No description available.

The literature on the demography of pastoral populations tends to consider pastoralism as an independent determinant of the levels and patterns of fertility and mortality. Despite a general lack of adequate data, there is a preoccupation with the low fertility of pastoral populations. Demographic data are presented for three Malian populations: sedentary Bambara cultivators and two Kel Tamasheq groups of nomadic pastoralists. These populations are compared and contrasted and internal social class differentials are examined. Bambara have higher fertility than the two pastoral populations and all three groups have different patterns of mortality. Child mortality levels vary significantly between Kel Tamasheq social classes. An examination of the intermediate determinants of fertility identifies marriage as the most important differentiating factor. For mortality a similar approach is unable to identify any particular intermediate variable as the dominant determinant of the observed patterns. The principal mortality differentials occur, however, within the pastoral populations, where high status, rich social classes have higher child mortality than poor, low status ex-slaves. Intensive, qualitative studies of marriage and social class variation show that although the pastoral Kel Tamasheq are demographically different from the Bambara, these differences are caused as much by socio-cultural factors as by economic ones. Kel Tamasheq kinship, household formation patterns and the importance of prestige and status mean that women may spend many of their child-bearing years between marriages, either divorced or widowed. This contrasts with the Bambara pattern of continuous marriage maintained through divorce, polygyny and inheritance, vhere much status and wealth is acquired through having children. The same socio-cultural factors create variation in Tamasheq child care patterns. Social constraints on high status mothers operate in the opposite direction from economic constraints, producing unexpected patterns of social class mortality differentials. The study concludes that nomadic pastoralists are not demographically different from cultivating populations because of their production system. To understand why the observed differences do occur, intensive qualitative studies are needed to supplement and explain the quantitative data.

In the West African country of Mali, fourteen languages are recognized by the constitution as official. Of these, one is French, the language of the former colonial power, and the other thirteen are indigenous African languages. These languages have traditionally been used for oral communication and storytelling, but as the technology of writing has been introduced, the languages have been codified and used by some writers in creative writing. This thesis explores the reasons writers in this plurilingual environment select the language in which they write. It provides a portrait of how writers perceive their role in the traditionally oral culture of Mali. Through an examination of connected institutions such as education and development, my work exposes the different forces that shape the choices made by these writers.

The Kel Tamachek and Hassanya are nomadic people who live in Sahel‐Sahara but some of them have become semi‐nomad or sedentary throughout the time. Since the independence they were divided in five countries. In Mali they occupy the 75% with 932 490 sqm of the territory which is 1 241 238 sqm5 and 10% of the population’s 13 millions.6 Their area is the north Mali which is administratively divided in three regions: Timbuktu, Gao and Kidal called also respectively the 6th region, 7th region and 8th region. They share the area with other ethnic groups such as Fulbe which are nomadic peoples and indigenous peoples and the Songhai or Sonrhai, Sorko and Bambara. The Kel Tamachek as other indigenous peoples of the world were discriminated and marginalized which started since the colonization. The colonizers tried to exterminate them because of their resistance and their refusal to be dominated and assimilated. The Frenchmen after establishing their power on the colonies started to ‘civilize’ their subjects. However, the nomads were forgotten in these programs because no school was created in their area. And when an exceptional leader Mohamed Ali Ag Attaher Alansary11understood that the best arm for combating the colonizers was to learn their knowledge which will ensure also the success for the future. / Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa))--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Law University of Pretoria, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Masters of Law (LLM in Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa). Prepared under the supervision of Ms Odile L. Tung, Faculty of Law & Management, University of Mauritius, Mauritius. 2010. / http://www.chr.up.ac.za/ / Centre for Human Rights / LLM

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La République du Mali est une ancienne colonie française. De ce fait, il existe de ressemblances entre le droit français et le droit malien quant au niveau de la définition de la responsabilité, qu’elle soit pénale ou civile, applicable en matière médicale et les sanctions y afférentes. Mais dans la pratique, l'application de ces notions ne se fait pas de la même façon dans les deux pays. Cette différence dans l’application s'explique par des raisons sociales, culturelles et économiques. Pour illustrer les points de convergences et de divergences entre ces deux systèmes juridiques, nous avons analysé la responsabilité médicale dans les deux pays sur la base des dispositions pénales, civiles et déontologiques. A l’issue de cette étude, nous avons fait des suggestions pour améliorer le droit malien à l’image du droit français qui a connu d’énormes évolutions. Nous avons proposé également l’adoption d’un code qui traitera de mieux tous les aspects de la responsabilité médicale, en tenant compte de la médecine traditionnelle. / The Republic of Mali is a former French colony. Consequently, there are similarities between French and Malian law as regards the level of the definition of liability, whether criminal or civil, applicable in medical matters and the corresponding penalties. But in practice, the application of these notions is not done in the same way in both countries. This difference in application is due to social, cultural and economic reasons. To illustrate the points of convergence and divergence between these two legal systems, we have analyzed medical liability in both countries on the basis of criminal, civil and ethical provisions. At the end of this study, we made suggestions to improve the Malian law in the image of French law which has undergone enormous changes. We have also proposed the adoption of a code that will better address all aspects of medical liability, taking into account traditional medicine

