The purpose of the study was to examine the temporal trends of three monthly variables: stream runoff, rainfall and air temperature and to find out if any correlation exists between rainfall and stream runoff in the Blue Ridge and Piedmont provinces of the southeast United States. Trend significance was determined using the non-parametric Mann-Kendall test on a monthly and annual basis. GIS analysis was used to find and integrate the urban and non-urban stream gauging, rainfall and temperature stations in the study area. The Mann-Kendall test showed a statistically insignificant temporal trend for all three variables. The correlation of 0.4 was observed for runoff and rainfall, which showed that these two parameters are moderately correlated.

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Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2017-03-07T18:19:08Z No. of bitstreams: 1 CaioVasconcelosPinheiroDaCosta_DISSERT.pdf: 3451357 bytes, checksum: e54c55afe01cf7feb106c7ed5857980e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-03-07T18:44:49Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 CaioVasconcelosPinheiroDaCosta_DISSERT.pdf: 3451357 bytes, checksum: e54c55afe01cf7feb106c7ed5857980e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-07T18:44:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CaioVasconcelosPinheiroDaCosta_DISSERT.pdf: 3451357 bytes, checksum: e54c55afe01cf7feb106c7ed5857980e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-12-15 / Este trabalho realizou um estudo a partir de um conjunto de dados meteorol?gicos coletados na cidade de Natal/RN e adjac?ncias, identificando evid?ncias de altera??es no seu clima urbano no per?odo de 1970 a 2010. As vari?veis utilizadas foram: temperatura m?dia, temperatura m?nima e umidade relativa. Os dados foram obtidos a partir das esta??es meteorol?gicas localizada no Campus Central da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), que faz parte da rede de observa??es do Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia (INMET), e do Centro de Lan?amento da Barreira do Inferno (CLBI), localizadas dentro de uma ?rea urbana e de uma ?rea de prote??o permanente (APP), respectivamente. Foi realizada uma an?lise sobre a varia??o sazonal das vari?veis meteorol?gicas.Al?m disso, foram avaliadas as tend?nciasnas s?ries temporais,utilizando para isso o template MAKESENS, que aplica o teste de Mann-Kendall e o m?todo de estimativa de inclina??es de Sen sobre o conjunto de dados. Para a temperatura m?dia, na UFRN/INMET, houve tend?ncia de crescimento nos meses de maio, julho e setembro, nos n?veis de signific?ncia de 10%, 5% e 10%, respectivamente. No CLBI, s? houve tend?ncia de crescimento da temperatura m?dia no m?s de fevereiro, no n?vel de signific?ncia de 10%. Em rela??o ? temperatura m?nima, houve tend?ncia de crescimento com signific?ncia estat?stica em quatro s?ries (janeiro, novembro, dezembro e m?dia anual) na UFRN/INMET, nos n?veis de 10%, 10%, 5% e 5%, respectivamente, e apenas em uma no CLBI, no m?s de setembro, no n?vel de signific?ncia de 10%. Em rela??o ? umidade relativa, os resultados foram extremamente discrepantes. Para a UFRN/INMET, houve tend?ncia de decrescimento com signific?ncia estat?stica em 7 das 13 s?ries, sendo elas janeiro, mar?o, abril, maio, outubro, novembro e m?dia anual, nos n?veis de 5%, 1%, 0,1%, 10%, 5%, 5% e 0,1%, respectivamente, enquanto que no CLBI houve uma tend?ncia predominante de crescimento, com signific?ncia de 1% em junho e de 5% em agosto.Essas tend?ncias s?o mais evidentes na ?rea urbana em rela??o ?ssuas adjac?ncias, evidenciando algumas caracter?sticas t?picas das Ilhas de Calor Urbanas. / This work conducted a study from a set of meteorological data collected in the city of Natal / RN and surroundings, identifying evidence of changes in its urban climate during the period from 1970 to 2010. The variables used were: average temperature, minimum temperature and relative humidity. Data were obtained from the meteorological stations located in the Central Campus of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN) that is part of the network of observations from the National Institute of Meteorology (INMET) and from Barreira do Inferno Launch Center (CLBI), located inside an urban area and inside a permanent protection area (APP), respectively. An analysis of the seasonal variation of the meteorological variables was performed. In addition, the trends were evaluated in time series, using for this the template MAKESENS, that applies the Mann-Kendall test and Sen's slopes estimates with the data set. For the average temperature in UFRN/INMET, there was growth trend in May, July and September, at the significance levels of 10%, 5% and 10%, respectively. In CLBI, there was only upward trend in average temperature in February, at the 10% significance level. Regarding the minimum temperature, there was growth trend with statistical significance in four series (January, November, December and annual average) in UFRN/INMET, at the levels of 10%, 10%, 5% and 5%, respectively, and just one in CLBI, in September, at the 10% significance level. In relation to the relative humidity, the results were extremely disparate. To UFRN/INMET, there was decreasing trend with statistically significance in 7 of the 13 series, these being January, March, April, May, October, November and annual average, at the levels of 5%, 1%, 0.1%, 10%, 5%, 5% and 0.1%, respectively, while in CLBI there was a prevailing trend of growth, with a significance of 1% in June and 5% in August.These trends are more pronounced in urban areas compared to surrounding area, showing some typical characteristics of Urban Heat Islands.

