Orientador: Newton Nunes / Banca: José Antonio Marques / Banca: Paulo Sérgio Patto dos Santos / Resumo: Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos da ventilação mandatória intermitente sincronizada (SIMV) e da ventilação espontânea associadas à ventilação com pressão de suporte, sobre as variáveis hemodinâmicas, hemogasométricas e ventilatórias em cães anestesiados com propofol. Para tal, foram utilizados 10 cães adultos, machos ou fêmeas, sadios, os quais foram distribuídos em dois grupos de igual número, sendo denominados GE (submetidos à ventilação espontânea associada a PSV) e GM (SIMV associada a PSV) . Os cães foram induzidos à anestesia geral pela administração intravenosa de propofol na dose média de 9,2 ± 6,6 mg/kg, e mantidos com infusão contínua na dose de 0,6 mg/kg/min do mesmo fármaco. Os parâmetros foram mensurados 30 minutos após a indução (M0) e a cada 15 minutos (M15 até M60), por um período de 60 minutos. O método estatístico utilizado foi à Análise de Perfil, com p<0,05. A SIMV resultou em aumentos da PaO2, PAO2, Vt, Vm, Tinsp, MAP, PIP, WoBvt, Vdalv, Vdaw, IRVP,IRPT e em redução da FC, DC, PAM, PAPm, PaCO2, Qs/Qt e AaDO2. Concluiu-se que ambas as modalidades ventilatórias foram eficientes quanto à oxigenação arterial sendo igualmente eficazes na manutenção da estabilidade respiratória e cardiovascular e que a SIMV promoveu melhores trocas gasosas, nas condições experimentais propostas. / Abstract: The hemodynamic, ventilatory and blood gases parameters were evaluated in adult dogs undergoing either spontaneous breathing or synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation (SIMV) associated with ventilation pressure support. Ten healthy adult dogs (male and female) were used. Anesthesia was induced with propofol (9.2 ± 6.6 mg/kg), and maintained with propofol 0.6 mg/kg/min. Two groups were constituted with different ventilatory methods, namely: GE - spontaneous breathing and GM - synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation. The initial measurement was record thirty minutes after induction (M0). Additional recordings were performed at 15 minute intervals for 60 minutes (M15-M60). Data were assessed by Profile Analysis; p<0.05 was adopted as significant. The SIMV resulted in an increase of PaO2, PAO2, Vt, Vm, Tinsp, MAP, PIP, WoBvt, Vdalv, Vdaw, IRVP, IRPT and decrease FC, DC, PAM, PAPm, PaCO2, Qs/Qt, AaDO2. It was concluded that both ventilatory methods were had been efficient how much to the arterial oxygenation and were shown to be reliable in maintaining respiratory and cardiovascular stability and that the SIMV promoted better exchanges gaseous, under the proposed experimental conditions. / Mestre

Background: It's a fundamental principal to protect children's rights. Through legislation, child abuse has been prohibited in many countries. Nurses working with children has a frontline role in identifying and reporting suspected or known child abuse. Mandatory reporting is one of the nurse's duty, reluctancy to report can lead to misconduct but it also leads to children suffering. Aim: The purpose of this degree project was to identify factors preventing nurses from mandatory reporting of children in health care. Method: A literature study based on using and analysing nine qualitative articles. Results: Three themes emerged in the result. The first theme was knowledge deficit, with two subthemes which were the need of education of signs and symptoms and the other subtheme was insufficient experiences. The second theme was nurses strained work environment with three subthemes. The first subtheme was the lack of routines, the second one miss information and the third one lack of cooperation and communication. The third theme consists of two subthemes, which were the lack of emotional support and the experience of fear. The results showed that nurses due to different factors relinquished from mandatory reporting.  Conclusion: The results highlighted that education and training was needed among nurses to gain knowledge on how to safeguard children and establish mandatory reporting. Thus, support from colleagues and managers agencies dealing with child safety was highly valued by nurses. Implementation of education, training and support could improve the cooperation in protecting children.

