Child neglect and abuse is a widespread problem and mandatory reporting is one of society's most important instruments for detecting and supporting children that are affected. Teachers are an occupational professional group in a unique position to identify children affected by abuse and neglect, but previous research shows that teachers often lack proper education and skills to detect children in need of protection and support. The aim of the study is to examine the qualifications student teachers acquire during their undergraduate studies to act as mandated reporters in their future careers. Furthermore the aim is to problematize how prepared student teachers are for this responsibility. All final year student teachers studying F-3 and 4-6 at Linneaus university in Kalmar and Växjö were asked to participate in a web survey. The results of the study showed that education on child neglect and abuse was scarce and received no primary focus during student teachers basic training. The results also showed that only a minority of the student teachers had received information via official guidelines and documents, while previous work experience was a major source of knowledge on child abuse and neglect. Our conclusion of the study is that student teachers are ill prepared for the responsibility as mandated reporters. This is problematized in the discussion where mandatory reporting and it’s prerequisites are put in a different perspective based on society's responsibility regarding child abuse and neglect.

Este trabalho apresenta o processo de aprovação da PEC do Orçamento Impositivo. A proposta aprovada pelo Congresso institui a obrigatoriedade de pagamento de uma parcela das emendas individuais. Esse era um pleito antigo dos congressistas, mas só em 2015 a Emenda Constitucional foi promulgada. O intuito aqui foi mostrar as estratégias utilizadas pelos atores e o contexto institucional em que a aprovação ocorreu. Além disso, apresentamos os primeiros resultados sob a vigência do orçamento impositivo para as emendas individuais. A expectativa dos parlamentares ainda não se confirmou e as taxas de pagamento continuam baixas. / This thesis focuses on the approval of PEC do Orçamento Impositivo, which changed the rules for budgetary amendments. Congress decided to stipulate a minimum mandatory amount allocated through amendments, even without the support of the Executiv branch, which tried to avoid the success of the Constitutional Amendment. Moreover, this dissertation introduces data about payment rates. The expectation of high payment rates has not been confirmed. Rates remained low.

Bakgrund: Hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal i Sverige har en lagstadgad skyldighet att göra orosanmälan till Socialtjänsten vid misstanke om att barn far illa. Anmälningsplikten infördes redan under 1920-talet och regleras i socialtjänstlagen. Statistik över inkomna orosanmälningar i Sverige visar att endast cirka 10 procent av anmälningarna kommer från hälso- och sjukvården. Sjuksköterskan spelar en viktig roll när det kommer till att identifiera riskfaktorer för barn som far illa men forskning visar att det av olika anledningar ibland råder osäkerhet och tveksamhet när det kommer till att göra orosanmälningar till Socialtjänsten. Syfte: Syftet var att utforska vad sjuksköterskor på beroendemottagningar har för erfarenheter av och hur de upplever att göra orosanmälan om barn som far illa till Socialtjänsten. Metod: En kvalitativ explorativ design valdes där datainsamling gjordes med semistrukturerade intervjuer. För att bearbeta materialet användes en kvalitativ innehållsanalys med induktiv ansats. Resultat: Analysen resulterade i tre kategorier, ett medvetet förhållningssätt, konsekvenser av handling samt det professionella samarbetets betydelse med sammanlagt sex underkategorier.  Diskussionen fördes utifrån Sigridur Halldórsdóttirs teori om caring and uncaring samt tidigare relevant forskning och litteratur. Slutsats: Att ha barnperspektivet underlättar för sjuksköterskor i beslutsfattandet av att göra orosanmälan för barn som far illa och kan även vara ett stöd i kommunikationen med patienten. / Background: Healthcare professionals in Sweden have a statutory obligation to report suspected child maltreatment to the Social Services. The notification requirement was introduced already in the 1920: s and is regulated in the Social Services Act. Statistics on incoming reports in Sweden show that only about 10% of the notifications come from the healthcare system. Nurses play an important role when it comes to identifying risk factors for child maltreatment, but research shows that for various reasons, there is sometimes uncertainty and doubt when it comes to making reports to the Social Services. Aim: The aim of this study was to explore nurses experience of reporting suspected child maltreatment to the Social Services. Method: A qualitative explorative design was chosen where data collection was done with semistructured interviews. A qualitative content analysis with inductive approach was used to analyze the collected material. Results: The analysis resulted in three categories, a conscious approach, consequences of action and the importance of professional cooperation with a total of six subcategories. The discussion was based on Sigridur Halldórsdóttir's theory of caring and uncaring, as well as previous relevant research and literature. Conclusions: Having the child perspective makes it easier for nurses to make the decision to report concern for child maltreatment and can also support the communication with the patient.