Cette thèse se veut à la fois critique et pragmatique. Critique de l’histoire récente du Mali lue à l’aune des outils procurés par l’analyse juridique, la sociologie et l’anthropologie du droit. Cette intention critique a conduit à interroger l’histoire du Mali des origines dans une perspective génétique qui a été détaillée dans les prolégomènes. Pragmatique, la thèse formule des propositions rattachées à la situation concrète du Mali, allant dans le sens d’un décloisonnement des consciences et de la restauration des normes constitutives de la République malienne. C’est à la satisfaction de ces deux impératifs que les analyses du langage ont été utiles. Elles ont également permis d’identifier certaines insuffisances de la dogmatique juridique généralement soucieuse de plaquer des concepts préfabriqués sur les réalités africaines, que de saisir au plus près ces réalités avec leurs nuances. Il est donc apparu opportun pour y parvenir de procéder à l’analyse des stratégies des acteurs ordinaires de la société politique malienne. La prise en considération des concepts manipulés par ces derniers explique le recours aux langues autochtones. La première partie de la thèse est consacrée à l’analyse du développement chaotique du Mali après l’abandon du projet des pères de l’indépendance sous la double pression des contraintes économiques et des déterminants culturels. La seconde partie en tire les conséquences du point de vue de la théorie constitutionnelle. C’est la raison pour laquelle la thèse s’achève sur la proposition d’une réforme du système de l’unité africaine inspirée, à l’image de tout ce qui précède, d’un dicton de la langue bambara : « Dormir sur la natte des autres, c’est comme si l’on dormait par terre ». / This thesis is both critical and pragmatic. A criticism of Mali’s recent history read in the light of the tools provided by the legal analysis, sociology and anthropology of law. This critical intent led to examine the history of Mali’s origins in a genetic perspective that has been detailed in the prolegomena. Pragmatic, the thesis puts forward proposals related to the concrete situation of Mali, along the lines of a deregulation of consciences and the re-introduction of constitutive standards into the Malian Republic. The language analysis proved valuable in meeting these two requirements. They also enabled to identify some shortcomings in legal dogma generally more anxious to graft prefabricated concepts onto African realities, rather than capture these realities with their nuances as close as possible. It therefore seemed appropriate to analyze the strategies of ordinary actors of the Malian political society. The consideration of the concepts handled by these latter accounts for the use of indigenous languages. The first part of the thesis is devoted to the analysis of Mali’s chaotic development in the aftermath of the relinquishment of the fathers’ project of independence under the double pressure of economic constraints and cultural determinants. The second part draws the relevant consequences from the point of view of constitutional theory. Thus, the thesis concludes with the proposal for reform of the system of African Unity based, upon as all the above, Bambara language’s saying : “Sleeping on the mat of others is like sleeping on the floor.

Observateur invétéré des réalités quotidiennes de son milieu natal, Seydou Badian a publié, en 1957, un roman intitulé Sous l’orage. Témoin oculaire des événements journaliers de son terroir natal, surtout ceux du milieu professionnel, Marcel Khombe Mangwanda a publié de son côté, en 2008, un ouvrage intitulé Le Porte-parole du président. Après une lecture méticuleuse des deux romans, on constate que ces deux écrivains africains ont examiné avec finesse, dans leurs productions littéraires respectives un thème commun, à savoir le conflit des générations. Qu’entendent-ils par conflit des générations? Comment conçoivent-ils et exploitent-ils ce thème dans ces romans? Quelles solutions proposent-ils aux vieux et aux jeunes d’une part, au pouvoir et au peuple d’autre part pour éradiquer le conflit qui demeure, en Afrique, non seulement un obstacle pour l’épanouissement de l’individu, mais aussi un frein pour le développement de leurs pays et de la société africaine? / Seydou Badian, inveterate observant of the daily realities of his native milieu published in 1957 a novel called Sous l’Orage. Marcel Khombe Mangwanda, eyewitness of his native terrirory daily events, mostly those of the professional milieu, on his side, published in 2008 a book called Le Porte-parole du président. After a careful reading of the two novels, we can notice that the two African writers have carefully scrutinized a common theme in their literary work, conflict of generations. What do they mean by conflict of generations? How do they understand and exploit this theme in their respective novels? Which solutions do they propose to old people and to the youths on one hand, to leaders on power and to the people on the other hand, to eradicate the conflict which is in Africa, not only an obstacle to individual blossoming, but also an obstruction for the development of the society, of the country and of the African continent? / Classics & World Languages / M.A. (French)

Text in French / Observateur invétéré des réalités quotidiennes de son milieu natal, Seydou Badian a publié, en 1957, un roman intitulé Sous l’orage. Témoin oculaire des événements journaliers de son terroir natal, surtout ceux du milieu professionnel, Marcel Khombe Mangwanda a publié de son côté, en 2008, un ouvrage intitulé Le Porte-parole du président. Après une lecture méticuleuse des deux romans, on constate que ces deux écrivains africains ont examiné avec finesse, dans leurs productions littéraires respectives un thème commun, à savoir le conflit des générations. Qu’entendent-ils par conflit des générations? Comment conçoivent-ils et exploitent-ils ce thème dans ces romans? Quelles solutions proposent-ils aux vieux et aux jeunes d’une part, au pouvoir et au peuple d’autre part pour éradiquer le conflit qui demeure, en Afrique, non seulement un obstacle pour l’épanouissement de l’individu, mais aussi un frein pour le développement de leurs pays et de la société africaine? / Seydou Badian, inveterate observant of the daily realities of his native milieu published in 1957 a novel called Sous l’Orage. Marcel Khombe Mangwanda, eyewitness of his native terrirory daily events, mostly those of the professional milieu, on his side, published in 2008 a book called Le Porte-parole du président. After a careful reading of the two novels, we can notice that the two African writers have carefully scrutinized a common theme in their literary work, conflict of generations. What do they mean by conflict of generations? How do they understand and exploit this theme in their respective novels? Which solutions do they propose to old people and to the youths on one hand, to leaders on power and to the people on the other hand, to eradicate the conflict which is in Africa, not only an obstacle to individual blossoming, but also an obstruction for the development of the society, of the country and of the African continent? / Classics and World Languages / M.A. (French)