A relação entre preço e custo marginal pode ser utilizada para evidenciar características das indústrias, com destaque para aspectos relacionados à concorrência. Uma das formas de estimar esta relação, definida como mark up, é a análise da relação entre insumos e produtos. Na presente pesquisa, este tipo de estudo foi realizado por meio da análise do resíduo de Solow, como em Hall (1986), e a partir da estimação da função de produção, conforme proposto por Loecker e Warzynski (2009). As características complementares dos procedimentos e o fato de haver insuficiente análise de aspectos concorrenciais das indústrias nacionais favorecem o emprego conjunto destas abordagens para o caso da indústria brasileira, sendo este o objetivo da presente pesquisa. Foram utilizados dados da PIA-Empresa (IBGE) para as indústrias de extração e transformação entre 1996 e 2007. A análise do resíduo de Solow evidenciou que a hipótese conjunta de retornos constantes de escala e concorrência perfeita para a indústria nacional não é válida, com altas estimativas de mark up para os setores extrativista, alimentício, florestal e químico. Já os setores têxtil e máquinas e equipamentos apresentaram baixas estimativas. As estimativas obtidas por meio da função de produção e a análise dos retornos de escala confirmaram os altos mark ups dos setores florestal e químico. Para os setores extrativista e alimentício as estimativas foram consideravelmente menores, o que foi interpretado como consequência do retorno de escala dos setores, que deve ser decrescente. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativaentre as estimativas obtidas para os setores metalurgia básica, eletro eletrônico, têxtil e máquinas e equipamentos por meio das duas metodologias, o que corrobora as evidências encontradas sobre retornos de escala, que indicaram que estes são constantes para tais setores. Para os demais setores não foi possível obter constatações relevantes sobre as estimativas alternativas e retornos de escala. Dessa forma, foram encontradas evidêcias de que a hipótese de concorrência perfeita não é válida, com mark ups maiores do que dois para quase todos setores. / The price and marginal cost relation can evidence important industry features, especially the ones that concern competition. Input and output data can be used to estimate the price and marginal cost relation, defined as mark up. In this research, this type of study was done by the Solow residual analysis, as in Hall (1986), and by the production function estimation, as in Loecker e Warzynski (2009). The returns to scale influences both methodologies, and was used to compare their results. The methodologies complementaries features and the fact that there is few analisys about competition in brazilian industry stimulates the use of the Solow residual and the production function to calculate the mark up of the brazilian industry. The data of the extraction and transformation industries used in this research are from PIA-Empresa (IBGE) for the years between 1996 and 2007. The 104 industries were classified in eleven sectors: extrative, food, forest, textile, chemistry, non-metallic mineral, metallurgy, machines and equipment, electronics, general equipment and automotive vehicles. The Solow residual analysis rejected the competition and constants returns to scale hypothesis, and the extractive, food, forest and chemistry sectors showed high mark ups. Textile and machines and equipment had low mark ups. The mark up estimatives from the production function estimation and the returns to scale analysis confirmed the high mark ups for the forest and chemistry sectors. For the extractive and food sectors the mark ups were lower, what is probably consequence of the decreasing returns to scale that these sectors may have. There were no statistically significant di_erence between the mark ups estimatives obtained from both methodologies for the metallurgy, electronics, textile and machines and equipment sectors, what support the evidences of constant returns to scale that were found. The other sectors did not showed relevant conclusions about the relations between the estimatives and the returns to scale. Hence, the perfect concorrence hypotesys is not valid for the brazilian industry.

