente ao gorgulho, respectivamente, foram selecionados, para verificar se as alterações promovidas pelo melhoramento afetariam sua qualidade nutricional. Os dados de composição centesimal mostraram que ambos os genótipos constituem-se em boa fonte de proteínas (23,45 e 26,61 g/100 g de matéria seca), carboidratos (61,62 e 62,94 g/100 g de matéria seca) e fibra bruta (4,32 e 5,20 g/100 g de matéria seca), apresentando baixos conteúdos de lipídios (3,30 e 3,89 g/100 g de matéria seca). Os perfis eletroforéticos da farinha de sementes dos dois genótipos mostraram-se muito semelhantes entre si, exceto a existência de uma banda mais proeminente na região de 29 kDa verificada no genótipo resistente. Fatores antinutricionais tais como lectina, urease e inibidor de tripsina foram verificados nos dois genótipos de feijão caupi avaliados. Os teores de lectina (0,10 UH/mgF) e de urease (25,13 e 25,41 U/gF) se mostraram bem similares nos genótipos suscetível e resistente. Já os conteúdos de inibidor de tripsina foram diferentes, tendo o genótipo resistente apresentado maior atividade (18,55 mg de tripsina inibida/gF) em comparação ao suscetível (12,57 mg de tripsina inibida/gF). Farinhas dos genótipos BR9 Longá e IT81D 1053, quando incluídas em dietas para ratos como única fonte protéica, a 10%, não foram capazes de promover o crescimento dos animais de forma similar à albumina da clara do ovo (proteína padrão). Todavia, quando comparado o tratamento Avaliação da Biossegurança Alimentar de Genótipos... contendo farinha do genótipo suscetível com aquele contendo o genótipo resistente, para a maioria dos parâmetros analisados, as respostas foram bem parecidas. Dietas contendo proteínas ligantes à quitina (PLQ), purificadas do genótipo suscetível e do resistente, complementadas com albumina da clara do ovo, apresentaram valor nutricional igual ou superior ao padrão (somente clara do ovo). Diante dos parâmetros analisados, os resultados permitem concluir que o melhoramento genético do feijão caupi, o qual conferiu resistência ao Callosobruchus maculatus, não foi capaz de alterar a qualidade nutricional dessa leguminosa. Além disso, diferentemente ao verificado com o Callosobruchus maculatus, não foram observados efeitos antinutricionais, tóxicos e/ou alergênicos para os animais testados (ratos e camundongos), associados ao consumo das PLQ provenientes do genótipo suscetível ou do resistente.

O presente estudo analisou o conteúdo digestório de 221 indivíduos de seis espécies de peixes, do reservatório de Ribeirão das Lajes (Piraí-RJ), sendo 44 exemplares da espécie Loricariichthys castaneus, 56 de Parauchenipterus striatulus, 46 de Metynnis maculatus, 40 de Astyanax bimaculatus, 31 de Astyanax parahybae e 4 de Rhamdia quelen. O intuito foi o de estabelecer suas dietas, através do emprego do índice de importância alimentar (IAi), verificar a existência de diferenças na alimentação entre épocas seca e chuvosa e ainda as suas relações tróficas no ambiente aquático em questão. Não foram observadas grandes alterações da dieta das espécies estudadas entre épocas do ano. Foi evidenciada uma utilização de recursos alimentares semelhantes entre as espécies, que puderam ser divididas em dois grupos: um composto por espécies de hábitos onívoros com tendência a insetivoria e que empregaram recursos alóctones em suas dietas, formado por A. bimaculatus, A. parahybae e P. striatulus e outro contendo L. castaneus, R. quelen e M. maculatus que apresentaram uma maior amplitude de itens ingeridos, sendo muitos itens associados ao substrato e alguns a coluna dágua. Existiu uma sobreposição alimentar entre as espécies onívoras, todavia a ampla disponibilidade de recursos alimentares passíveis de serem explorados pelos peixes no reservatório faz com que esta sobreposição não se converta em possível competição por alimentos. Além disso, as espécies exploraram secundariamente itens alimentares diferenciados em suas dietas. / The present study analyzed the digestive contents of 221 individuals of six fish species, from Ribeirão das Lajes reservoir (Piraí-RJ). There were 44 specimens of Loricariichthys castaneus, 56 Parauchenipterus striatulus, 46 Metynnis maculatus, 40 Astyanax bimaculatus, 31 Astyanax parahybae and 4 Rhamdia quelen. The aim was to establish their diets, through the use of alimentary importance index (IAi), to verify the existence of differences in their feeding between different seasons of the year, and their trophic relationships to their environment. There were no great alterations to the diets of the analyzed species between the seasons of the year. All species used similar food resources, which could be divided into two groups: one composed of species with omnivorous habits with tendencies to insectivory and which apply allochthonous resources in their diets, formed by A. bimaculatus, A. parahybae e P. striatulus and another one with L. castaneus, R. quelen e M. maculatus that presented larger amplitudes of ingested items, which many items were associated with the substratum and a few to the water column. There is an alimentary overlap between the omnivorous species, however the great availability of food resources, capable of being exploited by the fishes in this reservoir, probably diminishes competition for food. Moreover the species also exploited different kinds of secondary food items.

