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No. of bitstreams: 2 resumo_dissertacao_adrya_vanessa_lira_costa.pdf: 17781 bytes, checksum: 302b7f6ce24617e43e385c72102bdbec (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-07-26 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / As plantas apresentam uma alta capacidade de percepção devido sua necessidade de gerir as informações ambientais, estando fixas ao solo, para isso, elas contam com uma eficiente rede de sinalização elétrica permitindo a integração de suas partes e uma resposta rápida. Dentre o espectro de estímulos ambientais percebidos pela planta encontra-se o campo magnético (CM) capaz de causar alterações intra e extracelulares. Trabalhos relatam que a membrana plasmática pode ser um alvo primário do CM, levando a alterações nos canais iônicos e mesmo nos próprios íons, além de um aumento na produção de espécies reativas de oxigênio (EROs). Sabendo que os canais iônicos são a base dos sinais elétricos, logo uma modificação nestes pode afetar a geração dos sinais e consequentemente todo o electroma. Contudo, ainda não estão claros na literatura a ação do campo magnético na membrana plasmática e os mecanismos a respeito dos efeitos do campo magnético como estimulador do crescimento ou atuando como um estressor. Neste trabalho, objetivou-se caracterizar a dinâmica elétrica de plantas de feijão preto (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) expostas a um campo magnético de intensidade moderada, e observar possíveis alterações fenotípicas. A partir dos dados da sinalização elétricas, foram obtidas séries temporais das plantas antes e após o estímulo com CM. Estas foram analisadas com a utilização de ferramentas estatísticas e matemáticas para determinar a Função de densidade de probabilidade, Autocorrelação, Transformada rápida de Fourier (TRF) e Wavelets, Função de potência da densidade espectral (potencial spectral density - PSD), Entropia multiescalar e algoritmos de classificação. Para a observação de efeitos fenotípicos, foi realizado um outro experimento em casa de vegetação avaliando a simetria flutuante e o crescimento das plantas expostas e não expostas ao CM. A partir dos resultados das análises eletrofisiológicas e do desvio de simetria, identificamos a possibilidade das plantas não terem considerado a exposição durante 1 hora ao CM de 200 mT como um fator de estresse, ou seja, não afetou de forma consistente o padrão do electroma das plantas após a exposição. De acordo com a análise de entropia multiescalar, foram observados valores médios de entropia superiores após o estímulo quando comparados com os valores médios antes do estímulo nas primeiras escalas, além disso os resultados de crescimento apresentaram maior área foliar e comprimento da parte aérea após a exposição. Para o presente estudo, foram obtidos bons resultados na acurácia de classificação das séries temporais com destaque para o algoritmo k-NN, demonstrando que as séries antes e após o estímulo são diferentes. Portanto, observou-se que o CM possa ter atuado como um estimulador do crescimento. / Plants have a high capacity of perception due to their need to manage environmental information, being fixed to the ground, for this, they count on an efficient electrical signaling network allowing the integration of their parts and a quick response. The magnetic field (MF) is included in the spectrum of environmental stimuli that is perceived by the plant and capable of causing intra and extracellular changes. Studies report that the plasma membrane may be a primary target of MF, leading to changes in ion channels and even in the ions themselves, in addition to an increase in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Knowing that ion channels are the basis of electrical signals, then a modification in these can affect the generation of the signals and consequently the entire electrome. However, the action of the magnetic field on plasma membrane and the mechanisms regarding the effects of the magnetic field as growth stimulator or acting as a stressor are not yet clear in the literature. The aim of this study was to characterize the electric dynamics of black bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) exposed to a magnetic field of moderate intensity and to observe possible phenotypic changes. From the electrical signaling data, time series were obtained from plants before and after the CM stimulus. These were analyzed using statistical and mathematical tools to determine the Probability density function, Autocorrelation, Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) and Wavelets, Potential spectral density (PSD), Multiscalar entropy and algorithms of classification. For the observation of phenotypic effects, another experiment was carried out in a greenhouse evaluating the floating symmetry and growth of plants exposed and not exposed to MF. From the results of the electrophysiological analysis and the symmetry deviation, we identified the possibility that plants did not consider the exposure during 1 hour to the 200 mT MF as a stress factor, that is, it did not consistently affect plants’ electrome pattern after exposure. According to the analysis of multiscale entropy, higher mean entropy values were observed after the stimulus when compared to the mean values before the stimulus in the first scales, in addition the growth results showed larger leaf area and shoot length after the exposure. For the present study, good results were obtained in the accuracy of time series classification with emphasis on the k-NN algorithm, demonstrating that the series before and after the stimulus are different. Therefore, it has been observed that MF may have acted as a growth enhancer.