Dans ce mémoire, nous tenterons de démontrer comment le roman House of Leaves de Mark Z. Danielewski se présente littéralement comme un labyrinthe dans lequel se perdent ses lecteurs et qui s'étend constamment à travers les lectures qu'on peut en faire. House of Leaves met en scène plusieurs narrateurs qui se superposent, les uns commentant les autres. Ces différents niveaux de narration s'interpénètrent, transgressant ainsi leur hiérarchie ontologique. Nous montrerons, en nous appuyant sur les théories de la lecture de Bertrand Gervais, comment cette transgression se fait par le biais d'une forme d'interprétation partageant les caractéristiques de la lecture littéraire. La figure du labyrinthe représente le mieux cette forme d'interprétation et elle est inscrite à même le texte dans les traces de ce qui fonde le travail de lecture d'un des personnages. Pour chaque palier d'interprétation, cette figure représente à la fois, en suivant la métaphore de la lecture littéraire, le texte lu, la lecture elle-même et le discours qui en résulte. Les traits de la figure sont reconnaissables dans chacun des principaux actes d'interprétation et les personnages-interprètes se comportent en accord avec la mise en récit du mythe du labyrinthe. Le texte, par la complexité propre à sa nature labyrinthique, suscite constamment une interprétation chez ses lecteurs. De cette façon, il happe ceux-ci qui, dans une logique d'invagination, viennent à le contenir en eux pour ensuite lui donner une matérialité sous la forme d'un discours pouvant être supporté par toutes sortes de médias. Le labyrinthe se répand sous la forme de ce texte contenu dans le roman de Danielewski, mais menaçant constamment de sortir de ses limites. House of Leaves se veut une œuvre totale utilisant le plus possible toutes les pratiques signifiantes que l'on trouve dans un livre pour perdre le lecteur tout en s'étendant dans d'autres discours, dans d'autres médias. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : House of Leaves, Mark Danielewski, labyrinthe, lecture, interprétation, figure.

Texte remanié de: Diss.--Fakultät für Geschichtswissenschaft und Philosophie--Universität Bielefeld, 1997. / Bibliogr. p. 386-417. Index.

Thesis (M.F.A.)--University of Central Florida, 2009. / Adviser: Steven Chicurel. Includes bibliographical references (p. 142-143).

Habitat degradation by humans has been the main reason for the decline in numbers of P. floridanus, the only mammal indigenous to the state of Florida, in the past century. The mouse inhabits what remains of scrub and sandhill associations, which are characterized by patches of sandy soils within a more mesic landscape. It has long been accepted that small populations are more prone to decline and extinction than are larger ones as a result of environmental fluctuations. I hypothesized that the demography of a population of P. floridanus would be affected by a restriction in numbers through habitat patch size in a deterministic way, even without any environmental effects. I also examined dispersal and looked for evidence of metapopulation dynamics. Mark-recapture data were collected from ten scrub fragments in Lake Wales Ridge State Forest, Polk County, FL, ranging in size from 0.5 to 170 ha. Program MARK was used to model survival, recruitment and population growth rate of P. floridanus as a function of habitat patch size and to evaluate temporary migration patterns. Recruitment was positively associated with patch size, but contrary to expectations survival and population growth were negatively associated with patch size. Results suggested that survival was negatively affected by ear tagging, although this effect was temporary. Evidence of migration was found, but would probably have been greater if trapping had been continued until after peak reproduction, when juveniles tend to disperse in search of resources. The degree of interbreeding among patches can only be determined with the help of genetic analyses. Microsatellites have become useful in analyses at the population level because of their high degree of variability. Future research including genetic analyses is recommended to evaluate the importance of gene flow among subgroups to demography and the viability of the study population.

This thesis is a literary thematic analysis of Mark Behr's novels The Smell of Apples (1996) and Embrace (2000). Through these novels, Behr explores the nature of masculine identities and the ways in which they are developed through a process of adolescent males observing and interacting with their parents and the society in which they live. The development of the two protagonists is traced and white hegemonic attitudes to masculinity in South Africa are exposed. The novels are of importance as these hegemonic attitudes continue to exist within South Africa today. The focus of this analysis is on white adolescent masculinities and the ways in which Behr illustrates the effects of apartheid society on their development. The study makes an in-depth analysis of the plot and themes and the way in which these guide the reader into a critical awareness of socially constructed masculine identities. Each of the four themes - namely, sexuality, race, gender and land - is explored in this thesis and careful consideration is given to the techniques Behr uses in his writing. Of importance to this thesis are the interrelationships between character, themes and the context of the novels. While the novels are not regarded as a case study, this thesis repeatedly demonstrates the socio-political awareness that Behr uses in order to offer his reader insight into the significant realities that have faced adolescent males as they construct their identities. / Thesis (M.A.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2007.

Thesis (M.A.)--Baylor University, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 117-120).

