O som gerado por escoamentos, também conhecido como aeroacústica, tem se tornado cada vez mais importante em áreas industriais diversas desde aviação comercial até aparelhos eletrodomésticos, afetando diretamente os requisitos necessários para o desenvolvimento de novos produtos. Um caso particular é o ruído gerado por válvulas de compressores herméticos de refrigeração, sendo o compressor a principal fonte de ruído em refrigeradores domésticos. O presente trabalho tem por objetivo iniciar o desenvolvimento de uma ferramenta confiável de simulação capaz de auxiliar engenheiros na predição de problemas de aeroacústica, especialmente um que possa no futuro ser utilizado para estudar o ruído gerado pelo escoamento em válvulas de compressores herméticos. Para isso, foi desenvolvido um código para simulação numérica direta de aeroacústica. Utilizou-se processamento paralelo com decomposição de domínio para usar Simulação Numérica Direta em um tempo factível; esquemas de discretização espaciais e temporais de alta ordem para minimizar ao máximo os fenômenos de dissipação e dispersão do escoamento e das ondas acústicas e uma série de tratamentos no domínio como filtragem e estiramento da malha como também condições de contorno características com o intuito de obter uma solução adequada para estudo de aeroacústica. Assim, são apresentadas todas as etapas desenvolvidas no equacionamento, implementação e verificação. A verificação foi realizada segundo um processo matemático formal (Método das Soluções Manufaturadas) com o qual obteve-se que a ordem de precisão dos cálculos era a mesma da ordem formal dos esquemas de discretização utilizados para todas as variáveis. Também obteve-se a mesma concordância para análise do divergente da velocidade, verificando o código para simulação numérica direta de aeroacústica. Posteriormente, foram realizadas simulações de escoamentos compressíveis cisalhantes e seus resultados comparados com dados apresentados em literatura. Também foram calculadas as taxas de amplificação de perturbações e comparadas com a Teoria de Estabilidade Linear. Novamente, foram obtidos resultados satisfatórios nessas etapas, mostrando que a implementação do código DNS está verificada. / Sound generated by flow, known as aeroacoustics, is becoming more important in several industrial areas from commercial aircraft to household appliances, affecting directly the requirements to the development of new products. A particular case is the noise generated by valves of refrigeration hermetic compressors, being the compressor the main noise source in household refrigerators. This work has the goal of initiate the development of a reliable tool able to help engineers to predict aeroacoustics problems, specially one that can be used in the future to study the noise generated by the flow in valves of hermetic compressors. To do so, it was developed a numerical code to perform direct numerical simulation of aeroacoustics. It was used parallel processing with domain decomposition to use Direct Numerical Simulation in a feasible time; high order temporal and spatial discretization schemes to minimize the most the dispersion and dissipation phenomena of the flow field and of the acoustics waves and a series of treatments in the domain as filtering and mesh stretching as well as characteristics boundary conditions aiming a proper solution to study aeroacoustics. Thus, here all the steps developed in the formulation, implementation and verification are presented . The verification was done according to a formal mathematical procedure (Method of Manufactured Solutions) with which was found that the precision order of the calculations was the same of the formal order of the used discretization schemes for all variables. The same agreement was also obtained to the analysis of the divergence of the velocity, verifying the code to direct numerical simulation of aeroacoustics. Posteriorly, it were simulated shear compressible flows and the results were compared to literature data. Also, it were calculated the amplification rates of the disturbances and compared to Linear Stability Theory. Once more, it was obtained satisfactory results in these steps, showing that the implementation of the DNS code is verified.

