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This research applies a survey investigation method and uses students from case schools as samples. The research background variables are ¡§a teacher¡¦s leadership skill,¡¨ ¡§students¡¦ notion of class management efficiency,¡¨ and ¡§the difference among administrations¡¦ evaluation of class management efficiency.¡¨ The association between a teacher¡¦s leadership skill and a class¡¦s management efficiency is studied. This research applies a survey investigation method and uses a vocational school from the southern part of Taiwan as the research subject. The participants are 1,569 students from a vocational school and a stratified sampling method is applied. The usage of research tools includes the following: In terms of a teacher¡¦s leading skill, Mu Jin, Chen¡¦s (1999) ¡§the self testing table of evaluating a teacher¡¦s leading skill in a classroom¡¨ is adapted. In terms of the evaluation of students¡¦ notion of class management efficiency, Chen Zong, Shen¡¦s (2006) ¡§the scale table of a class¡¦s management efficiency survey¡¨ and Jin Tang, Qiu¡¦s (2002) ¡§the scale table of a junior high school student¡¦s opinion response¡¨ are adapted. In terms of the evaluation of an administration¡¦s class management efficiency evaluation, the evaluation outcome of a related class¡¦s management efficiency announced by the studied school is used. The research showed that to male, married, long working experience, and natural science teachers, students have the notion of better leading skills. Second-year male senior high school students have a notion that teachers have better leading skills. Both male, married, professional subjects, and teachers from the National Normal University and first year and senior high school classes have better classes¡¦ management efficiency evaluated by administrations. As far as students¡¦ notion of classes¡¦ management efficiency is concerned, male, married, long working experience, and social science teachers have better conditions. Male and second-year senior high school students have better notion of classes¡¦ management efficiency. There is a significant relationship between students¡¦ notion of teachers¡¦ leading skills and classes¡¦ management efficiency and the explanation power is 44.1%. But, the explanation power of students¡¦ notion of teachers¡¦ leading skills to administrations¡¦ evaluation of class characteristics is only 2.6%. Therefore, it is inferred that under the same research subjects, there is an association between teachers¡¦ leading skills and classes¡¦ management efficiency, but it might be over-evaluated.

Abstract Promoting management efficiency is always a big concern either to profit-making or non-profit-making organizations. An efficient firm indicates that the leader manages well. To a profit-making unit, the term ¡§efficiency¡¨ means ¡§rapid production¡¨, ¡§the offer of distribution¡¨ and ¡§related services¡¨ which could save time and the good use of manpower and resources are also included. Therefore, the promotion of management efficiency becomes an important issue for the organization to survive successfully and to fight with other competitors. This study was to present the evaluation of management efficiency of some commercial banks in Taiwan. Some factors were selected as the ¡§input items¡¨ and ¡§output items¡¨from the financial reports of these commercial banks in Taiwan from 1999 to 2001. It evaluated the efficiency performance of these commercial banks according to the evaluation theory of Farrell and Data Envelopment Analysis. The relative efficiency in the process of the transferring from ¡§input items¡¨ to ¡§output items¡¨ was also concerned. From the changes in ¡§input items¡¨, it could show how efficiency value changes. By these two analyses (Slack Variables Analysis and Scale Efficiency Analysis), the results could show a direction in order to improve the efficiency of all these commercial banks. 