Este trabalho apresenta os avanços no desenvolvimento de um novo método de ensaio não-destrutivo magnético. O método está baseado na técnica do Ruído Magnético de Barkhausen (RMB), particularmente em uma variante denominada Barkhausen Contínuo. O RMB é gerado devido à ação de um campo magnético variável magnetizante que produz mudanças abruptas e irreversíveis na estrutura magnética do material. Essas mudanças são influenciadas pela microestrutura e a distribuição de tensões dentro do mesmo. As medições podem ser usadas para construir uma distribuição bidimensional do RMB ao redor de um ponto fixo, cujo resultado irá refletir o nível de anisotropia magnética, usualmente indicando um eixo de fácil magnetização, parâmetro relevante dado que o comportamento da grande maioria de materiais ferromagnéticos de engenharia é usualmente anisotrópico. As mudanças no eixo de fácil magnetização podem indicar a presença de anomalias mecânicas ou abnormalidades no processo de fabricação e no caso da aplicação de uma tensão externa, podem refletir a magnitude e a direção da mesma. O presente trabalho descreve uma metodologia que faz uso de um campo magnético rotacional para obter sinais RMB relacionados ao angulo de giro, possibilitando a identificação da direção do eixo de fácil magnetização, ultrapassando as capacidades oferecidas pela técnica RMB convencional mediante o fornecimento de informação em tempo real, que permite a obtenção de um conjunto de parâmetros que quantificam a anisotropia magnética de uma amostra. A técnica foi usada para a detecção do eixo de fácil magnetização e o nível de anisotropia magnética em materiais diferentes devida aos efeitos do processo de fabricação. Posteriormente foi demonstrado que a técnica é capaz de monitorar a evolução da tensão uniaxial aplicada, obtendo curvas de calibração, sensíveis ao sentido de aplicação da tensão. Para o caso pouco estudado de amostras submetidas a tensões biaxiais, o uso da técnica do Barkhausen contínuo rotacional fez possível de verificar que as características morfológicas das medições de anisotropia magnética obtidas, guardam relação com a direção das tensões principais. Foi realizada uma avaliação do método aplicado para a medição dinâmica de anisotropia magnética em juntas soldadas, indicando estados de tensão e características microestruturais coerentes com as esperadas. O método tem a possibilidade de ser implementado para medições anisotropia magnética em alta resolução/alta velocidade. / This works presents the current advances on the development of a new method of magnetic non-destructive testing. The method is based on the magnetic Barkhausen noise (MBN), more specifically in one branch known as Continuous Barkhausen. MBN is produced due to the effect of a variable magnetic field, which causes abrupt and irreversible changes to the magnetic structure of the material. These changes are influenced by the microstructure of the material and the stress distributions within. Measurements can be used to construct a bi dimensional MBN distribution around a fixed point, which in turn will be a reflect of its magnetic anisotropy level, usually characterized by an easy axis of magnetization, an important parameter given that more often than not, the behavior of most engineering ferromagnetic materials is anisotropic. Variations of the easy axis could be the indication of mechanical anomalies or abnormalities that appear as a result of the fabrication process. If there is an external stress applied to the sample, it can provide information about its magnitude and direction. The present work describes a methodology which uses a precise rotating magnetic field in order to obtain MBN signals related to a given magnetization angle, making possible the finding of the easy axis, exceeding the limits of conventional MBN measurements by providing real time data which in turn will allow to infer a set of parameters that quantify the magnetic anisotropy of the sample. The proposed technique was successfully used to find both the easy axis and a quantitative level of magnetic anisotropy between different materials, consequence of the fabrication process. Subsequently, it was shown that the technique was able to perform a monitoring of the evolution of both uniaxial and biaxial applied stress, obtaining linear relationships (uniaxial case), sensitive to the direction of loading. In not so much studied case of biaxial loading, the use of the continuous rotational Barkhausen method made possible to observe that the morphologic characteristics of the magnetic anisotropy measurements bear a close resemblance to the direction of the principal stress field. An evaluation of the technique as a tool for the dynamic measurement of magnetic anisotropy on welded joints, indicating stress states and microstructural features coherent with the ones expected in this scenario. The method has the possibility of being implemented as a technique for high speed/high resolution measurements of magnetic anisotropy.