Skanskas bergtäkt, Vikan kross, i Göteborg producerar ett ersättningsmaterial till naturgruset i form av helkrossad betongballast. Utvinningen av naturgrus ska fasas ut eftersom det utvinns från grusåsar vilket är negativt för naturen då grusåsarna renar vatten och fungerar som naturliga vattenreservoarer. Historiskt sett har naturgruset använts till betongtillverkning under en väldigt lång tid och år 2013 investerade Vikan kross i en anläggning för att kunna producera helkrossad betongballast och på så vis fasa ut naturgruset från deras betongtillverkning. År 2014 stod anläggningen klar för att börja tillverka helkrossad betongballast. En lång uppstartsperiod där många tester utfördes för att få den helkrossade betongballasten att efterlikna naturgruset i form och egenskaper. I dagsläget producerar Vikan kross en bra ersättningsprodukt till naturgruset men produktionsledning har kommit underfund med att fuktkvoten på det ingående materialet till vindsikten har en stor påverkan på slutprodukten. Skanska gav mig i uppdrag att undersöka hur vindsiktens inställningar bör justeras beroende på vilken fuktkvot det ingående materialet har för att kunna bibehålla en acceptabel kornstorleksfördelning. Skanska har även önskemål att mängden filler (ballastkorn mindre än 63 μm) i slutprodukten skall öka från den mängd som finns i slutprodukten i dagsläget. En provtagningsplan baserad på tidigare tester och erfarenheter upprättades för att på så vis kunna följa vägen fram till ett bra resultat. Metoden som använts är provtagning av det ingående materialet samt det utgående materialet från vindsikten. Materialen har analyserats med hjälp av siktanalyser där kornstorleksfördelning har tagits fram. Vindsiktens inställningar har sedan varierats och ytterligare provtagning samt analyser har genomförts. När vindsikten ansågs producera helkrossad betongballast med så bra kornstorleksfördelning som möjligt bevattnades det ingående materialet till vindsikten. Vatten tillfördes för att höja fuktkvoten och på så vis förstå hur vindsiktens inställningar bör justeras för att behålla kornstorleksfördelningen inom de gränsvärden som finns. Resultatet visar att om det ingående materialet till vindsikten har en avvikande fuktkvot (> 1 vikt-%) är det möjligt att erhålla en kornstorleksfördelning som efterliknar den kornstorleksfördelning som erhålls när materialet har en normal fuktkvot (< 1 vikt-%). Mängden filler har inte ökat i slutprodukten eftersom att den ingående mängden filler till vindsikten redan är så låg att den inte går att justera med hjälp av enbart vindsikten. Orsaken till att mängden filler är lägre än vad som tidigare observerats kopplas till bergets geologi. Det berg som krossats under testperioden var väldigt hårt och där med produceras en mindre mängd filler. För en ökad mängd filler i slutprodukten krävs en förändring i krossprocessen före vindsikten. / Skanska Asfalt och Betong AB is the owner of the quarry Vikan kross in Gothenburg. They produce manufactured sand as a replacement product for the natural sand that is used in todays fin aggregates for concrete production. The Swedish government is limiting the extraction of natural sand because of environmental reasons. In 2013 Vikan kross invested in a plant to produce manufactured sand thus phasing out the natural sand from their concrete production. In 2014 the plant was ready to start producing manufactured sand. Through a long start-up period, many tests were done to get the manufactured sand to mimic the natural sand as much as possible. Today Vikan kross is producing a good replacement product for the natural sand, but the production team has come to the conclusion that the moisture content in the input material to the air classifier has a major impact on the final product. Skanska assigned me to investigate how the air classifiers settings should be adjusted depending on the moister content of the input material in order to maintain an acceptable particle size distribution. Skanska also wished that the amount of fines (particles smaller than 63 μm) in the manufactured sand should increase from the amount present today. A plan based on previous tests and experiences was set up in order to reach a good result. The method used was to take tests of the input materials as well as the output materials from the air classifier. The materials have been analyzed by using sieving methods to determinate the particle size distribution. The settings of the air classifier were then adjusted and further tests and analysis was done. When the air classifier was producing manufactured sand with a particle size distribution as good as possible, the input material was watered. Water was added to raise the moisture content to understand how the settings of the air classifier should be adjusted to maintain a particle size distribution within the limit values. The result shows that if the input material to the air classifier has a deviating moisture content (> 1 wt-%) it is possible to obtain a particle size distribution that mimics the particle size distribution obtained when the material has a normal moisture content (<1 wt-%). The amount of fines has not increased in the manufactured sand because the amount of fines in the input material is already so low that it can’t be adjusted by only changing the settings of the air classifier. The reason for the amount of fines being lower than previously observed is linked to the geology of the material. The material that had been crushed during this test period was very hard and thus produced a small amount of fines. For an increased amount of fines in the manufactured sand, a change is necessary in the process prior to the air classifier.

A key consideration in the human migration process to a destination country is the need to secure suitable and affordable housing. As housing costs have increased in the United States in recent decades, mobile homes – also known as manufactured housing or "trailers" – have become a significant source of affordable housing for people living in the United States. In rural communities, mobile homes have become a substantial portion of the available housing stock. This research project explored mobile home living specifically in relation to Mexican migrants who lived in a rural county in central North Carolina. Consideration was given to the practical issues of this type of housing, as well as any influence the American stigma of mobile homes might have had on the ways people experienced their homes and communities.