38 commercial banks were selected and evaluated in this research. The information collected from financial reports was to construct a model in order to evaluate management efficiency of all subjects. This investigation involved ¡§overall efficiency ¡¨, ¡§overall technical efficiency¡¨, ¡§pure technical efficiency¡¨, ¡§scale efficiency¡¨, and ¡§allocative efficiency ¡¨. Apart from these calculation, all subjects were grouped into three parties: namely ¡§old commercial banks¡¨, ¡§new commercial banks¡¨ and ¡§commercial banks upgraded from credit cooperative¡¨; by cross and vertical analysis the result provided the comparison of management efficiency among these three groups. Using the CCR and BCC models, the overall efficiency value and technical efficiency became available. The Return to Scale was derived by the use of CCR model. The first finding from financial reports in 2001 showed that the top five as the most efficient banks among 38 subjects were Cathy United Bank, Taishin International Bank, Taipei Bank, Fubon Commercial Bank and Bank of Kaohsiung respectively. The bottom five subjects were Chung Shing Bank, Kao Shin Commercial Bank, Cota Commercial Bank, Pan Asia Bank and Union Bank of Taiwan. The Second finding showed that the ¡§old commercial banks¡¨ represented the highest efficiency value in the analysis, which was based on 2001 financial reports. Both the ¡§new commercial banks¡¨ and ¡§commercial banks upgraded from credit cooperative¡¨ had efficiency value, which was below the average efficiency value of all subjects. This was different from the result based on financial report in 2000, which showed that the ¡§new commercial banks¡¨ had the highest efficiency value. This represented the overall efficiency of the ¡§old commercial banks¡¨ was improving and that of the ¡§new commercial banks¡¨ was getting worse. Thirdly, through ¡§Slack Variables Analysis (SVA)¡¨, the result would indicate a direction for these ¡§less-efficient¡¨ subjects for improvement. The decision-maker could follow this direction to restructure or reallocate resources, and refer to the allocation of resources and strategies application of those subjects, which with overall efficiency, in order to improve its management efficiency and reach the optima production. The fourth, using "Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)" to test whether the efficiency values were different between these three groups. The result showed that the efficiency values between these three groups were significantly different in 2001. According to Scheffe's S method, the difference was derived from the scale efficiency between the groups of "new commercial banks" and "commercial banks upgraded from credit cooperative". Finally, according to the regression analysis, the result showed that the overall efficiency measure is negatively related to overdue loans but positively related to BIS ratio. The other items, such as the numbers of branch, the numbers of employee, capital and the numbers of ATM, which were non-related to the overall efficiency.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniv., 2008. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

This thesis is focused on optimization of pressure sensor production efficiency in company BD SENSORS s.r.o. Theoretical part covers the basic terms, methods from the field of industrial engineering. Next part explores the analysis of the current state of a part of the company. Finally based on the discovered findings there are proposed corrective and preventive actions.

The purpose of research was to analyze the attitude of pre-school institution heads, teachers, parents and children towards priorities and possibilities of present-day institution efficient management by providing support and help for a child.

För att få en kontinuerlig tillväxt inom samhället är en väg framåt att säkerställa en ökad effektivitet och produktivitet, detta gäller även för bygg- och anläggningsbranschen. Det finns rapporter som visar på att produktiviteten inom byggsektorn i princip stått stilla sedan 80 år tillbaka. Vissa mätningar visar till och med att det skett en konsekvent nedgång av byggbranschens produktivitet. Byggbranschen har därmed haft en låg tillväxt av produktiviteten.  Studier har visat på att det finns ett antal faktorer som teoretiskt kan tänkas ha en inverkan på produktiviteten, dessa är Effectivness, Efficiency, Quality, Quality of work life och Innovation. Dessa faktorer har beskrivits med utgångspunkt i ett antal kända teorier. Teorierna har i huvudsak behandlat två områden, Löneformer och Motivation och drivkrafter. Inom byggsektorn har man länge använt sig av ackordslön som ett lönesystem för att reglera yrkesarbetarnas löner. En diskussion som därför kan vara intressant handlar om ackordslönernas inverkan på produktiviteten. Det övergripande syftet med examensarbetet är att söka produktionsnära beskrivningar på vad som kan förklara varför produktiviteten inom bygg- och anläggningsbranschen har en låg utveckling. I examensarbetet söks därför förklaringar på vilka faktorer man inom byggproduktionen anser kan ha en inverkan på produktiviteten. Vidare undersöks om och vilken inverkan ackordssystemet har på produktiviteten.  