A Constituição de 1988 é dirigente, isto é, traça os objetivos ideológicos da ação política do Estado brasileiro, inclusive por meio de imperativos à atividade legislativa. A República Federativa do Brasil autodefine-se como um Estado Democrático de Direito (artigo 1º), que tem como dois de seus fundamentos a dignidade da pessoa humana e a cidadania. Além disso, consta do artigo 3º da Constituição a chamada cláusula transformadora, que estabelece como objetivos fundamentais a serem alcançados pela República: a construção de uma sociedade livre, justa e solidária; a garantia do desenvolvimento nacional; a erradicação da pobreza e a redução das desigualdades sociais. Para alcançar tais objetivos, a própria Constituição estabelece, em seu artigo 170, que a ordem econômica deve submeter-se aos ditames da justiça social. A política criminal é parte das estratégias de intervenção da política social para consecução dos objetivos dirigentes traçados na Constituição. Para tanto, utiliza-se de dados empíricos, que lhe são fornecidos pela criminologia, sobre o atual estágio de desenvolvimento da sociedade contemporânea, a atividade econômica globalizada e a criminalidade econômica, com sua vitimização massiva e sua afetação de bens jurídicos supraindividuais e sociais. O presente trabalho visa a discutir as propostas político-criminais defendidas por Winfried Hassemer e Jesús-María Silva Sánchez para a criminalidade econômica na sociedade contemporânea, contrapondo-as à proposta de responsabilizar penalmente as pessoas jurídicas. / The Constitution of 1988 is a mandatory guideline, which means, it traces the ideological objectives of the political actions of the Brazilian State, including by demanding to legislative activity. The Federative Republic of Brazil defines itself as a Democratic State of Law (article 1), which has as two of its basis the dignity of the human being and the citizenship. Beyond that, the article 3 refers to a clause known as the transformer clause, which states as the main objectives to be achieved by the Republic are: to build a free, just and solidary society; to assure the national development; to eradicate the poverty and to reduce the social unequalities. To succeed in these purposes the own Constitution states in the article 170 that the economical order must be submitted to the social justice commands. The criminal policy is part of the intervention strategies of social policy to achieve the objectives guided by the Constitution. To do so, there are used empirical data, which are provided by the criminology, about the actual stage of development of contemporary society, the globalized economical activity and the economical criminality, with its massive victimization and or that affects social and supra-individual goods. The present essay aims to discuss the proposition of criminal policies made by Winfried Hassemer and Jesús-María Silva Sánchez to face the economical criminality in the contemporary society, in opposition to the suggestion that defends the criminal liability of the companies.

The increasing reliance of people on computers for daily tasks has resulted in a vast number of digital documents. Search engines were once luxury tools for quickly scanning a set of documents but are now quickly becoming the only practical way to navigate through this sea of information. Traditionally, search engine results are based upon a mathematical formula of document relevance to a search phrase. Often, however, what a user deems to be relevant and what a search engine computes as relevant are not the same. User feedback regarding the utility of a search result can be collected in order to refine query results. Additionally, user feedback can be used to identify queries that lack high quality search results. A content author can then further develop existing content or create new content to improve those search results. The most straightforward way of collecting user feedback is to add a graphical user interface component to the search interface that asks the user how much he or she liked the search result. However, if the feedback mechanism requires the user to provide feedback before he or she can progress further with his or her search, the user may become annoyed and provide incorrect feedback values out of spite. Conversely, if the feedback mechanism does not require the user to provide feedback at all then the overall amount of collected feedback will be diminished as many users will not expend the effort required to give feedback. This research focused on the collection of explicit user feedback in both mandatory (a user must give feedback) and voluntary (a user may give feedback) scenarios. The collected data was used to train a set of decision tree classifiers that provided user satisfaction values as a function of implicit user behavior and a set of search terms. The results of our study indicate that a more accurate classifier can be built from explicit data collected in a voluntary scenario. Given a limited search domain, the classification accuracy can be further improved.