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Additive manufacturing (AM) has largely improved design freedom compared with traditional manufacturing processes such as casting and milling. The layer-by-layer workflow makes it possible to produce objects with much more complex shapes and structures. This feature is of particular interest for turbine blade manufacturing since internal cooling channels with higher thermal efficiency can be achieved toimprove the overall efficiency of a gas turbine. One feature of AM, especially for Laser Power Bed Fusion (LPBF) working on metal powders, is the relatively large surface roughness (SR), which will affect both heat transfer and pressure loss. Its geometry is also unique with the very randomly distributed spherical-shaped structures. This randomness makes the correlations for heat transfer and pressure loss based on sand grain roughness not applicable anymore. More in-depth research is needed to investigate the roughness effects. In this study, the AM roughness is modelled by a statistical distribution of spheres with different diameters using an upscale ratio of 77.4. An infrared (IR) camera was used to record the temperature distribution on the rough plates subjected to heated airflow. Three Re in the turbulent region (15000, 20000, 25000) were tested and the data from the IR camera were used to calculate the heat transfer coefficient (HTC) on the rough plate through a 3D finite element calibration solver. The results of averaged HTC agree well with data of the real Inconel 939 AM channel from which the upscaled rough plates are modelled. Also, the general patterns of HTC distributions matched the fluid dynamics analysis. Moreover, the results of arranging smooth and rough plates together shows that the heat transfer enhancement from SR is due to both the induced turbulent flows and the increased surface area. / Additiv tillverkning har i hög grad förbättrat designfriheten jämfört med traditionella tillverkningsprocesser som gjutning och fräsning. Att bygga lager för lager gör det möjligt att tillverka föremål med mycket mer komplexa former och strukturer. Denna egenskap är av särskilt intresse för tillverkning av turbinblad eftersom bättre interna kylkanaler kan uppnås för att förbättra den totala verkningsgraden hos en gasturbin. En egenskap hos additiv tillverkning är den relativt stora ytojämnheten, som påverkar både värmeöverföring och tryckförlust. Dess geometri är också unik med mycket slumpmässigt fördelade sfäriskt formade strukturerna. Denna slumpmässighet gör att de korrelationer för värmeöverföring och tryckförlust som baseras på sandkornens grovlek inte längre är tillämpliga. Mer djupgående forskning behövs för att undersöka grovhetseffekterna. I den här studien modelleras den additiva tillverkningens grovhet med en statistisk fördelning av sfärer med olika diametrar med ett uppskalningsförhållande på 77,4. En infraröd (IR) kamera användes för att registrera temperaturfördelningen på de skrovliga plattorna som utsattes för ett uppvärmt luftflöde. Tre Re i det turbulenta området (15000, 20000, 25000) testades och data från IR-kameran användes för att beräkna värmeöverföringskoefficientenpå den grova plattan genom en 3D finita elementkalibreringslösare. Resultaten av den genomsnittliga värmeöverföringskoefficienten stämmer väl överens med data från den verkliga additivt tillverkade Inconel 939-kanalen från vilken de uppskaladeg rova plattorna är modellerade. Även de allmänna mönstren för fördelningen av värmeöverföringskoefficienter stämmer överens med den fluiddynamiska analysen. Dessutom visar resultaten av att arrangera släta och grova plattor tillsammans att värmeöverföringsförbättringen från ytjämnhet beror på både de inducerade turbulenta flödena och den ökade ytarean.