O presente estudo analisou o conteúdo digestório de 221 indivíduos de seis espécies de peixes, do reservatório de Ribeirão das Lajes (Piraí-RJ), sendo 44 exemplares da espécie Loricariichthys castaneus, 56 de Parauchenipterus striatulus, 46 de Metynnis maculatus, 40 de Astyanax bimaculatus, 31 de Astyanax parahybae e 4 de Rhamdia quelen. O intuito foi o de estabelecer suas dietas, através do emprego do índice de importância alimentar (IAi), verificar a existência de diferenças na alimentação entre épocas seca e chuvosa e ainda as suas relações tróficas no ambiente aquático em questão. Não foram observadas grandes alterações da dieta das espécies estudadas entre épocas do ano. Foi evidenciada uma utilização de recursos alimentares semelhantes entre as espécies, que puderam ser divididas em dois grupos: um composto por espécies de hábitos onívoros com tendência a insetivoria e que empregaram recursos alóctones em suas dietas, formado por A. bimaculatus, A. parahybae e P. striatulus e outro contendo L. castaneus, R. quelen e M. maculatus que apresentaram uma maior amplitude de itens ingeridos, sendo muitos itens associados ao substrato e alguns a coluna dágua. Existiu uma sobreposição alimentar entre as espécies onívoras, todavia a ampla disponibilidade de recursos alimentares passíveis de serem explorados pelos peixes no reservatório faz com que esta sobreposição não se converta em possível competição por alimentos. Além disso, as espécies exploraram secundariamente itens alimentares diferenciados em suas dietas. / The present study analyzed the digestive contents of 221 individuals of six fish species, from Ribeirão das Lajes reservoir (Piraí-RJ). There were 44 specimens of Loricariichthys castaneus, 56 Parauchenipterus striatulus, 46 Metynnis maculatus, 40 Astyanax bimaculatus, 31 Astyanax parahybae and 4 Rhamdia quelen. The aim was to establish their diets, through the use of alimentary importance index (IAi), to verify the existence of differences in their feeding between different seasons of the year, and their trophic relationships to their environment. There were no great alterations to the diets of the analyzed species between the seasons of the year. All species used similar food resources, which could be divided into two groups: one composed of species with omnivorous habits with tendencies to insectivory and which apply allochthonous resources in their diets, formed by A. bimaculatus, A. parahybae e P. striatulus and another one with L. castaneus, R. quelen e M. maculatus that presented larger amplitudes of ingested items, which many items were associated with the substratum and a few to the water column. There is an alimentary overlap between the omnivorous species, however the great availability of food resources, capable of being exploited by the fishes in this reservoir, probably diminishes competition for food. Moreover the species also exploited different kinds of secondary food items.

Submitted by (edna.saturno@ufrpe.br) on 2016-11-28T15:50:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Nivea Maria da Silva Gusmao.pdf: 595496 bytes, checksum: 545bce88a2420d3d15abedededfabe8f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-11-28T15:50:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Nivea Maria da Silva Gusmao.pdf: 595496 bytes, checksum: 545bce88a2420d3d15abedededfabe8f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-01 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Among the pests that attack stored beans Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. stands out the cowpea weevil Callosobruchus maculatus (Fabr., 1775), responsible for qualitative and quantitative losses. The use of synthetic fumigants and protectors are widely used on its control, however alternative products such as powders and essential oils of plant origin, have been extensively investigated in recent years, with promising results. Thus, this study aimed to: (a) perform the chromatographic analysis and mass spectrometry in Eucalyptus. citriodora Hook., Eucalyptus. staigeriana F., essential oils; (b) evaluate the toxicity by contact and fumigation; (c) test the repellent effect. The major component of E. staigeriana essential oil was limonene (28.73%) and geranial (15.20%), and for E. citriodora essential oil was Citronelal (89.59%) and Citronelil acetate (3.34). The LC50s of F. vulgare, E. citriodora, E. staigeriana and C. winterianus oils in contact tests were estimated in 4.19, 7.09, 7.44, 7.93μL/20g of bean, respectively. According to regression analysis, the higher the mortality rate, lower was the number of eggs laid and emerged insects. In fumigation tests for adults, the LC50s ranged from 2.58 to 7.85 μL/L of air and the toxicity reasons from 1.25 to 3.04. In all concentrations tested, E. citriodora and C. winterianus oils were repellent to C. maculatus adults. F. vulgare was classified as neutral, while E. staigeriana was neutral at low concentrations and repellent only at the highest concentration 12μL/20g of cowpea. The percentages of reduction of posture caused by the oils esssenciais ranged from 3.26 to 100% and adult