Examensarbetet har baserats på tre studier. Inledningsvis utfördes en litteraturstudie som syftade till att dels skapa en teoretisk grund, dels skapa en referens som baseras på vetenskapliga artiklar, tidskrifter och litteratur som kan användas till att analysera resultaten mot. Den andra studien var en webbaserad enkätundersökning som skickades ut till 390 platschefer i syfte att dels skapa en uppfattning om vilka faktorer personer inom byggproduktionen anser bidrar till ökad produktivitet, dels fånga platschefers uppfattning om ackordssystemet har en inverkan på produktiviteten. Till detta tillkom även att beskriva och definiera begreppen produktivitet och ackord. Svarsfrekvens blev 35 %. Slutligen genomfördes en fördjupad enkätundersökning. Den fördjupade enkätundersökningen är ett resultat av analysen som genomfördes på den första enkätundersökningen. Den fördjupade enkätundersökningen skickades till 10 platschefer. 6 av 10 svarade.  Studien visar att: Ca 80 % av respondenterna anser att produktiviteten varit oförändrad eller minskat under de senaste 10 åren. 80% av respondenterna ser även ett samband mellan ackordssystemet och produktiviteten inom byggproduktion. Vidare menar ca 75% av att ackord bidrar positivt till produktiviteten. Respondenterna menar på att engagemang är den viktigaste faktorn för att öka produktiviteten. Innovation och industrialisering är lågt värderade när det kommer till att öka produktiviteten. Resultatet pekar även på att byggbranschen idag inte är överens gällande definitionen av begreppet produktivitet. / To achieve continuous growth in society, a way forward is to ensure increased efficiency and productivity, the same applies to the construction industry. Some reports show that productivity in the construction sector has been stagnant for 80 years. Furthermore, some measurements even show that there has been a consistent decline in the construction industry's productivity. The construction industry has thus had weak growth in productivity. Studies have shown that there are several factors that could theoretically have an impact on productivity, these are Effectiveness, Efficiency, Quality, Working Quality and Innovation. These factors have been described based on several known theories. The theories have mainly dealt with two areas, Wage forms and Motivation and driving forces. In the construction sector, piecework wages have long been used as a wage system to regulate the wages of skilled workers. A discussion that may therefore be interesting is about the impact of piecework wages on productivity.  The overall aim of the project is to seek production-related descriptions of what may explain why productivity in the construction industry has a low development. The degree project, therefore, seeks explanations for which factors are considered in construction management to have an impact on productivity. Furthermore, it is investigated whether and what effect the piecework wages have on productivity.  The degree project has been based on three studies. Initially, a literature study was carried out which aimed to both create a theoretical basis and create a reference based on scientific articles, journals and literature that can be used to analyze the results against. The second study was a web-based survey sent out to 390 site managers to create an idea of what factors people in construction management consider contributing to increased productivity, and to capture site managers' perception on the piecework wages has an impact on productivity. Besides, productivity and piecework wages were also described and defined by site managers. The response rate was 35%. Finally, an in-depth survey was conducted. The in-depth survey is a result of the analysis carried out on the first survey. The in-depth survey was sent to 10 site managers. The response rate was 60%.  The study shows that: About 80 % of respondents believe that productivity has remained unchanged or decreased over the past 10 years. 80 % of the respondents also see a correlation between the piecework system and productivity in construction management. Furthermore, about 75 % believe that piecework contributes positively to productivity. Respondents believe that commitment is the most important factor in increasing productivity. Innovation and industrialization are undervalued when it comes to increasing productivity. The results also indicate that the construction industry today does not agree on the definition of the concept of productivity.

