This study describes and discusses the marine casualties, the effectiveness of existing traffic services, and marine safety and Vessel Traffic Service(VTS) in Korean coastal waters. Marine traffic is comprehensively assessed in Korean waters, an analysis of casualties is undertaken by block scheme. Marine environmental parameters are identified relating to marine casualties as appropriate. Various statistical techniques are employed to evaluate the inter-relationships between individual causal factors, and for the first time effect level is instituted to quantify the relative importance of the causal factors in Korean waters. A further innovation is the examination of the adequacy of existing Korean traffic services by casualty and traffic analysis, and an accident danger index is introduced to compare accident danger over different .time periods. A mixed population of contributors to marine safety is sought by questionnaire. The design of this is both innovative and original in content in order to evaluate the perceived importance of the various risk factors, the marginal effectiveness of various options in reducing risks, and their weight with regard to YTS services and activities, the main part of the study uses an original multiple coefficient to estimate casualty reduction rate and a new method to quantify the effectiveness of VTS. The Korean waters traffic study is conducted as an intermediate level and provides the data base for the main body of work. The conclusions include recommendations with respect to the stricter enforcement of the routeing scheme(TSS) and the adoption of further traffic observation/surveillance over the areas concerned. Finally it is noted in particular that additional Vessel Traffic Service and Traffic Separation Schemes are now required if any substantial improvement is to be achieved in marine traffic safety in Korean coastal waters.

Under international law, every state has the sovereign right to establish the conditions under which it will grant its nationality to a vessel. By consequence, different schemes for ship registration have been developed, traditionally the nationalist and open system. While the nationalist system imposes strict requirements regarding national ownership and manning, along with burdensome fiscal regimes for the shipping industry, the open system offered flexible requirements and a friendly taxation environment, that help shipowners to minimize their operation costs. / Open registries have been criticized for not complying with international accepted shipping standards in safety, environmental, and labour aspects. However, some of them have made great efforts to raise these standards, mainly obliged by the new demands of the shipping industry. Nonetheless, the shift to a new culture of quality shipping is not only a responsibility of flag states, but of all the actors of a maritime scenario.

Cette thèse s’inscrit dans le cadre théorique très général de la sécurité des systèmes complexes. Son terrain d’application est la marine marchande. L’objectif de cette recherche est double : 1. Investiguer la gestion du risque d’abordage grâce à une démarche systémique s’intéressant à la fois aux conditions de l’échec et à celles du succès. 2. Explorer les liens entre les trois concepts liés à la sécurité que sont la Culture de sécurité, le Système de Management de la Sécurité et la Résilience. La culture de sécurité constitue un sous-ensemble de la culture organisationnelle globale. Elle se compose d’un ensemble de valeurs, de croyances, d’attitudes, de normes et de pratiques concernant la sécurité. Partagé par les membres d’une organisation, cet ensemble influence directement les comportements mis en oeuvre dans le cadre du travail. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, nous avons tout d’abord réalisé une analyse du domaine de travail du système du transport maritime, ainsi, qu’une étude des cas d’abordage entre navires répertoriés par le MAIB (Marine Accident Investigation Branch). Ces analyses ont permis, respectivement, d’identifier les barrières de défense du système et de mettre en évidence les principales causes à l’origine des accidents. Les études suivantes ont cherché à appréhender la culture de sécurité d’un armement réputé sûr, grâce à un couplage de méthodes qualitatives et quantitatives. L’analyse du système de management de l’armement a démontré que celui-ci était performant. Il s’appuie sur un solide système de retour d’expérience et se montre participatif. Une enquête portant sur le climat de sécurité a été menée auprès de plusieurs équipages, à l’aide d’un questionnaire inspiré de celui de Håvold. Elle montre qu’une grande majorité des opérateurs adhère à une culture de sécurité positive, bien que les scores soient significativement influencés par la fonction et par le niveau hiérarchique des répondants. Enfin, l’analyse de l’activité des chefs de quart en passerelle a mis en évidence des mécanismes de gestion diachronique et synchronique des risques externes (i.e. Risque de collision). Les résultats de ces différentes études conduisent à discuter de l’articulation entre Culture de Sécurité, Résilience et Système de Management de la Sécurité. La proposition d’un modèle tridimensionnel de la sécurité montre que la Culture de Sécurité semble en effet agir comme le médiateur des deux autres concepts. Elle permettrait également au système de conserver une importante part de sécurité gérée, malgré la forte composante de sécurité réglée liée aux contraintes réglementaires importantes du secteur. / This thesis belongs in the general theoretical area of the safety of complex systems. Its field of application is the merchant navy. Its object is twofold: 1. To investigate the management of collision risks by a systemic approach which takes into account both factors leading to failure and those leading to success; and, 2. To explore the links between three concepts of safety : Safety culture, Safety Management Systems and Resilience. Safety culture is a subset of the overall organizational culture. It consists of a set of values, beliefs, attitudes, norms and practices concerning safety. Shared by members of an organization, this directly influences behaviour at work. The first step in the research was to study the marine transportation system and collisions between merchant vessels listed by the United Kingdom’s Marine Accident Investigation Branch (MAIB), focussing on two areas: the safety barriers system and the main failures leading to accidents. Qualitative and quantitative methods were then applied to gain an understanding of the safety culture of a shipping company with a good safety record. Analysis of this company’s management system showed it to be effective: it was built on a strong reporting system and seemed to be participatory. A survey of the safety climate was conducted with several crews, using a questionnaire inspired by Håvold’s questionnaire. This showed that a large majority of the company’s personnel had a positive safety culture, although the scores were significantly influenced by the duty and the hierarchical level of individual respondents. Finally, the activities of bridge watchkeeping officers were studied to identify diachronic and synchronic mechanisms implemented to manage the collision risk. The results of these studies enable a discussion of the relationship between Safety Culture, Resilience and Safety Management System. A proposal for a generic three-dimensional safety model shows that Safety Culture seems to act as the mediator of the other two concepts. Safety Culture would also allow the system to maintain a significant portion of “managed safety”, complementing a strong element of “prescribed safety” flowing from regulation.