Local Content is an oil sector governance and sustainability policy that aims at check-mating the dominance of the foreign oil companies in host countries, and encouraging the participation of the local oil firms in the petroleum value-chain. It is a burgeoning concept applied in the upstream petroleum contracts in the developing petro states. This study was conducted to examine the local content accounting, accountability and governance of the Nigerian Content Development and Monitoring Board (NCDMB) and the five major International Oil Companies (IOCs) operating in Nigeria (Shell, Chevron, ExxonMobil, Total and Agip). The soft and hard accountability of the two principal actors were determined. The work drew on the Chatham House Guidelines for Good Governance in Emerging Oil and Gas Producers (2013) to derive its conceptual and analytical models. The study used the convergent parallel design and a combination of the three accounting paradigms to draw its conclusions. Thematic analysis, descriptive and inferential statistics including the post hoc Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests with Bonferroni Corrected Alpha, and the logistic regression tests were used. The study also applied the mechanistic content analysis methodology on fifty sustainability reports of the selected IOCs in line with the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) and the International Petroleum Industry Environmental Conservation Association (IPIECA) sustainability reporting guidelines. Disclosure index and paired-samples t-test were used to determine the existence and trends in the IOCs’ local content disclosure practices before and after the enactment of the Nigeria’s local content law. The study found the local content policy to be an accountabilitybased sustainability driver in the Nigerian petroleum sector. Although the NCDMB’s performance was favourable to a large extent, the study found that corruption, fronting, and non-disclosure of the beneficial ownership of some oil firms remained the major challenges of local content in Nigeria. An expectation gap between the Board and the stakeholders on the financial accountability was established. The study found moderate and consistent local content disclosure indices of the periods before and after the Nigeria’s local content law, but higher volumetric disclosure in the period after the law, signifying likely impact of the local content law on the IOC’s voluntary disclosure. It was recommended that the Board should tighten up its regulatory responsibilities and avoid questionable practices. It was also suggested that the Nigerian local content rules should incorporate more incentives such as unringfencing and crossfencing of upstream costs to encourage more investment. The study also suggested that the accounting standard-setting bodies should issue dedicated accounting standards or expand the existing IFRS 8 and IAS 21 to comprehensively address the preparation and presentation of local content information in the annual financial statements.

No description available.

The dissertation deals with some areas of the work contract (the scope of the work, the price of the work and the payment terms and the execution of the work). The dissertation consists of two unevenly large parts. The general part briefly introduces the concept of commitment and contract, describes in general the contract for a work including a brief historical and foreign excursion and generalizes the national legislation of contract for a work according to the Civil Code, focusing on its character, form, typical features and essentials. The last subchapter differentiates the contract for a work from some similar contractual types. A special part of this dissertation is divided into four chapters. The first chapter approximates the concepts of "mandatory" and "non-mandatory" provisions as the types of legal nature of a legal rule. The next chapter deals with contract for a work focused on construction work and examines the legal nature of the special provisions. The following and most extensive chapter consists of three subchapters (price for a work, the scope of a work and the performance of a work and payment terms) and deals in detail with both the legal regulation of the part and the legal nature of provisions, as well as the reflection of the parties' interests in the area of the contract...

Magister Legum - LLM / Generally the Courts have a discretion to impose sentence. Violent crime was rampant in South Africa. The response of the legislature in dealing with crime was to enact legislation in 1997 like sections 51 to 53 of the Criminal Law Amendment Act 105 of 1997 which prescribe severe mandatory sentences for a large number of serious offences like murder, rape and armed robbery. This legislation come into effect on 1 May 1998 and was to have effect for two years. The President could with the concurrence of Parliament by proclamation extend its operation for one year, that was in fact done. The latest extension of the Criminal Law Amendment Act 105 of 1997 was for a further two years making the minimum sentence provisions valid until 30 April 2005. The Courts did not like these mandatory sentences because of the limitation it places on judicial discretion and dealt with this legislation that limited their judicial discretion restrictively in order to defend their sentencing discretion. Although the Criminal Law Amendment Act of 105 of 1997 was held not to be unconstitutional the Courts stll sought to give it a narrow interpretation. This research paper include an outline of the Criminal Law Amendment Act; the Constitutional challenges that were brought against the Criminal Law Amendment Act; the judicial interpretation of the Criminal Law Amendment Act as well as the applicability of the Criminal Law Amendment Act to District Courts and juvenile ovenders; the procedural requirements that must be complied with in the Criminal Law Amendment Act and its consequences if not complied with. This paper examined how the Courts defined substantial and compelling circumstances, the approaches adopted by the Courts and when deviation from the Criminal Law Amendment Act can take place. It also include the challenges posed by mandatory minimum sentence legislation as well as recommendations for the improved implementation of the Criminal Law Amendment Act. / South Africa