The objective of this study is to investigate land-use changes and water quality trends within the headwaters of the Alafia River watershed. Water quality data were obtained from the Environmental Protection Commission of Hillsborough County (EPCHC). Eleven water quality parameters selected for analysis included: temperature (˚C), dissolved oxygen (DO), percent saturation of DO, conductivity, pH, total phosphorous (TP), total nitrogen (TN), ammonium, chlorophyll-a (uncorrected), fecal coliforms, and enterococci. ArcMap® & SWFWMD data were used to map EPCHC sampling stations, calculate contributing watershed size, and determine land-use changes over the course of the sampling period; 17 stations were chosen for this study. The annual average for each of the water quality parameters was calculated along with a Mann-Kendall Trend Analysis in order to determine if any of the observed trends were statistically significant. A non-parametric Kendall’s tau-b correlation and stepwise multiple linear regression tests were conducted in SPSS to determine if any statistically significant relationships between water quality data, land-use and basin size exist. The land-use results showed every basin consisted of some percentage of Low Density Residential, Cropland & Pastureland, Reservoirs, and Streams & Lake Swamps. In addition, no basin comprised of more than 20% wetlands and often it appears urbanization was at the sacrifice of agricultural lands, as opposed to wetlands. The trends in water quality showed eight of the 17 basins had at least one statistically significant trend. Analysis of the data used for this study has shown instances where water quality measurements were in violation of state standards. Changes in water quality can be statistically related to changes in land-use and basin size as both the correlation and the regression showed consistent relationships between several LULC types and water quality parameters: increases in Commercial & Services causes increased nutrients (TP and TN); Cropland & Pastureland causes decreased DO and DO% Saturation; increases in Tree Crops causes a decrease in pH; increasing Other Open Lands Rural causes a decrease in temperature; and increases in Shrub & Brushland cause decreases in conductivity and pH. As these relationships are based on the results from both analyses, it would seem that these relationships are the most reliable, and are key results of the study. These key relationships might be areas that future water resource managers may want to focus on in order to more efficiently improve or regulate water quality within headwater streams.

The main objective of this paper was to investigate runoff changes in the catchment Ala-Arca, Alamaedin and Kara-Balta in Kyrgyzstan, as well as change in climate conditions from available stations in the area. The runoff, precipitation, and temperature series were subjected to monthly, seasonal and annual analyses based on available data. Both absolute and relative data homogeneity were verified using statistical tests such as the Mann-Whitney-Pettit test, the SNHT test, and the WiIlcoxon's two- sample test for absolute homogeneity, and the Alexandersson's test for relative homogeneity. The Mann-Kendall test was used to determine the trend in each serie. There were inhomogeneities found in a number of runoff data. In most cases, the changes of rivers Ala-Arca and Kara-Balta were recorded in 1987. Compare to Ala-Arca and Kara-Balta, the changes of river Alamedin were recorded 3 years later, in 1990. There was a positive trend development by the rivers with the glacial-snow regime. However, there was no statistically significant trend for the entire time series. Key words: runoff change, precipitation, temperature, glacial-snow regime, snow-glacial regime, homogenization, Mann-Whitney-Pettit test, trend, Mann-Kendall test, glaciation, Kyrgyzstan, Tien- Shan

CHANGES OF RAINFALL-RUNOFF REGIME IN THE ŠUMAVA / BOHEMIAN FOREST REGION Abstract: The goal of this thesis is the evaluation of changes in rainfall-runoff regime in the Šumava region from time and spacial point of view. The thesis includes research and applied part. The research part is dedicated to the methods of evaluation of runoff changes and their possible causes in the Šumava region. In the applied part there is an analysis of precipitaion - runoff regime for long-term time series of average annual and monthly discharges and also annual and monthly precipitations for selected gauging stations in Czech, German and Austrian part of Šumava using absolute and relative homogenity tests and Mann - Kendall test for long-term trend. The results of this thesis showed significant changes in rainfall and runoff seasonality. One of the main aims of this thesis is the identification of possible orographical effect or the difference between windward and leeward part of Šumava. In conclusion the achieved results are evaluated, discussed and compared with subject publications. Key words: absolute homogeneity, land-use, Mann - Kendall test, runoff, basin, discharge, relative homogeneity, season,precipitation, trend, Šumava

Hydrological data extracted directly from Water Survey of Canada archives covering the 1913-2002 time period is used to assess river ice break-up in the Mackenzie River basin. A return-period analysis indicates that 13 (14) of 28 sites in the basin are dominated by peak water-levels occurring during the spring break-up (open-water) period. One location has a mixed signal. A map of flooding regimes is discussed in terms of physical, hydrological and climatic controls. Annual break-up is found to progress from south to north, over a period representing ~¼ of the year. Average annual duration is ~8 weeks. The at site break-up period, recognized as the most dynamic time of the year on cold-regions river systems is found to last from 4 days to 4 weeks. Break-up timing (1966-1995) is found to be occurring earlier in the western portions of the basin (~3 days/decade), concurrent with late 20th century warming.

Kyoto University (京都大学) / 0048 / 新制・論文博士 / 博士(工学) / 乙第12456号 / 論工博第4038号 / 新制||工||1496(附属図書館) / 28066 / (主査)教授 寶 馨, 教授 中北 英一, 准教授 立川 康人 / 学位規則第4条第2項該当