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Lam Kam Fai Jeffrey. / "Architecture Department, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Master of Architecture Programme 2001-2002, design report." / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 69). / Chapter Part I --- General Research on Maritime Safety / Chapter 1. --- Introduction / Chapter 1.1 --- Scope of interest / Chapter 1.2 --- What is a maritime safety center / Chapter 1.3 --- Users benefited from the center / Chapter 2. --- Port Traffic and Water Transportation in Hong Kong / Chapter 2.1 --- Total amount of goods transported through water in the past and future / Chapter 2.2 --- Percentage of goods transported through water / Chapter 3. --- International Maritime Safety and The International Maritime Organization / Chapter 3.1 --- General background and objective of The International Maritime Organization / Chapter 3.2 --- Convention introduced by the IMO / Chapter 3.3 --- "Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers" / Chapter 4. --- Local Training Facilities and Activities / Chapter 4.1 --- Seamen's Training Center / Chapter 4.1.1 --- General background / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Training provided / Chapter 4.1.3 --- Building and facilities / Chapter 4.2 --- The Hong Kong Marine Department / Chapter 4.2.1 --- New training facilities / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Other safety isses / Chapter 5. --- Overseas Training Example- the Jovellanos Integral Maritime Safety Center / Chapter 5.1 --- General background / Chapter 5.2 --- Function of the center / Chapter 5.3 --- Facilities / Chapter Part II --- Design Report / Chapter 6. --- Proposed Design Brief and Site Consideration / Chapter 6.1 --- Design Brief / Chapter 6.1.1 --- Maritime safety academy / Chapter 6.1.2 --- Public Interface / Chapter 6.2 --- Site selection / Chapter 6.2.1 --- Site selection criteria / Chapter 6.2.2 --- Site characteristics / Chapter 7. --- Preliminary Design / Chapter 7.1 --- Building form / Chapter 7.2 --- Visitor center / Chapter 7.3 --- Entrance / Chapter 7.4 --- Access / Chapter 8. --- Design Development / Chapter 8.1 --- Spatial relationship of the academy and the public interface / Chapter 8.2 --- Architectural expression of the two programs / Chapter 8.3 --- Form and facade treatment / Chapter 8.4 --- Special study - the use of pre-cast panels / Chapter 8.5 --- Detail and construction consideration / Chapter 9. --- Final Presentation Documentation / Chapter Part III --- Bibliography / Chapter Part IV --- Appendix / Appendix I: / "Summary Statistics on Port Traffic in Hong Kong as at July 2001," / Hong Kong Port and Maritime Board / Appendix II: / "Articles from the Hong Kong Maritime News," / Hong Kong Marine Department

Débutée par l’étude des règles communautaires engendrées par le naufrage de l’Erika, la présente recherche s’est affinée autour de la relation entre sécurité maritime et protection du milieu marin tout en s’enrichissant de l’observation des règles internationales. Dès lors, l’idée retenue fut d’étudier la collision entre deux éléments ni équivalents, ni complètement différents et de voir ce que ce « big-bang » juridique avait pu provoquer.La première partie envisagera le renouvellement de la fonction de sécurité maritime autour de la finalité de protection du milieu marin. En effet, vers le milieu du XXème siècle, l’apparition des préoccupations environnementales vient déséquilibrer la répartition classique des compétences entre l’Etat du pavillon et l’Etat côtier. La liberté, principe fondateur de l’ordre des mers, se transforme pour s’adapter aux réalités de la protection du milieu marin. Elle devient alors le principe d’utilisation durable de la mer, nouvelle clé de la répartition des souverainetés en mer. Une forme de gouvernance environnementale de la sécurité maritime paraît se constituer autour de l’Organisation maritime internationale et de l’Union européenneLa seconde partie permettra de mettre en lumière la redéfinition de l’espace normatif de sécurité maritime au prisme de l’objectif de prévention des pollutions. A l’origine, les règles de sécurité maritime avaient pour but de protéger l’entreprise maritime contre les dangers de la mer. Désormais, il s’agit de protéger la biosphère pour sauvegarder l’humanité et ses générations futures. C’est pourquoi la sécurité maritime classique, devenue insuffisante, évolue vers une notion plus moderne, « environnementale ». / Begun with the study of the European Union rules engendered by the wreck of Erika, the present research was refined around the relation between marine safety and marine environment protection while growing rich of the observation of the international rules. From then on, the idea was to study the collision between two elements neither equivalents, nor completely different and to see what this legal "big-bang" had provoke.The first part will envisage the renewal of the function of marine safety around the purpose of marine environment protection. Indeed, by the middle of the XXth century, the appearance of the environmental concerns comes to destabilize the classic distribution of the skills between the flag State and the coastal State. The freedom, founding principle of the order of seas, has been transformed to adapt itself to the realities of the marine environment protection. It becomes then the principle of sustainable use of the sea, the new key of the distribution of sovereignties on the sea. A shape of environmental governance of the maritime safety appears to establish around the International Maritime Organization and the European Union.The second part will allow to bring to light the redefining of the normative space of maritime safety in the prism of the objective of prevention of the pollutions. Originally, the regulations of marine safety aimed at protecting the sailormen against the dangers of the sea. Henceforth, it is today a question of protecting the biosphere, the humanity and its future generations. That is why the classic marine safety, become insufficient, evolves towards a more modern, " environmental " notion.