<p>This dissertation examines the production of the "native" in literary and photographic narratives in the Franco-Maghrebian postcolonial context. More specifically, I selected a group of a few well-known Maghrebian intellectuals who write in French, who act as mediators of postcolonial difference between France and the Maghreb, while living between the "East" and the "West." In my dissertation fieldwork, I looked at the politics involved in the production of "home", "exile", and of "the native" within literary and photographic engagements of these North African diasporic intellectuals.</p> <p>Here, I argue that a reading of literary texts offers an alternative understanding of the International Relations of migration and of linkages between postcolonies and postmetropoles. Such an examination involves exploring unexpected claims to a 'native' status that brings about a re-thinking of disciplinary boundaries; an incursion into practices of spectrality in visual and literary narratives, whereby the postcolonial diasporic intellectual is engaged in the practice of collecting 'endangered authenticities.' Moreover, an alternative understanding of IR can also be perceived from the politics of language and hybridity, which arise for Maghrebian intellectuals living and writing about "home", and deciding upon audiences in their writings. Out of this politics emerge the categories of the immigré(e) and exilé(e) that reflect a lived experience of international relations, and an absence of relations that adds to our understanding.</p> <p>The importance of this insight becomes clear when we confront a contemporary IR of migration written from a more mainstream perspective. Its ahistorical presentation and state-centrism are blind to the continuities of imperialism, where the postcolony is as much within the lived space of the postmetropole as it is outside. Thus I attempt to amplify this understanding of the IR of migration and imperialism through recourse to literary and visual narratives of Franco-Maghrebian intellectuals.</p> / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Thesis advisor: Régine Jean-Charles / Taking Fatna Ait Sabbah’s two editions of La Femme dans l'inconscient musulman (1982 & 2010) as my point of departure, I analyze the image of the woman in several contemporary French and Arabic texts. Sabbah argues that buried in early Muslim pornographic texts lies an image of woman that reflects the unconscious view of her in the masculine imagination. In this image woman is positioned in opposition to the Muslim ethical system largely due to her subversive sexual desire. Sabbah’s texts raise key questions: Where a transformation of the feminine condition takes place, is it accompanied by a corresponding change in the image of the woman in the Muslim unconscious? How does the collective unconscious change? Is the unconscious always a reactionary force? Does contemporary literature reinforce Sabbah’s conception or depart from it? The novelists I have selected combine two pertinent attributes: they critique their own society and they examine female subjectivity, or in other words how a woman perceives her role, her identity and her consciousness. Through an analysis of heterodox texts, I focus particularly on how the Arab world sees itself. My first chapter compares Sabbah’s two editions, including her shift in tone and agenda, and the lacunae in her texts. In my second chapter I study Moroccan novelist Rajae Benchemsi’s Marrakech, lumière d'exil (2002) and Nawal el Saadawi’s Woman at Point Zero (1975) in terms of how the erotic and space function in both texts. I explore the women characters’ compliance with or resistance to Maghrebian notions of feminine and masculine space. I argue that the individual choices regarding space help define the characters’ identity. In my third chapter I examine the Sufi view of woman as included in Rajae Benchemsi’s La Controverse des temps (2006) and Ahmed Toufiq’s Abu Musa's Women Neighbors (2006). I point out that the Sufi view presents a counter-discourse to Sabbah’s description of the image of the woman in the Muslim unconscious. If Fatna Sabbah sees woman in early erotic and orthodox texts as reduced to an exclusively sexual essence, these texts present a spiritual dimension to woman’s identity, a dimension which in the context of Sabbah’s work, I argue, has a transgressive aspect. In my fourth chapter I analyze the mother figure in two novels by the Algerian writer, Boualem Sansal: Harraga (2005) and Rue Darwin (2011). I describe the distance between the representation of the mother in Sansal’s work and the image of the woman in the Muslim unconscious as described by Sabbah. I conclude that while the image of the woman as described by Sabbah continues to be present in contemporary texts, other images, remarkable for their diversity, have emerged. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2016. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Romance Languages and Literatures.