Dans ce mémoire de thèse nous présentons une méthodologie pour le diagnostic et la surveillance en ligne des éoliennes de l'état de l'ensemble machine électrique onduleur à partir de la mesure du champ magnétique continu. Ce travail est scindé en deux parties complémentaires. Dans la première partie, nous donnons quelques contributions concernant l'estimation de l'état et des paramètres pour certaines classes de systèmes non linéaires. Ces mêmes estimateurs ont été validés en simulation et sur un banc d'essai. La deuxième partie porte sur la mise en œuvre et la conception de deux bancs d'essai utilisés pour l'étude des défauts dans un système double alimentation MADA et un ensemble moteur électrique onduleur classique pour l'analyse des défauts du convertisseur. L'identification des paramètres et la technique de contrôle du système en boucle fermé est introduite pour l'application MADA. De plus, les capteurs virtuels sont conçus pour estimer la vitesse mécanique qui est utilisée pour calculer les fréquences caractéristiques défectueuses, et le signal de couple mécanique qui exerce une influence sur l'amplitude de certaines des signatures défectueux typiquement. Finalement, sur la base de la mise en équation théorique des signaux électriques avec défauts puis des simulations correspondantes, une comparaison avec l'expérimentation est réalisée pour valider la technique proposée. Ces travaux montrent l'avantage d'une telle technique dans la simplicité de l'instrumentation mis en œuvre / This doctoral thesis presents a methodology for the online condition monitoring of the electrical power drive in wind energy systems based on the local measurement of the DC-bus magnetic field. The work is divided into two complementary parts. In the first part, some contributions related to the estimation of the state and parameters for certain classes of nonlinear systems are provided. The estimators have been validated in simulation and on test benches. The second part focuses on the implementation and control design of two benchmarks used to study defects in a doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) system and an induction motor power drive. In the former benchmark, the parameters identification of the induction machine and the controller design of the DFIG system are carried out. For the latter test bench, the notable work is to build an induction machine drive for the purpose of fault investigation, in which a PWM generator is developed to control and create the fault of the converter. Furthermore, virtual sensors are designed to estimate mechanical speed that is used to calculate the characteristic frequencies, and mechanical torque signal that has influence on the amplitude of some typical fault signatures. Finally, based on the theoretical aspect of the selected faults, the relevant simulations are developed and experiments are implemented on the benchmarks in order to validate the proposed technique. It has been shown that the diagnostic relying on the magnetic field measurement is feasible and offers various advantages such as simplicity and cost-effectiveness

Cette thèse s'inscrit dans le cadre de l'astrophysique de laboratoire. Nous abordons divers aspects de la physique des chocs non-collisionels en présence de flots de plasma relativistes dans des configurations d'intérêt pour les communautés astrophysique et de l’interaction laser-plasma (ILP). Notre approche repose sur la modélisation analytique et la simulation cinétique haute-performance, outil central pour décrire les processus d'ILP et la physique non linéaire à l'origine des chocs étudiés. Le code Particle-in-Cell SMILEI a été largement utilisé et développé au cours ce travail. Trois configurations physiques sont étudiées. L’instabilité Weibel en présence de faisceaux d'électrons contre-propagatifs alignés avec un champ magnétique externe est décrite. Les phases linéaires et non linéaires sont expliquées à l’aide de modèles théoriques confirmés par des simulations. La génération de chocs non-collisionels lors de l’interaction de deux plasmas relativistes de paires est étudiée en présence d’un champ magnétique perpendiculaire. L’accent est mis sur la comparaison des prédictions théoriques sur les grandeurs macroscopiques avec les simulations, ainsi que sur la définition du temps de formation du choc, l’ensemble de ces grandeurs étant d’une grande importance pour de futures expériences. Enfin, nous proposons un schéma permettant de recréer, en laboratoire, l’instabilité Weibel ionique par l'utilisation d'un laser intense. Les flots de plasmas produits ici sont plus rapides et denses que dans les expériences actuelles, conduisant à un taux de croissance et des champs magnétiques plus élevés. Ces résultats sont également important pour l’ILP à très haute intensité. / The