Introdução: A fortificação mandatória de ferro foi implantada no Brasil em 2004 com o intuito de combater a deficiência desse micronutriente. No entanto, alguns estudos indicam que o consumo excessivo de ferro pode estar relacionado ao desenvolvimento de síndrome metabólica, resistência à insulina e alterações do metabolismo lipídico. Objetivos: Avaliar a ingestão de ferro antes e após a implementação da política de fortificação mandatória, investigar a associação da ingestão de ferro heme, não heme e total com a síndrome metabólica e seus componentes, avaliar o papel da ingestão do ferro heme, não heme e total na resistência à insulina mediado pela interleucina-6, malondialdeído e leptina. Metodologia: Os dados foram provenientes de dois estudos transversais de base populacional (ISA-Capital 2003 e 2008), conduzidos em amostra representativa de residentes do município de São Paulo, de ambos os sexos e com idade superior a 12 anos. O consumo alimentar foi avaliado por meio de recordatórios de 24 horas e utilizou-se um questionário estruturado para obter informações socioeconômicas, demográficas e de estilo de vida. Coletou-se amostras de sangue em jejum de 12h para as análises bioquímicas e aferiu-se pressão arterial, peso, estatura e circunferência da cintura. Os analitos avaliados foram glicemia plasmática de jejum, insulina sérica de jejum, triglicerídeos plasmáticos, lipoproteína de alta densidade, malondialdeído, proteína C reativa ultrassensível, interleucina-6 e leptina sérica. As análises estatísticas foram realizadas utilizando os softwares Stata®, versão 13 e Mplus®, versão 7.4, com nível de 7 significância de 0,05. Resultados: A média do consumo de ferro aumentou em todas as faixas etárias no período pós-fortificação. Houve uma redução superior a 90 por cento na prevalência de inadequação dos homens em todas as faixas etárias, no entanto, apesar da substancial redução nas mulheres em idade fértil (63 por cento ), estas ainda possuem alta prevalência de inadequação desse micronutriente (34 por cento ). Maior ingestão de ferro total (OR=3,98; IC 95 por cento =1,2113,12) e não heme (OR= 2,92; IC 95 por cento =1,10-7,72) foram positivamente associadas a hiperglicemia. Houve uma associação positiva entre maior ingestão de ferro heme com síndrome metabólica (OR=2,39; IC 95 por cento =1,105,21) e concentrações elevadas de triglicérides (OR=2,51; IC 95 por cento =1,065,91). A ingestão de ferro heme, não heme e total tiveram um efeito direto e positivamente associado às concentrações de interleucina-6 e negativamente associado às concentrações de malondialdeído. Observou-se um efeito indireto da ingestão do ferro heme, não heme e total na resistência à insulina mediado pela interleucina-6. Conclusão: Este estudo sugere que os diferentes tipos de ferro estão associados a importantes fatores de risco para doenças crônicas não transmissíveis. Assim, o monitoramento da adição de ferro na farinha de trigo e milho é essencial para garantir uma ingestão ferro segura para toda a população. / Introduction: The mandatory fortification of foods with iron was initiated in Brazil in 2004 with order to combat this micronutrient deficiency. However, some studies indicate that excessive consumption of iron can be related to the development of metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance and alterations in lipid metabolism. Objectives: To assess the iron intake before and after the implementation of the mandatory fortification policy, to investigate the association of haem, nonhaem iron and total iron intake with metabolic syndrome and its components, and to evaluate the role of haem, nonhaem iron, and total iron intake in insulin resistance mediated by interleukin 6, leptin and malondialdehyde. Methods: Data were drawn from two cross-sectional population based studies (ISA-Capital 2003 and 2008), conducted with a representative sample of residents of São Paulo, of both sexes and aged over 12 years old. Dietary intake was measured by two 24-hour dietary recall. Socioeconomic, demographic and lifestyle data were obtained through a structured questionnaire. Blood samples were collected after a 12-hour fasting for biochemical analysis and blood pressure, weight, height and waist circumference were measured. The analytes analysed were fasting plasma glucose, fasting serum insulin, plasma triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, malondialdehyde, C-reactive protein, interleukin-6 and serum leptin. All analyses were performed with Stata®, version 13 e Mplus®, version 7.4, and a p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The iron intake mean increased in all the population in the post fortification period. The prevalence of inadequate iron intake decreased by over 90 per cent in men in all 9 analyzed age groups. Although despite the substantial decrease (over 63 per cent ), women in reproductive age remain with a high inadequate intake (34 per cent ). Higher total iron intake (OR=3.98, 95 per cent CI=1.21 13.12) and nonhaem iron intake (OR=2.92, 95 per cent CI=1.107.72) were positively associated with hyperglycaemia. There was a positive association between higher haem iron intake with metabolic syndrome (OR=2.39, 95 per cent CI=1.105.21) with elevated triglyceride levels (OR=2.51, 95 per cent CI=1.065.91). Haem, nonhaem iron and total iron intake had a direct and positive effect on levels of interleukin-6 and negative effect on malondialdehyde levels. There was an indirect effect of haem, nonhaem iron and total iron intake on insulin resistance mediated by interleukin-6. Conclusion: This study suggests that the different types of dietary iron are associated with major risk factors of noncommunicable diseases. Thus, monitoring of iron addition in wheat and maize flour is essential to guarantee a safe iron intake for all the population.