A presente dissertação tem por objetivo analisar elementos que constituem a nação argelina presentes num dos principais romances da literatura magrebina de língua francesa: Nedjma, do escritor argelino Kateb Yacine. A obra foi publicada em 1956, época caracterizada pelas tensões decorrentes do início da guerra de independência (1954-1962) que dividiam o país em dois, entre aqueles que preferiam uma Argélia francesa e aqueles que não renunciavam à luta por uma nação independente. As rupturas decorrentes da colonização francesa e as diversas invasões ao longo de sua história marcam a narrativa do romance, cuja análise demonstra que Nedjma vem à luz para afirmar a singularidade argelina. Afinal, sua escrita se faz nos interstícios do conflito entre duas culturas distintas e revela o engajamento político de Kateb. Para o desenvolvimento da análise interpretativa, este trabalho apoia-se em teorias que problematizam as consequências da colonização para os povos submetidos a esse regime. / The present dissertation aims to analyze the elements that constitute the Algerian nation presented in one of the founding novels of Maghrebian literature in French: Nedjma, by the Algerian writer Kateb Yacine. The work was published in 1956, which was a period characterized by the tensions resulting from the beginning of the war of independence (1954- 1962) that divided the country into two, between those who preferred a French Algeria and those who did not stop struggling for an independent nation. The ruptures resulting from French colonization and the various invasions throughout its history mark the narrative of the novel, which analysis point out that Nedjma comes to light to show the Algerian singularity. Moreover, this novel is written under the conflicts between two different cultures and reveals Kateb´s political engagement. On the development of interpretive analysis, this paper draws on theories on the consequences of colonization for the people under this regime.

Le chapiteau ibéro-maghrébin apparaît aujourd’hui comme l’une des expressions les plus caractéristiques de la sculpture islamique médiévale : il connaît du IXe au XIVe siècle, avec une riche production, une incessante adaptation à son contexte politique et social ; il s’affirme ainsi comme un reflet privilégié de l’art islamique en Occident et de son évolution. Notre choix s’est porté sur cet élément architectural car il apparaît comme un élément clé — membre d’architecture et œuvre ornementale à la fois — pour appréhender l’art et les techniques du monde ibéro-maghrébin du bas Moyen Age confrontée à la poussée chrétienne des XIIIe et XIVe siècles. Seules les villes nasrides, mérinides et abd al-wadides échappent aux reconquêtes du XIIIe siècle. Le chapiteau constitue l’un des témoins de ce nouveau contexte historique et géographique de l’art islamique d’Occident. Pour mieux saisir ce phénomène, nous avons pris le parti d’étudier les chapiteaux islamiques ibéro-maghrébins dans une perspective diachronique. Ils apparaissent comme le fruit d’une longue évolution que nous avons tenté de saisir dans sa globalité avant de mettre en lumière, à partir d’un catalogue raisonné, la production des trois émirats et des diverses écoles développées au bas Moyen Age. La perspective ibéro-maghrébine retenue a permis d’établir une grille de classement typologique inédite, qui englobe toute la zone visée. Elle met en lumière une évidente évolution et une diversité qui révèle les particularismes liés à la vitalité de foyers d’art sans cesse plus nombreux. Cette évolution, marquée par bien des diversifications régionales, témoigne, au reste aussi bien, de riches échanges entre les émirats de l’aire culturelle ibéro-maghrébine. / The Ibero-Maghrebian capital is one of the most characteristic forms of medieval Islamic sculpture. Prolifically produced from the 9th to the 14th century, it was constantly adapted to its social and political context, and became a prime reflection of Islamic art in the West and its evolution. In the present work I chose to focus on this architectural element because it is key, as at once architectural member and ornamental work, to understanding the art and techniques of the Ibero-Maghrebian world of the Low Middle Ages, and notably its confrontation with the Christian push of the 13th and 14th centuries. Only Nasrid, Marinid and Zayyanid cities escaped the reconquests of the 13th century, and the capital is one of the reflections of this new historical and geographical context for Islamic art in the West. To better grasp this phenomenon, I chose to study Ibero-Maghrebian Islamic capitals from a diachronic perspective. These capitals are the fruit of a long process of evolution, which I describe overall before examining the production of the three emirates and the various schools developed in the Low Middle Ages. By taking an Ibero-Maghrebian perspective, I was able to establish a novel typological framework which encompasses productions throughout the entire area. It highlights clear change over time and a diversity that reflects particularisms linked to the vitality of increasingly numerous centres of production. This evolution, marked by many regional diversifications, testifies to the rich exchanges between the emirates of the Ibero-Maghrebian cultural space.