work presented in this thesis belongs to the general framework of Laboratory Astrophysics. We address various aspects of the physics of collisionless shocks developing in the presence of relativistic plasma flows, in configurations of interest for the astrophysical and the laser-plasma interaction (LPI) communities. The approach used throughout this thesis relied on both analytical modeling and high-performance kinetic simulations, a central tool to describe LPI processes as well as the non-linear physics behind shock formation. The PIC code SMILEI has been widely used and developed during this work. Three physical configurations are studied. First we consider the Weibel instability driven by two counter-streaming electron beams aligned with an external magnetic field. The linear and non-linear phases are explained using theoretical models confirmed by simulations.Then the generation of non-collisional shocks during the interaction of two relativistic plasma pairs is studied in the presence of a perpendicular magnetic field. We focus on the comparison of theoretical predictions for macroscopic variables with the simulation results, as well as on the definition and measurement of the shock formation time, all of which are of great importance for future experiments.Finally, we proposed a scheme to produce, in the laboratory, the ion-Weibel-instability with the use of an ultra-high-intensity laser. The produced flows are faster and denser than in current experiments, leading to a larger growth rate and stronger magnetic fields. These results are important for the LPI at very high intensity.

Ce mémoire s'inscrit dans l'étude du comportement tribologique d'un couple de matériaux ferromagnétique acier XC48 en contact mécanique et magnétique à sec. Le but consiste à identifier les effets liés à la présence ou à l'absence d’un champ magnétique au niveau de l'interface de contact statique et de contact glissant. La première étape a été d'établir des équations de contraintes qui régissent la réponse linéaire, ponctuelle et surfacique des solides sous chargements donnés, en utilisant des modèles développés dans la théorie d'élasticité. Elles ont ensuite été simulées sous Mathématica pour obtenir des résultats analytiques des champs de contraintes en sub-surfaces. Dans la deuxième étape, des essais par contact sec effectués au moyen d'un tribomètre du type pion-disque nous révèlent une augmentation du coefficient de frottement avec le champ magnétique sur le tribocontact. L'analyse en diffraction des rayons X montre que les débris d'usures lors des essais avec champ magnétique comportent la présence d'oxyde de fer. La caractérisation en microscopie électronique à balayage et en profilométrie du matériau usé met en évidence l'état de la sub-surface avec modification de la structure des grains et une présence d'usure douce due aux essais avec champ magnétique. La mesure en photoélasticimétrie montre l'influence du champ magnétique sur les champs de contraintes. En faisant varier les paramètres cinématiques de l'essai sur notre modèle numérique, nous observons une augmentation des champs contraintes. Ces paramètres mécaniques, magnétiques et physico-chimiques sont complexes et l'étude contribue à comprendre ces problématiques liées au frottement sec. / This thesis is about the study of the tribological behavior of a couple of ferromagnetic materials XC48 steel in mechanical and magnetic dry contact. It consists in identifying the generated effects of the presence or absence of a magnetic field at the static and sliding contact interface. The first step was to establish constraint equations which govern the linear, punctual and surface response of the solids under given loadings, by using models developed in the theory of elasticity. They were then simulated under Mathematica to obtain analytical results of stress fields in sub-surfaces. In the second phase, the dry contact tests carried out by means of a standard pin-on-disc tribometer reveal an increase in the coefficient of friction with the magnetic field on the tribological contact. The analysis by X-ray diffraction shows that the wear debris during the tests with magnetic field comprises the presence of iron oxide. The characterization by scanning electron microscopy and profilometry of worn material shows the state of the sub-surface with modification of the grain structure and presence of soft wear from testing with magnetic field. The photoelasticity measurements show the influence of the magnetic field on the stress fields. By varying the kinematic parameters of the test on our numerical model, we observe an increase in stress fields. These mechanical, magnetic and physicochemical parameters are complex and the study contributes to understanding these problems of dry friction.