A relação entre preço e custo marginal pode ser utilizada para evidenciar características das indústrias, com destaque para aspectos relacionados à concorrência. Uma das formas de estimar esta relação, definida como mark up, é a análise da relação entre insumos e produtos. Na presente pesquisa, este tipo de estudo foi realizado por meio da análise do resíduo de Solow, como em Hall (1986), e a partir da estimação da função de produção, conforme proposto por Loecker e Warzynski (2009). As características complementares dos procedimentos e o fato de haver insuficiente análise de aspectos concorrenciais das indústrias nacionais favorecem o emprego conjunto destas abordagens para o caso da indústria brasileira, sendo este o objetivo da presente pesquisa. Foram utilizados dados da PIA-Empresa (IBGE) para as indústrias de extração e transformação entre 1996 e 2007. A análise do resíduo de Solow evidenciou que a hipótese conjunta de retornos constantes de escala e concorrência perfeita para a indústria nacional não é válida, com altas estimativas de mark up para os setores extrativista, alimentício, florestal e químico. Já os setores têxtil e máquinas e equipamentos apresentaram baixas estimativas. As estimativas obtidas por meio da função de produção e a análise dos retornos de escala confirmaram os altos mark ups dos setores florestal e químico. Para os setores extrativista e alimentício as estimativas foram consideravelmente menores, o que foi interpretado como consequência do retorno de escala dos setores, que deve ser decrescente. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativaentre as estimativas obtidas para os setores metalurgia básica, eletro eletrônico, têxtil e máquinas e equipamentos por meio das duas metodologias, o que corrobora as evidências encontradas sobre retornos de escala, que indicaram que estes são constantes para tais setores. Para os demais setores não foi possível obter constatações relevantes sobre as estimativas alternativas e retornos de escala. Dessa forma, foram encontradas evidêcias de que a hipótese de concorrência perfeita não é válida, com mark ups maiores do que dois para quase todos setores. / The price and marginal cost relation can evidence important industry features, especially the ones that concern competition. Input and output data can be used to estimate the price and marginal cost relation, defined as mark up. In this research, this type of study was done by the Solow residual analysis, as in Hall (1986), and by the production function estimation, as in Loecker e Warzynski (2009). The returns to scale influences both methodologies, and was used to compare their results. The methodologies complementaries features and the fact that there is few analisys about competition in brazilian industry stimulates the use of the Solow residual and the production function to calculate the mark up of the brazilian industry. The data of the extraction and transformation industries used in this research are from PIA-Empresa (IBGE) for the years between 1996 and 2007. The 104 industries were classified in eleven sectors: extrative, food, forest, textile, chemistry, non-metallic mineral, metallurgy, machines and equipment, electronics, general equipment and automotive vehicles. The Solow residual analysis rejected the competition and constants returns to scale hypothesis, and the extractive, food, forest and chemistry sectors showed high mark ups. Textile and machines and equipment had low mark ups. The mark up estimatives from the production function estimation and the returns to scale analysis confirmed the high mark ups for the forest and chemistry sectors. For the extractive and food sectors the mark ups were lower, what is probably consequence of the decreasing returns to scale that these sectors may have. There were no statistically significant di_erence between the mark ups estimatives obtained from both methodologies for the metallurgy, electronics, textile and machines and equipment sectors, what support the evidences of constant returns to scale that were found. The other sectors did not showed relevant conclusions about the relations between the estimatives and the returns to scale. Hence, the perfect concorrence hypotesys is not valid for the brazilian industry.

in English This thesis creates a complex overview of quality marks used on food in the Czech food market both strictly Czech and originated in the EU legislation as well as decribes the procedure of their creation, legal forms of use and control system. It discusses their legal basis in international law, European law and Czech law and their legal aspects mainly in industrial property law and food and agriculture law. It then compares and contrasts the legal base with the Austrian legislation and analyzes the differences and simmilarities in these two countries and also evaluates its social context. The aim of this thesis is also to clarify the term 'quality'as understood by each of the quality marks and hence on to devide these marks into different categories.

Abstract This research examines the relationship between the product and labor market in a situation when there is imperfect competition in the product market. The subjects studied are the existence of the mark-up factors implied by imperfect competition and their impacts on labor demand. The dependency of labor demand on the product demand is also examined. In the research the existence of the mark-up factors in Finnish companies can be verified. In addition, according to results, the mark-up factors have negative impact on labor demand. Product demand has a significant positive effect on labor demand. However, the transmission mechanism from the product demand changes to labor demand remains to some extent unsolved.