L’identité et la mémoire sont des concepts clé dans l’œuvre d’Assia Djebar. Le problème de l’identité et de la mémoire a représenté aussi le fondement de sa vie personnelle. Depuis qu’elle était une fillette, l’écrivaine se posait des questions existentielles à propos de la cohabitation des civilisations maghrébine et française au milieu desquelles elle est née. Son discours s’est toujours déroulé autour de la relation mutuelle entre la mémoire et l’identité, où la mémoire est à la fois le moteur et le piège de sa quête identitaire. Des universitaires et des critiques littéraires ont étudié l’œuvre romanesque d’Assia Djebar, en réalisant des études thématiques, esthétiques, poétiques, autobiographiques ou historiques. À notre tour, par ce travail nous avons l’intention de rendre hommage à cette « immortelle » dont le parcours exceptionnel et l’œuvre originale l’ont transformée en une illustre femme de lettres. Comment la mémoire sert-elle à la production de l’identité humaine ou, plutôt, comment l’être en soi produit-il sa mémoire pour trouver son identité et pour donner un sens à sa vie ? Est-ce que chez Assia Djebar la quête identitaire est déclenchée par la mémoire ou elle se fait par la remontée dans les profondeurs de la mémoire ? Ce sont les questions centrales de notre recherche qui a comme point de départ l’œuvre romanesque d’Assia Djebar, écrivaine algérienne d’expression française. / The concepts of identity and memory are fundamental to the understanding of Francophone Maghrebian literature. For many Maghrebian writers, French represented a more accessible language than the Arabic one, allowing them to use it as an instrument of expression in their written or oral communication, facilitating at the same time the access to a wide international public. Moreover the majority of the French Maghrebian writers, such as Assia Djebar, lived in a context encompassing more than two languages, two cultures or two identities, two individual and collective consciousness. Therefore, they were always surrounded by different other languages and cultures mingling with each other and influencing their identity, their memory, their way of regarding life, their writing style. In her attempt to reveal and find out the true Maghrebian identity and memory, Assia Djebar brought new life into standard French by inserting the Berber and Arabian identities in her French writings. This practice continued until the end of her writing, representing the vivid expression of a perpetual intercultural dialogue between the cultures and the languages from the Maghrebian territory at a collective and individual level. This is the reason why the present paper aims to critically investigate and understand the concepts of identity and memory as they result from Assia Djebar fictional writings, in order to demonstrate their applicability in the present multicultural globalised society.