Conventional therapeutic techniques treat the patient by delivering a biotherapeutic to the entire body rather than the target tissue. In the case of chemotherapy, the biotherapeutic is a drug that kills healthy and diseased cells indiscriminately which can lead to undesirable side effects. With targeted delivery, biotherapeutics can be delivered directly to the diseased tissue significantly reducing exposure to otherwise healthy tissue. Typical composite delivery devices are minimally composed of a stimuli responsive polymer, such as poly(N-isopropylacrylamide), allowing for triggered release when heated beyond approximately 32 °C, and magnetic nanoparticles which enable targeting as well as provide a mechanism for stimulus upon alternating magnetic field heating. Although more traditional methods, such as emulsion polymerization, have been used to realize these composite devices, the synthesis is problematic. Poisonous surfactants that are necessary to prevent agglomeration must be removed from the finished polymer, increasing the time and cost of the process. This study seeks to further explore non-toxic, biocompatible, non-residual, photochemical methods of creating stimuli responsive nanogels to advance the targeted biotherapeutic delivery field. Ultraviolet photopolymerization promises to be more efficient, while ensuring safety by using only biocompatible substances. The reactants selected for nanogel fabrication were N-isopropylacrylamide as monomer, methylene bisacrylamide as cross-linker, and Irgacure 2959 as ultraviolet photo-initiator. The superparamagnetic nanoparticles for encapsulation were approximately 10 nm in diameter and composed of magnetite to enable remote delivery and enhanced triggered release properties. Early investigations into the interactions of the polymer and nanoparticles employ a pioneering experimental setup, which allows for coincident turbidimetry and alternating magnetic field heating of an aqueous solution containing both materials. Herein, a low-cost, scalable, and rapid, custom ultraviolet photo-reactor with in-situ, spectroscopic monitoring system is used to observe the synthesis as the sample undergoes photopolymerization. This method also allows in-situ encapsulation of the magnetic nanoparticles simplifying the process. Size characterization of the resulting nanogels was performed by Transmission Electron Microscopy revealing size-tunable nanogel spheres between 50 and 800 nm by varying the ratio and concentration of the reactants. Nano-Tracking Analysis indicates that the nanogels exhibit minimal agglomeration as well as provides a temperature-dependent particle size distribution. Optical characterization utilized Fourier Transform Infrared and Ultraviolet Spectroscopy to confirm successful polymerization. When samples of the nanogels encapsulating magnetic nanoparticles were subjected to an alternating magnetic field a temperature increase was observed indicating that triggered release is possible. Furthermore, a model, based on linear response theory that innovatively utilizes size distribution data, is presented to explain alternating magnetic field heating results. The results presented here will advance targeted biotherapeutic delivery and have a wide range of applications in medical sciences like oncology, gene delivery, cardiology and endocrinology.

Abstract In this thesis, the theory of static magnetic resonance spectral parameters of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy is investigated in terms of the molecular Breit-Pauli Hamiltonian, which is obtained from the relativistic Dirac equation via the Foldy-Wouthuysen transformation. A leading-order perturbational relativistic theory of NMR nuclear shielding and spin-spin coupling tensors, and ESR electronic g-tensor, is presented. In addition, the possibility of external magnetic-field dependency of NMR parameters is discussed. Various first-principles methods of electronic structure theory and the role of one-electron basis sets and their performance in magnetic resonance properties in terms of their completeness profiles are discussed. The presented leading-order perturbational relativistic theories of NMR nuclear shielding tensors and ESR electronic g-tensors, as well as the theory of the magnetic-field dependent NMR shielding and quadrupole coupling are evaluated using first-principles wave function and density-functional theories.