La surveillance des maladies abortives chez les bovins actuellement absentes du territoire (dites maladies exotiques), parmi lesquelles figure la brucellose, constitue un cas emblématique de système de surveillance à faire évoluer. Cette surveillance n'est réellement organisée que pour la brucellose. Pour cette maladie, la surveillance évènementielle basée sur la déclaration obligatoire de tout avortement (DA) constitue la pierre angulaire de la surveillance, mais souffre de l'avis de l'ensemble des acteurs, d'une forte sous-déclaration, sans que cela ait été évalué. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, l'évaluation approfondie du dispositif de DA a permis de quantifier la faible sensibilité de ce dispositif et d'identifier l'influence de différents facteurs, structurels, humains et sanitaires, sur le processus de déclaration. En parallèle, des données démographiques et de reproduction, collectées respectivement à des fins de traçabilité des animaux et d'amélioration des performances génétiques, ont été utilisées pour élaborer des indicateurs indirects de survenue d'avortements. La modélisation des variations temporelles et spatio-temporelles de ces indicateurs a souligné la capacité d'outils de surveillance syndromique à identifier la survenue d'évènements abortifs à l'échelle individuelle et des élevages. Au vu de ces travaux, l'amélioration de la surveillance des maladies exotiques abortives passe par le renforcement du dispositif de DA et le développement d'outils de surveillance syndromique. Plus globalement, dans un contexte où les risques d'apparition de maladies exotiques ou émergentes et les formes épidémio-cliniques qu'elles revêtiraient sont très difficilement prévisibles, il apparaît nécessaire de revisiter la surveillance des maladies exotiques et émergentes en définissant des systèmes de surveillance intégrée, déclinés par filière de production, associant différentes modalités de surveillance. De tels systèmes, en couvrant des maladies connues ou non, présentes sous forme clinique ou asymptomatique, et sous forme sporadique, épizootique ou diffuse, optimiseraient les chances de détecter les maladies exotiques ou émergentes / The surveillance system for exotic abortive diseases in French cattle (i.e. abortive diseases that are not currently found in France), such as brucellosis, is a typical example of a surveillance system that is in need of improvement. This type of surveillance only actually exists for brucellosis. Clinical surveillance is the cornerstone of brucellosis surveillance and consists in the mandatory notification of each bovine abortion. However, while no quantitatively assessments have been made, it is common knowledge that this type of surveillance suffers from high levels of under-reporting. By providing an in-depth assessment of the bovine abortion notification surveillance system, we quantified its low sensitivity and identified the influence of structural, human and health factors on how decisions to report abortions are taken. In addition, demographic and reproductive data, collected for purposes of traceability and for genetic performance improvement, were used to devise indirect indicators of abortion occurrence. By modeling the temporal and spatio-temporal variations of these indicators, we highlighted the ability for syndromic surveillance systems to identify the occurrence of abortive events at individual and herd scale. Based on these studies, improving exotic abortive disease surveillance requires revising the mandatory notification surveillance system and developing syndromic surveillance systems. More generally, considering the difficulties in predicting the occurrence of exotic or emerging diseases and their clinical and epidemiological forms, it is necessary to reorganize the surveillance of exotic diseases by setting up integrated surveillance systems that would include different surveillance modalities. Such surveillance systems, implemented by production sector, would focus on known or unknown diseases, showing clinical or subclinical forms, and sporadic, epizootic or diffuse patterns, and would thus maximize the ability to detect exotic or emerging diseases