A presente dissertação tem por objetivo analisar elementos que constituem a nação argelina presentes num dos principais romances da literatura magrebina de língua francesa: Nedjma, do escritor argelino Kateb Yacine. A obra foi publicada em 1956, época caracterizada pelas tensões decorrentes do início da guerra de independência (1954-1962) que dividiam o país em dois, entre aqueles que preferiam uma Argélia francesa e aqueles que não renunciavam à luta por uma nação independente. As rupturas decorrentes da colonização francesa e as diversas invasões ao longo de sua história marcam a narrativa do romance, cuja análise demonstra que Nedjma vem à luz para afirmar a singularidade argelina. Afinal, sua escrita se faz nos interstícios do conflito entre duas culturas distintas e revela o engajamento político de Kateb. Para o desenvolvimento da análise interpretativa, este trabalho apoia-se em teorias que problematizam as consequências da colonização para os povos submetidos a esse regime. / The present dissertation aims to analyze the elements that constitute the Algerian nation presented in one of the founding novels of Maghrebian literature in French: Nedjma, by the Algerian writer Kateb Yacine. The work was published in 1956, which was a period characterized by the tensions resulting from the beginning of the war of independence (1954- 1962) that divided the country into two, between those who preferred a French Algeria and those who did not stop struggling for an independent nation. The ruptures resulting from French colonization and the various invasions throughout its history mark the narrative of the novel, which analysis point out that Nedjma comes to light to show the Algerian singularity. Moreover, this novel is written under the conflicts between two different cultures and reveals Kateb´s political engagement. On the development of interpretive analysis, this paper draws on theories on the consequences of colonization for the people under this regime.

Thesis (MA (Modern Foreign Languages))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The publication in 1983 of Medhi Charef’s novel Le thé au harem d’Archi Ahmed marked the beginning of Beur literature, a collection of narratives concerning the lives of individuals of North African origin in the French suburbs. The term “beur”, derived from the double inversion of the word “arabe”, would become synonymous with “Maghrebians” and be used to define a cultural movement claiming its uniqueness. Beur writers or those who make use of Beur heroes in their novels reveal, often in autobiographical form, the daily experiences of a marginalized minority living in identical socio-economic conditions, which are sources of conflicts, whether latent or manifest, with the dominant culture. The sensitivity of Beur writers as manifested in their writings enables us to obtain images of the lives of people living in shantytowns or the large conglomerations on the outskirts of French cities. However, this literature provides more than just a simple description of context or situation, since it also contains the verdict of young Beurs on the legitimacy of the established social order and their strategies to transform or to adapt to this order. Work, home, school, politics or affective relations are concrete examples of areas where the individual is faced with an established system of values and norms, inequality of resources and convergent or divergent interests that need to be taken into account during the process of exchange in order to satisfy his/her needs. In this interdisciplinary research we apply the sociological concepts of exchange and conflict theory in order to disclose the strategies used by characters in Beur novels to adapt or free themselves from given conditions of exchange and power configurations on different social markets of exchange.

Malgré le rôle important joué par les comportements alimentaires durant la grossesse, et de leurs implications pour la santé de la mère et de l’enfant à naître, plusieurs études soulignent que les besoins d’informations des femmes enceintes à faible revenu ou issues de minorités ethniques n’ont pas été comblés. Le comportement de recherche d’informations de femmes enceintes immigrantes maghrébines à faible revenu sera donc abordé via le modèle d’Engel, Kollat et Blackwell. L’objectif général est l’exploration de ce comportement de recherche d’informations en lien avec des thématiques associées à leur alimentation au cours de la grossesse. La thèse propose quatre questions spécifiques de recherche visant l’exploration des facteurs d’ordre individuel et d’environnement susceptibles d’influencer une recherche active d’informations, des sources auprès desquelles des informations sont recherchées, et de la nature de l’information recueillie. Un total de 28 femmes enceintes volontaires (14 primigestes et 14 secondigestes) ont été recrutées via le Dispensaire diététique de Montréal entre les mois d’août 2010 et 2011. Des entrevues semi-structurées de 60 à 90 minutes ont été réalisées par l’étudiante au doctorat. Les données ont été soumises à une analyse de contenu via le logiciel NVivo. Des facteurs d’ordre individuel susceptibles d’influencer le comportement de recherche active d’informations furent identifiés: perspective idéologique à l’égard de la grossesse, présence de malaises de grossesse, perception du caractère contradictoire des informations reçues, perceptions liées au caractère adéquat de l’information reçue, perceptions liées au caractère suffisant de l’information détenue, variation du poids corporel, valorisation du bien-être