La MRAM est une technologie de mémoire non-volatile émergente, elle a la particularité de stocker les données sous forme d’orientations de moments magnétiques. Ses performances sont intéressantes et surpassent les technologies actuelles sur plusieurs aspects. Crocus Technology développe une nouvelle génération de MRAM, les TAS-MRAM (pour ThermallyAssistedSwitching MRAM). Ces MRAM ont la particularité d’effectuer les opérations d’écritures à hautes températures, améliorant ainsi la consommation électrique et facilitant sa réduction d’échelle. Les TAS-MRAM sont développées pour des applications sécuritaires ou critiques, cependant la technologie MRAM utilise des principes physiques liés aux interactions magnétiques qui sont relativement peu étudiés en termes de sécurité du composant.L’objet du travail de cette thèse est d’évaluer les potentielles faiblesses de sécurité pour cette technologie. En particulier la capacité des MRAM à garantir l’intégrité et la confidentialité des informations qui sont stockées a été étudiée. Ce travail est divisé en deux parties, une première partie est consacrée à l’analyse de la résistance des MRAM aux attaques physiques avec un focus tout particulier sur l’étude des effets des champs magnétiques sur l’écriture, la lecture et la rétention des données ainsi que les différentes solutions envisagées pour réduire ces effets. Une étude des effets de la température a également été réalisée. L’autre partie du travail porte sur l’étude des émissions électromagnétiques et l’analyse de plusieurs méthodes pour retrouver le poids de Hamming des données manipulées par la mémoire et de ce fait en extraire de potentiels secrets ou données sensibles. / MRAM (magnetoresistive RAM) is an emergent non-volatile memory technology; it has the particularity to store data in magnetic moments orientations. It has very interesting characteristics that overwhelm mature technologies on several points. Crocus Technology is developing a new MRAM technology called TAS-MRAM (for Thermally Assisted Switching). During write operations, this new MRAM technology uses a current to heat the memory cell. This reduces the power consumption and makes scalability easier. TAS-MRAM are developed for secure or critical applications but this technology relies on spintronic, a field of physics not much studied for electronics security.This work aims to evaluate potential security weaknesses of this technology. More specifically the memory capacity to guarantee data confidentiality was studied. This work was divided in two parts; one part is dedicated to the analysis of MRAM resistance against physical perturbations, with a special focus on magnetic fields (both static and pulsed) effects on read and write operations as well as their effects on data retention. Various methods to reduce these effects were tested and compared. The effect of high temperature was also studied.The second part focuses on the analysis of electromagnetic emissions of the MRAM components during its operations. Methods to retrieve the Hamming weight of data written in the memory are exposed and compared.