The purpose of this study is to identify students’ awareness, knowledge, and perceptions of the mandatory reporting policy related to Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 (Title IX). Mandatory reporting requirements are being implemented in higher educational institutions; however, existing literature does not examine students’ perceptions or their knowledge of the specific requirements that apply exclusively to them. This exploratory study examines the perceptions of college students at Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU) in Richmond, Virginia. Drawing on survey data (N = 501) from a large, public research university, the study explores two outcome variables: students’ awareness of the mandatory reporting policy and students’ knowledge of the university’s Title IX and mandatory reporting policy. It is hypothesized that variation across such views may be predicted by several factors, such as rape myth acceptance, knowing a victim of sexual misconduct, knowing an individual falsely accused of sexual misconduct, and demographic characteristics. Most of the students were aware of the university’s mandatory reporting policy, but they were not especially knowledgeable about the specifics. An overwhelming number of students support the use of mandatory reporting on college campuses for sexual misconduct, but fewer individuals stated they are more likely to disclose personal sexual victimization with an enacted mandatory reporting policy. Being knowledgeable about the university’s mandatory reporting policy was positively associated with higher general support of mandatory reporting. In addition, being aware of the enacted mandatory reporting policy also emerged as statistically significant and positively associated with perceptions of disadvantages and advantages of the mandatory reporting policy. Other findings and implications are discussed.

There is a gap in research on the effectiveness of mandatory-€minimum sentences on the recidivism rates of federal child pornography offenders, resulting in policy that may be ineffective and costly. Relevant research can further understanding of criminogenic behavior that results in the exploitation of children and aid future policy making decisions. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to better understand the relationship between federal sentencing and federal child pornographer recidivism. Central to this study is the research question of whether there exists a statistically significant difference between the likelihood of recidivism in 2 child pornographer cohorts that receive different sentences, probation or mandatory incarceration. The employed frameworks for this study were retributivism and the self-€regulation model. A quantitative analysis was used to examine the recidivism rates of the 2 different cohorts as well as the predictive value of various factors related to recidivism. The sample population consisted of 70 offenders convicted of a federal child pornography offense between 2012 and 2016 from 3 states and 7 federal judicial districts. Purposive sampling was employed via publicly available secondary data. Key findings revealed that the analyzed data does not support the existence of a relationship between recidivism and the given sentence. Second, crime of conviction was the only examined factor that supported predictability for future recidivism. The implications of this study will mean evidence for potential policy modifications, alteration of an existing economically draining strategy, and the positive social change of reduced harm and exploitation of children.

There is a gap in research on the effectiveness of mandatory-minimum sentences on the recidivism rates of federal child pornography offenders, resulting in policy that may be ineffective and costly. Relevant research can further understanding of criminogenic behavior that results in the exploitation of children and aid future policy making decisions. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to better understand the relationship between federal sentencing and federal child pornographer recidivism. Central to this study is the research question of whether there exists a statistically significant difference between the likelihood of recidivism in 2 child pornographer cohorts that receive different sentences, probation or mandatory incarceration. The employed frameworks for this study were retributivism and the self-regulation model. A quantitative analysis was used to examine the recidivism rates of the 2 different cohorts as well as the predictive value of various factors related to recidivism. The sample population consisted of 70 offenders convicted of a federal child pornography offense between 2012 and 2016 from 3 states and 7 federal judicial districts. Purposive sampling was employed via publicly available secondary data. Key findings revealed that the analyzed data does not support the existence of a relationship between recidivism and the given sentence. Second, crime of conviction was the only examined factor that supported predictability for future recidivism. The implications of this study will mean evidence for potential policy modifications, alteration of an existing economically draining strategy, and the positive social change of reduced harm and exploitation of children.