du bébé, attitudes à l’égard de la supplémentation prénatale, valorisation d’une saine alimentation et motivation à apprendre. Des facteurs d’environnement susceptibles d’influencer le comportement de recherche active d’informations ont été identifiés: culture (habitudes alimentaires, croyances alimentaires, croyances religieuses, perte de repères culturels traditionnels quant aux soins de santé et conseils offerts durant la grossesse) et interactions avec les membres de l’environnement social. Des sources d’informations significatives en lien avec la nutrition prénatale se sont avérées être pour les primigestes: diététiste, mère, amies, mari et Internet. Pour les secondigestes, ces sources d’informations étaient: diététiste, médecin, amies et mari. Une source d’informations professionnelle significative concernant la supplémentation prénatale et le gain de poids durant la grossesse, tant pour les primigestes que secondigestes, s’est révélée être la diététiste. Peu de femmes ont rapporté avoir reçu des professionnels de l’information à propos de la salubrité alimentaire et des risques de gagner trop de poids. Les résultats soulèvent une réflexion à l’égard de l’implication des professionnels en période prénatale et quant à la révision de leurs approches de counseling nutritionnel. Les résultats amènent également à réfléchir quant à l’amélioration des activités ayant pour objectif de répondre aux besoins d’informations des femmes enceintes immigrantes maghrébines à faible revenu en lien avec des thématiques liées à l’alimentation durant la grossesse. Pour terminer, il serait utile que de futures recherches s’attardent à mieux comprendre le comportement de recherche d’informations en lien avec des thématiques associées à l’alimentation de femmes enceintes de différents horizons culturels ou de celle de l’enfant à venir. / Despite the important role played by healthy behaviours during pregnancy, and their health implications for both mother and baby, several studies have highlighted that health information needs of low-income and ethnic minority pregnant women have not been met. Thus, the information-seeking behaviour of low-income pregnant Maghrebian women has been studied in this thesis by using the Engel, Kollat and Blackwell (EKB) model. The main objective of this thesis’s research is to explore information-seeking behaviours regarding nutrition-related topics during pregnancy in order to determine whether decisional processes regarding information-seeking behaviour differ among primigravid and secundigravid women. This thesis proposes four specific research questions aiming at the exploration of individual and environmental factors likely to influence the active information-seeking behaviour, the type of information and the sources from which such information is collected. Data has been collected among 28 low-income voluntary women (14 primigravid and 14 secundigravid) mainly referred by the Montreal Diet Dispensary between August 2010 and 2011. Semi-structured interviews lasting 60 to 90 minutes were conducted by the doctoral student. Data were analyzed using content analysis with NVivo software. On one hand, individual factors likely to influence the active information-seeking behaviour have been found to be: the ideological examination of pregnancy, presence of pregnancy discomforts, perception of conflicting information from providers, perceived adequacy of received nutrition information, perceived sufficiency of information, body weight changes, recognition of the baby’s well-being, attitudes toward prenatal supplementation, importance given to healthy eating, and motivation to learn. On the other hand, environmental factors likely to influence the active information-seeking behaviour have been identified to be: culture (eating habits, food beliefs, religious beliefs, loss of cultural markers regarding health care and counseling during pregnancy) and interactions with individuals from the social environment. Significant information sources consulted by primigravid women for topics regarding prenatal nutrition were as follows: the registered dietitian, mother, friends, husband, and Internet. For secundigravid women, significant information sources were as follows: the dietitian, doctor, friends and husband. A significant professional information source, both for primigravid and secundigravid women, about prenatal vitamin and mineral supplementation and pregnancy weight gain was the registered dietitian. Internet was a significant public information source from which primigravid women got information regarding prenatal nutrition-related topics. Few women reported having received, during their follow-up examinations, professional information related to food safety issues and risks of gaining too much weight during pregnancy. Overall, results presented in this thesis highlight the importance of improving communicating strategies in order to better address the information needs of low-income pregnant Maghrebian women. Results raise a number of questions with regards to improving the participation of professionals to prenatal education and their nutritional counseling. Moreover, results from this thesis suggest means to improve activity planning to better address the nutrition-related information needs of pregnant Maghrebian women during pregnancy. It would be useful for researchers to get involved in studies aimed at a better understanding of the information-seeking behaviour of expectant mothers from different cultural backgrounds regarding nutrition-related topics during pregnancy as well as the baby’s nutrition.