Cette thèse analyse l’impact de la réglementation des divulgations environnementales ainsi que l’utilité de ces informations pour les investisseurs, partie prenante susceptible d’influencer l’entreprise en l’amenant à produire l’information environnementale utile, éventuellement imposée par la réglementation. Notre recherche s’appuie sur une approche quantitative basée sur le traitement des scores de divulgation environnementale au travers de modèles de régression ordinaire et censuré. Les scores de divulgation environnementale ont été calculés à partir d’une grille de mesure élaborée par nos soins et utilisée pour l’analyse de 121 entreprises européennes. Les résultats montrent que la réglementation des divulgations environnementales a un impact positif direct et induit sur le niveau de divulgation environnementale des entreprises. Par contre, l’impact des recommandations gouvernementales ou émanant d’organismes professionnels est identiquement faible. Les résultats montrent également que l’utilité des divulgations environnementales pour les investisseurs n’est pas uniforme : elle dépend de l’opacité des divulgations financières de l’entreprise, de son exposition aux risques environnementaux et de la structure de son actionnariat. Enfin, dans un contexte où l’information environnementale publiée est largement, voire totalement volontaire, les résultats montrent que les entreprises orientent leur communication environnementale en fonction des parties prenantes qu’elles identifient comme prioritaires. / Using disclosure scores to assess the level of environmental information provided by 121 randomly selected European listed companies, this research has two major goals. First, it examines whether environmental information is useful to investors. Second, it analyzes whether it is worth regulating environmental disclosures. Results reveal that the usefulness of environmental disclosures for investors is not uniform. It varies among firms, increasing with (i) exposure to environmental risks; (ii) ownership dispersion; (iii) the level of financial opacity. Furthermore, results also reveal that regulation has a direct and induced favorable impact on corporate environmental disclosure. After controlling for the usual determinants of environmental disclosures, we show that firms subject to a law that regulates environmental reporting disclose more than those domiciled in countries that have developed guidelines only. Finally, in a context where environmental information is mainly voluntary, we show that firms reserve their environmental communication for their preferred stakeholders.

Abstract Prenatal alcohol-related disorders are highly prevalent and result in permanent, lifelong disabilities. The child may be born with debilitating birth deformities and severe cognitive deficits. These children have a low life expectancy, and a low quality of life. They are disproportionately represented in juvenile justice and foster homes, and they are more likely to be high school drop outs, incarcerated, or misdiagnosed, and have higher rates of mental illness. Despite these impairments, there are few state statutes in place that protect the rights of the fetus. This is because the fetus has not been recognized as a person. Feminist groups argue that if the fetus was granted personhood and rights, then women would be relegated to the inferior position of a fetal vessel. This paper addresses these concerns and advocates for state enforced mandatory rehabilitation for pregnant women who are addicted to substances. Mandatory rehabilitation has precedent and is a logical solution. Additionally, this paper investigates the controversy of whether there is a safe dosage that can be consumed while pregnant that will not harm the fetus. While there is no safe dosage found, and women are strongly advised to understand that an unnecessary risk is involved with any prenatal alcohol consumption, there is a body of evidence suggesting that low-level drinking may not have a clinically significant effect on the fetus. Thus, women should be allowed, within the law, to make the choice to drink lightly during pregnancy, because it is not assaulting the fetus. By drinking prenatally, the woman chooses not to provide the most optimal intrauterine environment. However, the fetus is not entitled to an optimally pregnancy, but is entitled to a non-assaulted development

The first part of this thesis is investigating the mandatory expenditures. Mandatory expenditures represent facultative expenditures of the state budget. During ten last years significant increase in mandatory expenditures has been seen not only in absolute numbers but also in relative numbers. The proportion of mandatory expenditures in state budget and GDP has increased. Room for other expenditures is diminishing which is threatening long-term stability of public finance. The Mandatory expenditures have become essential problem of public finance. I pay attention especially to social transfer payments. Next part of this thesis is aimed at social sphere of the public finance reform in which government took up activities last year. First of all the causes of reform are analyzed. Besides mandatory expenditures there is great importance of demographic processes and state deficit too. Thesis describes particular changes in social policy and their impact on state budget.

The paper is focused on the analysis of mandatory expenditures and mainly on disability pensins. There is also described pension system of the Czech republic. I specify the conditions for granting disability pensions and their amount and progress. I include the employment of disabled persons.