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Vid handkirurgiska kliniken på Södersjukhuset i Stockholm (SÖS) har ett projekt med målet att utföra en handtransplantation pågått under flera år. I projektet har man tagit fram två egentillverkade produkter, ett sågblock för att förenkla sågningen genom ben samt en uppsättning med brickor för märkning av olika strukturer i handen. Målet med denna rapport var att ta fram underlag som kan användas för att bestämma om produkterna är lämpliga att använda vid transplantationen. Lämpligheten utvärderades utifrån de medicintekniska regelverken samt analys av risker. För att bedöma hur produkterna förhöll sig till kraven i regelverken studerades EU:s förordning 2017/745 Medical Device Regulation (MDR) samt de svenska författningar som kompletterar denna. Varje krav analyserades för båda produkterna och en motivering upprättades kring dess relevans samt huruvida produkten klarade kravet. En riskhanteringsprocess genomfördes för att identifiera och utvärdera riskerna kopplat till den kliniska användningen.  Riskhanteringen visade att användning av produkterna kan medföra fem risker för respektive produkt, där två av riskerna för brickorna inte gick att utvärdera på grund av bristande information kring materialet. Övriga risker för båda produkterna bedömdes som relativt lindriga. Gällande regelverken nådde produkterna inte upp till flera av kraven, mycket på grund av otillräcklig dokumentation och testning samt avsaknad av rutiner för att bevisa uppfyllnad av kraven.  Slutsatsen som drogs var att denna rapport delvis kan användas som underlag för att bestämma lämpligheten av produkterna. Dock krävs ytterligare arbete för att kunna bevisa att produkterna helt når upp till kraven i regelverken och således garanteras vara säkra att använda. / The clinic for hand surgery at Södersjukhuset in Stockholm (SÖS) has for several years been working on a project with the aim to perform a hand transplantation. As a part of this project two self-manufactured medical devices have been produced, one surgical guide to facilitate sawing through the bones and one set of tags to mark different structures in the hand. The aim with this report was to produce a basis that could be used to decide whether the products are suitable to use during the transplantation. The suitability was evaluated based on medical device regulations and analyzing the risks. To assess how well the products met the requirements from the regulations, relevant constitutions were studied (EU 2017/745 Medical Device Regulation (MDR) and the Swedish constitutions that complement MDR). Every requirement’s relevance and fulfillment were motivated for both products. A risk management process was implemented to identify and evaluate the risks. The result from the risk management process showed that usage of the products could entail five risks for each product, where two of the risks for the tags could not be evaluated due to lack of information about the material. The other risks for both products were assessed as relatively mild. Regarding the regulations, the products did not meet several of the requirements, mainly due to insufficient documentation and testing together with lack of routines to prove compliance with the requirements. The conclusion was that this report could partly be used as a basis for determining the suitability of the products. Though, further work is required to be able to prove that the products meet the requirements from the regulations and thus are safe to use.

Parts made out of titanium alloys demonstrate anisotropic mechanical properties when manufactured by electron beam melting, an emerging additive manufacturing technique. Understanding the process history dependent heterogeneous microstructure, and its effect on mechanical properties is crucial in determining the performance of additively manufactured titanium alloys as the mechanical behavior heavily relies on the underlying microstructural features. This thesis work focuses on combined experimental and computational techniques for microstructure characterization, synthetic microstructure generation, mechanical property measurement, and mechanical behavior modeling of polycrystalline materials, with special focus on dual phase titanium alloys. Macroscopic mechanical property measurements and multi-modal microstructure characterizations (high energy X-ray diffraction, computed tomography and optical microscopy) are performed on additively manufactured Ti-6Al-4V parts, revealing the heterogeneity of the microstructure and properties with respect to the build height. Because characterizing and testing every location within a build is not practical, a computational methodology is established in order to reduce the time and cost spent on microstructure-property database creation. First a statistical volume element size is determined for the Fast Fourier Transform based micromechanical modeling technique through a sensitivity study performed on an experimental Ni-based superalloy and syntheticW, Cu, Ni and Ti structures, showing that as the contrast of properties (e.g., texture, field localization, anisotropy, rate-sensitivity) increases, so does the minimum simulation domain size requirement. In all deformation regimes a minimum volume element is defined for both single and dual phase materials. The database is then expanded by generating statistically representative Ti structures which are modified for features of interest, e.g., lath thickness, grain size and orientation distribution, to be used in spectral full-field micromechanical modeling. The relative effect of the chosen microstructural features is quantified through comparisons of average and local field distributions. Fast Fourier transform based technique, being a spectral, full-field deformation modeling tool, is shown to be capable of capturing the relative contribution from varying microstructural features such as phase fractions, grain morphology/ size and texture on the overall mechanical properties as the results indicate that the mean field behavior is predominantly controlled by the alpha phase fraction and the prior beta phase orientation.