Malgré le rôle important joué par les comportements alimentaires durant la grossesse, et de leurs implications pour la santé de la mère et de l’enfant à naître, plusieurs études soulignent que les besoins d’informations des femmes enceintes à faible revenu ou issues de minorités ethniques n’ont pas été comblés. Le comportement de recherche d’informations de femmes enceintes immigrantes maghrébines à faible revenu sera donc abordé via le modèle d’Engel, Kollat et Blackwell. L’objectif général est l’exploration de ce comportement de recherche d’informations en lien avec des thématiques associées à leur alimentation au cours de la grossesse. La thèse propose quatre questions spécifiques de recherche visant l’exploration des facteurs d’ordre individuel et d’environnement susceptibles d’influencer une recherche active d’informations, des sources auprès desquelles des informations sont recherchées, et de la nature de l’information recueillie. Un total de 28 femmes enceintes volontaires (14 primigestes et 14 secondigestes) ont été recrutées via le Dispensaire diététique de Montréal entre les mois d’août 2010 et 2011. Des entrevues semi-structurées de 60 à 90 minutes ont été réalisées par l’étudiante au doctorat. Les données ont été soumises à une analyse de contenu via le logiciel NVivo. Des facteurs d’ordre individuel susceptibles d’influencer le comportement de recherche active d’informations furent identifiés: perspective idéologique à l’égard de la grossesse, présence de malaises de grossesse, perception du caractère contradictoire des informations reçues, perceptions liées au caractère adéquat de l’information reçue, perceptions liées au caractère suffisant de l’information détenue, variation du poids corporel, valorisation du bien-être du bébé, attitudes à l’égard de la supplémentation prénatale, valorisation d’une saine alimentation et motivation à apprendre. Des facteurs d’environnement susceptibles d’influencer le comportement de recherche active d’informations ont été identifiés: culture (habitudes alimentaires, croyances alimentaires, croyances religieuses, perte de repères culturels traditionnels quant aux soins de santé et conseils offerts durant la grossesse) et interactions avec les membres de l’environnement social. Des sources d’informations significatives en lien avec la nutrition prénatale se sont avérées être pour les primigestes: diététiste, mère, amies, mari et Internet. Pour les secondigestes, ces sources d’informations étaient: diététiste, médecin, amies et mari. Une source d’informations professionnelle significative concernant la supplémentation prénatale et le gain de poids durant la grossesse, tant pour les primigestes que secondigestes, s’est révélée être la diététiste. Peu de femmes ont rapporté avoir reçu des professionnels de l’information à propos de la salubrité alimentaire et des risques de gagner trop de poids. Les résultats soulèvent une réflexion à l’égard de l’implication des professionnels en période prénatale et quant à la révision de leurs approches de counseling nutritionnel. Les résultats amènent également à réfléchir quant à l’amélioration des activités ayant pour objectif de répondre aux besoins d’informations des femmes enceintes immigrantes maghrébines à faible revenu en lien avec des thématiques liées à l’alimentation durant la grossesse. Pour terminer, il serait utile que de futures recherches s’attardent à mieux comprendre le comportement de recherche d’informations en lien avec des thématiques associées à l’alimentation de femmes enceintes de différents horizons culturels ou de celle de l’enfant à venir. / Despite the important role played by healthy behaviours during pregnancy, and their health implications for both mother and baby, several studies have highlighted that health information needs of low-income and ethnic minority pregnant women have not been met. Thus, the information-seeking behaviour of low-income pregnant Maghrebian women has been studied in this thesis by using the Engel, Kollat and Blackwell (EKB) model. The main objective of this thesis’s research is to explore information-seeking behaviours regarding nutrition-related topics during pregnancy in order to determine whether decisional processes regarding information-seeking behaviour differ among primigravid and secundigravid women. This thesis proposes four specific research questions aiming at the exploration of individual and environmental factors likely to influence the active information-seeking behaviour, the type of information and the sources from which such information is collected. Data has been collected among 28 low-income voluntary women (14 primigravid and 14 