emergence from 0.46 to 100%, especially C. winterianus that the highest concentration (15μl/20g), reduced by 100% these parameter. / Dentre as pragas que atacam o feijão Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. armazenado destaca-se o caruncho Callosobruchus maculatus (Fabr., 1775), responsável por perdas qualitativas e quantitativas. Os inseticidas sintéticos fumigantes e protetores são muito utilizados no seu controle, porém produtos alternativos como pós e óleos essenciais de origem vegetal, têm sido bastante pesquisados nos últimos anos, com resultados promissores. Assim, o presente trabalho teve como objetivos: (a) efetuar a análise cromatográfica e de espectrometria de massas nos óleos essenciais de Eucalyptus citriodora Hook e Eucalyptus. staigeriana F.; (b) avaliar a toxicidade por contato e fumigação; (c) testar o efeito repelente. Os compostos majoritários do óleo de E. staigeriana foram o Limoneno (28,73%) e Geranial (15,20%), e para E. citriodora foi Citronelal (89,59%) e Citronelil acetate (3,34%). As CL50s dos óleos de F. vulgare, E. citriodora, E. staigeriana e C. winterianus, nos testes de contato, foram estimadas em 4,19; 7,09; 7,44; 7,93μL/20g de feijão, respectivamente. De acordo com as análises de regressão, quanto maior a mortalidade, menor foi o número de ovos depositados e de insetos emergidos. Nos testes de fumigação para adultos, as CL50s variaram entre 2,58 a 7,85 μL/L de ar e as razões de toxicidade de 1,25 a 3,04. Em todas as concentrações testadas, os óleos de E. citriodora e de C. winterianus foram repelentes para adultos de C. maculatus. F. vulgare foi classificado como neutro, enquanto E. staigeriana foi neutro nas concentrações menores e repelente apenas na maior concentração de 12μL/20g de feijão. As percentagens de redução da postura provocadas pelos óleos esssenciais, variaram de 3,26 a 100% e da emergência de adultos de 0,46 a 100%, destacando-se C. winterianus, que na maior concentração (15μl/20g), reduziu em 100% estes parâmetros.

Quand deux espèces exploitent la même niche écologique, elles entrent en compétition. Cette compétition interspécifique peut conduire à l’exclusion de l’une d’entre elles. Toutefois, il est possible qu’un équilibre s’installe et que les deux espèces coexistent en sympatrie. Eupelmus vuilleti et Dinarmus basalis sont deux espèces de parasitoïdes solitaires, exploitant la même niche écologique, les larves et les nymphes de Callosobruchus maculatus un coléoptère séminivore. En situation de compétition par exploitation, E. vuilleti présente les caractéristiques d’une espèce dominante, potentiellement capable d’exclure D. basalis. Aussi, nous nous sommes demandés comment D. basalis peut se maintenir dans la même niche écologique qu’E. vuilleti, comme cela est observé dans certaines zones africaines ? Nos résultats montrent qu’en présence de compétitrices (compétition par interférence), les femelles des deux espèces expriment des comportements agonistiques et la résolution des conflits est principalement influencée par la valeur que les femelles placent dans la ressource. Nous montrons finalement que dans les conditions de compétition interspécifique directe, les femelles de D. basalis sont plus agressives et font du self-suparparasitisme pour augmenter leur gain en fitness. Au contraire, les femelles d’E. vuilleti s’éloignent et attendent pour finalement revenir multiparasiter après le départ de cette dernière. En conséquence, la coexistence de ces deux espèces est le résultat d’un équilibre entre les stratégies adoptées par les femelles dans ces deux situations de compétition. / When two species exploit the same ecological niche, interspecific competition may lead to the exclusion of one of them. For the two species to co-exist, resource exploitation strategies developed by both species must somehow counter-balance each other. Eupelmus vuilleti and Dinarmus basalis are two solitary parasitoid species exploiting the same hosts, larvae and pupae of Callosobruchus maculatus. When confronted to already parasitized hosts (i.e. exploitative competition), Eupelmus vuilleti seems to be dominant and potentially able to exclude D. basalis. Here, we aim at understanding how E. vuilleti and D. basalis can coexist when in sympatry. More particularly, we investigate the behavioral strategies adopted by females of both species when exploiting the resource (i.e. host) in presence of a competitor female (conspecific or interspecific) (i.e. interference competition). Our study reveals that in presence of a competitor female, E. vuilleti and D. basalis females display agonistic behaviors and the contest resolution is mainly influenced by the value that contestants place on the resource. Finally, under interspecific direct competition, D. basalis females tend to outcompete E. vuilleti females: they are more aggressive. In contrast, E. vuilleti females adopt a waiting strategy, waiting for the opponent female’s departure to multiparasitize hosts after committing an ovicide. Thus, both species seem to show counterbalancing strategies which could promote their coexistence in nature and granaries.