Deux approches potentiellement anti-tumorales, employant des nanoparticules magnétiques (NPMs) et des champs magnétiques oscillants, furent étudiées. La première, l’hyperthermie magnétique, utilise l’échauffement de NPMs au contact des cellules tumorales provoqué par un champ magnétique alternatif haute-fréquence. Durant cette thèse, il fut démontré que les forces magnéto-mécaniques induites par les inhomogénéités de champ magnétique pendant un essai d’hyperthermie magnétique n’avaient aucune influence sur la viabilité cellulaire. Egalement, des mesures magnétiques, d’XPS, et de puissance de chauffe de NPMs de fer enrobées d’une coquille de silice amorphe furent effectuées et analysées. Il fut observé que cette coquille permettait de préserver les propriétés magnétiques des NPMs suite à l’exposition à un environnement aqueux. La deuxième approche anti-tumorale utilise des NPMs soumises à un champ magnétique basse-fréquence, induisant une stimulation mécanique des cellules tumorales. Une étude théorique complète de l’influence du champ magnétique, de l’agitation thermique et des interactions magnétiques sur la force magnéto-mécanique exercée par des NPMs, fut effectuée. Elle démontra notamment que cette force augmente de manière drastique pour une assemblée de NPMs lorsque la rotation du champ magnétique induit une rupture de symétrie dans l’évolution temporelle du couple magnéto-mécanique. Expérimentalement, il fut développé différents prototypes de génération de champ magnétique tournant à basse fréquence. Des tests in vitro furent réalisés en utilisant des NPMs enrobées par une matrice de phosphatidylcholine, leur permettant d’être solidaires des membranes cellulaires. Suite à la rotation d’un champ magnétique de 40 ou 380 mT, à 10 Hz, il fut observé une réduction de la survie cellulaire. / Two anti-tumor treatments based on magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) and oscillating magnetic field were studied. The first one, magnetic hyperthermia, uses the heat released by MNPs in contact with tumor cells under a high frequency alternating magnetic field. We have shown that the forces induced by magnetic field inhomogeneity during magnetic hyperthermia essay no influence on cellular viability. Moreover, magnetic measurements, XPS characterization and heating power evaluation of iron MNPs coated by amorphous silica shell were carried out. It was observed that this shell is able to preserve the MNP magnetic properties submitted to an aqueous environment. The second anti-tumor treatment combines MNPs and low-frequency magnetic field, inducing mechanical stress to tumor cells. A complete theoretical study on the influence of magnetic field, thermal agitation and magnetic interaction on the magneto-mechanical forces generated by the MNPs was carried out. It was demonstrated that for a MNP assembly this force increases dramatically when the rotation of the magnetic field induces a break of time reversal symmetry on the magneto-mechanical torque. Experimentally, several devices generating low frequency rotating magnetic fields were developed. Using these devices, in-vitro essays were also achieved using phosphatidylcholine coated MNPs, which bind to cellular membranes. An application of a 40 or 380 mT magnetic field rotating at 10 Hz reduced cell survival rate.

En augmentant la distribution des ressources dans l'espace, la fragmentation du paysage contraint le mouvement des organismes. Deux types de stratégies adaptatives antagonistes ont été mises en évidence en réponse à cette pression : une diminution ou une augmentation de la propension et de la capacité des organismes à se déplacer. La majorité de la littérature traite de la diminution des mouvements en réponse à la fragmentation du paysage. En étudiant un organisme contraint de traverser la matrice pour achever son cycle de vie (i.e. Bufo bufo), je me suis intéressée à la stratégie d'augmentation et d'optimisation des mouvements en réponse à la fragmentation. Peu d'études permettent de conclure sur l'existence de plasticité phénotypique, d'effets maternels ou d'évolution des traits liés au mouvement en réponse à la fragmentation. J'ai ainsi inclus dans ma démarche expérimentale des élevages en conditions standardisées afin d'étudier l'évolution des caractéristiques du mouvement en réponse à la fragmentation. Plus précisément, j'ai étudié l'évolution des capacités de navigation en m'intéressant à la vitesse dévolution, à la base magnétique et à l'influence de l'orientation vectorielle sur la dispersion. Je me suis également intéressée à l'évolution du comportement exploratoire en réponse à la fragmentation / Landscape fragmentation increases resource distribution and constrains animal movements. Two kinds of adaptive strategy have been revealed in response to this selective pressure: an increase or a decrease of animal capacity and propensity to move. I studied the resistance strategy (i.e. increase of movements) which is poorly documented in the literature. To do so I focused on an organism facing the need to cross the matrix to achieve its life cycle (Bufo bufo). Only a few studies enable to disentangle phenotypic plasticity, maternal effect and evolution of movement characteristics. I used common garden rearing and cross-breeding experiments in order to focus on the evolutionary dimension of movement characteristics changes induced by landscape fragmentation. More precisely, I studied the evolution of navigation capacities by focusing on vector orientation, its evolutionary rate, its genetic basis, its magnetic basis and its influence on dispersal. I also studied the evolution of the exploratory behaviour in response to landscape fragmentation and searched for convergent evolution of this behaviour