secundigravid) mainly referred by the Montreal Diet Dispensary between August 2010 and 2011. Semi-structured interviews lasting 60 to 90 minutes were conducted by the doctoral student. Data were analyzed using content analysis with NVivo software. On one hand, individual factors likely to influence the active information-seeking behaviour have been found to be: the ideological examination of pregnancy, presence of pregnancy discomforts, perception of conflicting information from providers, perceived adequacy of received nutrition information, perceived sufficiency of information, body weight changes, recognition of the baby’s well-being, attitudes toward prenatal supplementation, importance given to healthy eating, and motivation to learn. On the other hand, environmental factors likely to influence the active information-seeking behaviour have been identified to be: culture (eating habits, food beliefs, religious beliefs, loss of cultural markers regarding health care and counseling during pregnancy) and interactions with individuals from the social environment. Significant information sources consulted by primigravid women for topics regarding prenatal nutrition were as follows: the registered dietitian, mother, friends, husband, and Internet. For secundigravid women, significant information sources were as follows: the dietitian, doctor, friends and husband. A significant professional information source, both for primigravid and secundigravid women, about prenatal vitamin and mineral supplementation and pregnancy weight gain was the registered dietitian. Internet was a significant public information source from which primigravid women got information regarding prenatal nutrition-related topics. Few women reported having received, during their follow-up examinations, professional information related to food safety issues and risks of gaining too much weight during pregnancy. Overall, results presented in this thesis highlight the importance of improving communicating strategies in order to better address the information needs of low-income pregnant Maghrebian women. Results raise a number of questions with regards to improving the participation of professionals to prenatal education and their nutritional counseling. Moreover, results from this thesis suggest means to improve activity planning to better address the nutrition-related information needs of pregnant Maghrebian women during pregnancy. It would be useful for researchers to get involved in studies aimed at a better understanding of the information-seeking behaviour of expectant mothers from different cultural backgrounds regarding nutrition-related topics during pregnancy as well as the baby’s nutrition.

L'importance de l'Histoire dans l'œuvre de Rachid Boudjedra fait l'unanimité des critiques. En s'appuyant sur la narratologie et plus particulièrement sur la théorie du langage performatif de John Langshow Austin, le présent travail tâche de démontrer que la construction de ses romans est mobilisée dans l'objectif de faire émerger l'histoire de l'Algérie et du monde arabe tout en se distinguant de l'écriture de l'historien. Sans s'arrêter à la simple mention des événements historiques, l'Histoire dans l'écriture romanesque de Boudjedra les retrace en tant que mémoire individuelle. Cette posture amène l'écrivain à manipuler les faits et les textes historiques et ainsi à brouiller la frontière entre la fiction et l'histoire. Cette approche constitue, pour l'auteur, un acte d'appropriation d'une Histoire dépossédée par le colonialisme puis occultée par les autorités algériennes. L'écrivain participe ainsi à la réinvention, rendue nécessaire par l'acculturation consécutive à la période coloniale, de l'écriture algérienne. / Critics are unanimous regarding the importance of History in Rachid Boudjedra's work. Based on narratology and especially on the performative theory of John Langshow Austin, the present study tries to enlighten the fact that the construction of his novels aims to bring out history of Algeria and of the Arab world while distinguishing itself from an historian work. Without stopping at the mere mention of historical events, History in Boudjedra fictional writings introduces them as individual memory. This posture leads this author to manipulate historical facts and texts and thus to blur the line between fiction and history. This approach is, for the author, an act of appropriation of a History dispossessed by colonialism and then overshadowed by the Algerian authorities. The writer thus contributes to the reinvention, made necessary by the acculturation resulting from the colonial period, of writing in Algeria.