本研究旨在以國中導師信念、班級經營策略與班級經營效能之關聯作實證性之研究。具體而言，本研究欲瞭解：（1）國中導師信念、班級經營策略及班級經營效能的現況。（2）國中導師信念及班級經營策略在導師背景變項上之差異程度。（3）國中導師信念、班級經營策略與班級經營效能的相關程度。（4）國中導師班級經營策略與效能在導師性別及信念上之差異程度。（5）各變項對國中導師班級經營效能的預測力。 本研究之研究對象為桃園縣公立國中導師及學生，以「國中導師信念及班級經營策略量表」、「國中學生反應意見量表」為工具進行研究。預試有效導師樣本95份、有效學生樣本149份，以次數分析、因素分析、相關分析、信度分析等方法，分析研究信度與效度。正式施測的有效導師樣本183份、有效學生樣本1113份，分別以描述分析、t考驗、單因子變異數、二因子變異數、積差相關分析、逐步迴歸分析等統計方法進行研究分析。本研究重要發現如下： 一、「導師職責信念」與「學校地區」、「年齡」、「婚姻狀況」、「導師年資」等變項達顯著差異。 二、「開明領導信念」與「婚姻狀況」達顯著差異。 三、「班級經營策略」分別與「導師年資」、「任教年級」達顯著差異。 四、「班級經營策略」分別與「導師職責信念」、「開明領導信念」成正相關。 五、「班級經營效能」分別與「導師職責信念」、「開明領導信念」成正相關。 六、「班級經營效能」與「班級經營策略」成正相關。 七、在威權管理與消極防堵信念方面女性導師的班級經營效能優於男性導師。 八、「任教年級」、「團隊合作策略」、「學校規模」三變項對班級經營效能具有預測力。 本研究根據研究結果提出建議，以提供中小學教師、中小學校、教育行政機關、師資培育機構及未來研究者之參考。 / The purpose of this research is to investigate the relationships among classroom management beliefs,strategies and efficiency of hoomroom teachers in junior high schools. The Subjects in this research are 183 teachers and 1113 students in Tao-Yuan County's junior high schools.The statistic methods used in this research include: descriptive analysis, T-test, One-way ANOVA, Two-way ANOVA, product-moment correlation, etc.The findings are as follow: 1.Significant differences existed among "Schools' location", "Age", "Marriage status" and "Years of being teachers" for "Tutor-charge belief" . 2.Significant differences existed between "Marriage status" and "Open-minded leadership belief". 3.Significant differences existed among "Years of being teachers" and "The grade the teachers teach" for classroom management strategies. 4.Significant positive correlation among "Tutor-charge belief and "Open-minded leadership belief for classroom management strategies. 5.Significant positive correlation among 'Tutor-charge belief and "Open-minded leadership belief for classroom management efficiency. 6.Significant positive correlation between "Classroom management strategies" and "Classroom management efficiency". 7.As to "authoritive-management belief and "negative -prevention belief , female teachers' management efficiency are higher than male teachers' management efficiency. 8.The best predictors for classroom management efficiency are "The grade the teachers teach", "Co-operation strategy", and "The scale of the school" . Based on the results of this study, to make some suggestions for educational administration, the elementary and high schools, the teachers in elementary and high schools and future study.

Deregulation of the airlines in the United States spawned a free-for-all system which led to a variety of agents within the aviation system all seeking to optimize their own piece of the aviation system, and the net result was that the aviation system itself was not optimized in aggregate, frequently resulting in delays. Research on the efficiency of the system has likewise focused on the individual agents, primarily focusing on the municipalities in an economic context, and largely ignoring the consumer. This paper develops the case for a systemic efficiency measurement which incorporates the interests of the airlines and the consumers with those of the airport operating municipalities in three different Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) models: traditional Charnes-Cooper-Rhodes and Banker-Charnes-Cooper models, and a Directional Output Distance Function model, devised and interpreted using quality management principles. These models were combined to allow the resulting efficiencies of the operating configurations of the given airport to predict the efficiency of the associated airport. Based upon regression models, these efficiency measurements can be used as a diagnostic for improving the efficiency of the entire United States airspace, on a systemic basis, at the individual airport configuration level. An example analysis using this diagnostic is derived in the course of the development and description of the diagnostic and two additional case studies are presented.

Flugsicherungsdienstleistungen ermöglichen die effiziente und konfliktfreie Durchführung von Flügen und sind damit ein Grundpfeiler des Luftverkehrssystems. Wachsende Verkehrszahlen sowie steigender Kostendruck erfordern innovative Maßnahmen zur operativen Verbesserung des Luftverkehrsmanagements (Air Traffic Management, ATM). Auch kurzfristige und unvorhersehbare Schwankungen, wie bspw. durch politische Krisen oder Pandemien, stellen die Flugsicherungs-unternehmen (Air Navigation Service Provider, ANSPs) zunehmend vor große Herausforderungen. Infolgedessen wird der Bewertung der Leistungsfähigkeit von ANSPs sowie der Identifikation valider Maßnahmen zur Steigerung der Performance eine hohe Bedeutung zugemessen. Die Dissertation adressiert daher drei wesentliche Forschungsfragen: 1. Wie kann die Leistungsfähigkeit von Flugsicherungsdienstleistern gemessen werden? 2. Welche endogenen und exogenen Faktoren haben einen Einfluss auf die Leistungsfähigkeit der ANSPs? 