Made available in DSpace on 2010-04-20T20:48:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 3 74626.pdf.jpg: 20607 bytes, checksum: 09d0d80bb47e48ff5df012d331120e3b (MD5) 74626.pdf: 450083 bytes, checksum: 3b0f91904eb90de92ae9ac4f8e8368d1 (MD5) 74626.pdf.txt: 200416 bytes, checksum: b86a7c3ab28b48a8b25f0e114a73a81f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-03-15T00:00:00Z / This thesis, entitled "Calculation of retail price as an important factor of competitive advantage for manufactured products by small business", will present a mathematical model for product price calculation in small business. These model are founded in the Accountant Theory and in the way that prices are calculated by these industries. These retail prices, calculated by this model, must be seen by the companies as the smallest possible prices able to lead them to their planned targets, since the products made by them are manufactures and sold according to a deadline and quantity previously considered at the moment of prices arrangements, and not further investments will be needed. Therefore, these prices are classified as competitive for some products, regarding the real competition. / Esta tese de conclusão do curso de doutoramento em Administração de Empresas, a qual tem por título Cálculo do preço de venda como fator de competitividade para produtos fabricados por micro e pequenas indústrias, tem como objetivo apresentar e validar um modelo, o qual consiste em uma equação matemática. O referido modelo está fundamentado na teoria contábil e os preços de venda dos produtos, através dele calculados, deverão ser interpretados pelas empresas, suas fabricantes, como sendo os menores possíveis de serem praticados, capazes de conduzi-las aos seus objetivos de resultados previamente estabelecidos, desde que esses produtos sejam fabricados e vendidos por essas indústrias dentro dos padrões de tempos de produção e em quantidades periódicas previamente orçadas e consideradas no modelo no momento das suas precificações, bem como sem investimentos adicionais aos já estabelecidos. Portanto, esses preços são classificados como sendo os competitivos desses produtos, em vista da realidade competitiva.

<p>Extrusion Deposition Additive Manufacturing is a process by which short fiber-reinforced polymers are extruded in a screw and deposited onto a build platform using a set of instructions specified in the form of a machine code. The highly non-isothermal process can lead to undesired effects in the form of residual deformation and part delamination. Process simulations that can predict residual deformation and part delamination have been a thrust area of research to prevent the repeated trial and error process before a useful part has been produced. However, populating the material properties required for the process simulations require extensive characterization efforts. Tackling this experimental bottleneck is the focus of the first half of this research.</p><p>The first contribution is a method to infer the fiber orientation state from only tensile tests. While measuring fiber orientation state using computed tomography and optical microscopy is possible, they are often time-consuming, and limited to measuring fibers with circular cross-sections. The knowledge of the fiber orientation is extremely useful in populating material properties using micromechanics models. To that end, two methods to infer the fiber orientation state are proposed. The first is Bayesian methodology which accounts for aleatoric and epistemic uncertainty. The second method is a deterministic method that returns an average value of the fiber orientation state and polymer properties. The inferred orientation state is validated by performing process simulations using material properties populated using the inferred orientation state. A different challenge arises when dealing with multiple extrusion systems. Considering even the same material printed on different extrusion systems requires an engineer to redo the material characterization efforts (due to changes in microstructure). This, in turn, makes characterization efforts expensive and time-consuming. Therefore, the objective of the second contribution is to address this experimental bottleneck and use prior information about the material manufactured in one extrusion system to predict its properties when manufactured in another system. A framework that can transfer thermal conductivity data while accounting for uncertainties arising from different sources is presented. The predicted properties are compared to experimental measurements and are found to be in good agreement.</p><p>While the process simulations using finite element methods provide a reliable framework for the prediction of residual deformation and part delamination, they are often computationally expensive. Tackling the fundamental challenges regarding this computational bottleneck is the focus of the second half of this dissertation. To that end, as the third contribution, a neural network based solver is developed that can solve parametric partial differential equations. This is attained by deriving the weak form of the governing partial differential equation. Using this variational form, a novel loss function is proposed that does not require the evaluation of the integrals arising out of the weak form using Gauss quadrature methods. Rather, the integrals are identified to be expectation values for which an unbiased estimator is developed. The method is tested for parabolic and elliptical partial differential equations and the results compare well with conventional solvers. Finally, the fourth contribution of this dissertation involves using the new solver to solve heat transfer problems in additive manufacturing, without the need for discretizing the time domain. A neural network is used to solve the governing equations in the evolving geometry. The weak form based loss is altered to account for the evolving geometry by using a novel sequential collocation sampling method. This work forms the foundational work to solve parametric problems in additive manufacturing.</p>