3. Welche Maßnahmen und Handlungsempfehlungen sind abzuleiten, um die Effizienz der Flugsicherungsdienstleister zu steigern? Gemäß der ersten Forschungsfrage war es zunächst notwendig, eine geeignete Metrik für die Messung der Leistungsfähigkeit zu identifizieren. Die Ergebnisse von Vorabstudien zeigten, dass innerhalb Europas eine hohe Heterogenität hinsichtlich der verwendeten Systeme und Verfahren besteht. Die daraus folgende Komplexität hatte einen Einfluss auf die ökonomische Modellierung eines ANSPs. Je nach Betriebsebene (ANSP, Kontrollzentralen, Sektoren, etc.) waren zudem Anpassungen dieses Modells notwendig. Eine zentrale Aufgabe innerhalb der Dissertation bestand in der Überführung des ökonomischen Modells in eine geeignete Benchmarking-Methode zur Messung der Performance. Die verwendete Methodik hängt maßgeblich vom Analyseziel, der Modellierung, der betrieblichen Ebene und den verfügbaren Daten (z. B. hinsichtlich Quantität und Qualität) ab. Gemäß der ökonomischen Modellierung setzen Effizienzanalysen im Luftverkehrsmanagement eine Methodik voraus, welche multiple Inputs und Outputs berücksichtigen kann. Innerhalb der Dissertation wurde für die Bewertung der Leistungsfähigkeit die Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) fokussiert, wenngleich verschiedene Methoden angewendet und die erzielten Ergebnisse verglichen wurden. Auf Basis einer intensiven Datenanalyse konnte nachgewiesen werden, dass die DEA zu suffizienten Ergebnissen führt. Sonderformen dieser Methodik führen dagegen weder zu erweiterten Erkenntnissen noch zu einer erhöhten Plausibilität. Unter der Nutzung von Paneldaten wurde zudem untersucht, wie sich die Leistungsfähigkeit im Zeitablauf geändert hat. Diese multiperiodischen Betrachtungen ermöglichten die Analyse des Einflusses signifikanter globaler und lokaler Ereignisse auf die Performance innerhalb des europäischen ATMs sowie einzelner ANSPs. Die zweite Forschungsfrage setzte sich mit den grundlegenden Einflussfaktoren auf die Performance auseinander. Dabei waren zwei wesentliche Elemente zu unterscheiden. Zum einen endogene Effekte, die in den operativen Charakteristiken der ANSPs begründet sind. Dies umfasst sowohl die Zusammenwirkung der betrieblichen Ebenen innerhalb eines ANSPs, als auch die ANSP-übergreifende Heterogenität. Zum anderen wurden exogene Faktoren berücksichtigt, welche nicht durch die Flugsicherungsdienstleister beeinflusst werden können. Für die Ursachenanalyse wurde eine Vielzahl (potentieller) Einflussfaktoren untersucht, welche auf Basis von Expertenbefragungen identifiziert wurden. Der Einfluss dieser Faktoren wurde mittels qualitativer und quantitativer Methoden getestet. Bei den quantitativen Analysen fanden mehrere Methoden Anwendung, u. a. basierend auf Querschnittsdaten (OLS-, Tobit- und Trunkated-Regressionen) oder Paneldaten (insbesondere Fixed- und Random-Effects Modelle). Die Koeffizienten und statistischen Signifikanzen unterschieden sich primär aufgrund des Benchmarking-Modells. Innerhalb eines Modells wichen die Koeffizienten zwischen den einzelnen Regressionsansätzen nur in geringem Ausmaß ab, wodurch eine Robustheit nachgewiesen werden konnte. Als ein wesentlicher Einfluss auf die Performance wurde die Struktur des Luftraumes identifiziert. Dabei wurde insbesondere untersucht, ob im europäischen ATM Größenvorteile existieren und welche betrieblichen Vorteile eine dynamische Sektorisierung bietet. Des Weiteren konnte nachgewiesen werden, dass v. a. die Volatilität des Verkehrs einen hohen Einfluss auf die Leistungsfähigkeit hat. Auch die Auswirkungen von Prognosequalität und Systemunterschieden (USA vs. Europa) wurden in der Dissertation adressiert. Basierend auf den Erkenntnissen der ersten beiden Forschungsschwerpunkte wurden Handlungsempfehlungen, sowohl hinsichtlich der methodischen Umsetzung einer Leistungsbewertung, als auch zur Steigerung der Leistungsfähigkeit einzelner Unternehmen abgeleitet. Diese Handlungs-empfehlungen wurden zudem nach betrieblichen und institutionellen Maßnahmen differenziert. Die Empfehlungen umfassen insbesondere eine paneuropäisch standardisierte Erfassung von Daten, die Verbesserung einiger, von EUROCONTROL verwendeter Metriken, die Auswahl geeigneter Ressourcen und Leistungen für das Benchmarking-Modell sowie methodische Präferenzen bei den einzelnen Analyseschritten. Des Weiteren wurde ein Ausblick auf potentielle, zukünftige Forschungsschwerpunkte gegeben, wie bspw. die Schaffung eines Level-of-Service-Konzepts und die Ableitung dafür notwendiger Ressourcen-Puffer. Durch die gewonnenen Erkenntnisse liefert die Dissertation einen wesentlichen Beitrag, das zukünftige Luftverkehrsmanagement effizienter zu gestalten.