The aim of this thesis is to provide a theoretically informed account of the decision-making process in mega sports events policy in Marseille. This is intended to allow an evaluation of the major theoretical frameworks developed in the Anglo-Saxon literature on urban governance and their applicability to the French local government context, and more specifically to the context of sports policy in Marseille. Following an analysis of the development of the local political culture of Marseille, the thesis undertakes a review of theoretical frameworks developed in the urban policy literature identifying three major approaches / concepts which have dominated Anglo-Saxon literature, namely the growth coalition (Logan and Molotch 1987), policy network (Rhodes 1981; 1988), and urban regime (Stone 1989) approaches. These theoretical frameworks have been little used in French urban policy literature (Le Gales 1995; 2003) and feature rarely, if at all, in French sports policy literature. In reviewing this literature the thesis identifies a set of indicators, which may be used in empirical contexts to differentiate growth coalitions from policy networks and urban regimes. A major question for the research is thus to what extent Anglo-Saxon theoretical frameworks / concepts can be usefully employed to understand French decision-making and that of Marseille in particular. Subscribing to critical realism, the thesis aims to give an account of the mega sport event phenomena in Marseille, and of the actors' understanding and interpretation (in effect their social construction) of the phenomena. The data collected were documents for the period 1991 - 2003 from official sources (minutes and proceedings of local government and event-related bodies, reports, political speeches, and local government publications), local press coverage, and interviewees conducted with the major decision-makers. An ethnographic content analysis was made, partly employing a deductive approach based on the set of common indicators developed from the review of urban policy, and partly inductively from themes, which emerged in the analysis (Altheide 1996). The thesis concludes that while there is some evidence of the development of policy networks the specificity of the French context, and that of Marseille, with its heavily state-led approach to policy, means that the use of urban regime, and still less of growth coalition approaches, is not warranted by the evidence.

This study addresses the theatre of Romeo Castellucci’s group, the Socìetas Raffaello Sanzio, and its director’s engagement with visual arts. In particular, the study analyses the tenth episode M#10 Marseille of Castellucci’s major production Tragedia Endogonidia, a work composed of 11 episodes, each dealing with a European capital. Using the notion of intermediality, this thesis demonstrates how an intermedial performance integrates questions and principles connected with visual arts within the framework of a new concept of performance called ‘interformance’. The author introduces Henk Oosterling’s definition of intermediality where he uses Derrida’s theory of différance to explain the notion as a back and forth movement created by the interaction of media whose differences produce tension within the spectators. This tension suspends and postpones the audience’s meaning generation, thus opening the possibility of a multiplicity of meanings. As a result, the meaning of an interformance directly depends on the interrelationship of media and the subjectivity of the spectator.

Diss. Linköping : Linköpings universitet, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references.

Greifswald, Phil. Diss. v. 26. Juli 1937.

Diss.--Fakultät für Geschichtswissenschaft--Bochum--Ruhr-Universität, 1996. / Bibliogr. p. 323-343.

This study addresses the theatre of Romeo Castellucci’s group, the Socìetas Raffaello Sanzio, and its director’s engagement with visual arts. In particular, the study analyses the tenth episode M#10 Marseille of Castellucci’s major production Tragedia Endogonidia, a work composed of 11 episodes, each dealing with a European capital. Using the notion of intermediality, this thesis demonstrates how an intermedial performance integrates questions and principles connected with visual arts within the framework of a new concept of performance called ‘interformance’. The author introduces Henk Oosterling’s definition of intermediality where he uses Derrida’s theory of différance to explain the notion as a back and forth movement created by the interaction of media whose differences produce tension within the spectators. This tension suspends and postpones the audience’s meaning generation, thus opening the possibility of a multiplicity of meanings. As a result, the meaning of an interformance directly depends on the interrelationship of media and the subjectivity of the spectator.

La compréhension des mécanismes de bioaccumulation des contaminants organiques persistants (POP) dans les réseaux trophiques marins est un enjeu majeur pour l'évaluation des risques environnementaux liés aux pressions anthropiques, notamment en zone côtière. Le plancton joue un rôle pivot dans le devenir des PCB dans l'environnement marin, notamment sur la base des observations de fortes concentrations de ces contaminants chez les zooplanctonophages. Les processus d'accumulation de ces contaminants au sein du plancton restent mal connus. Dans le cadre du projet COSTAS, les teneurs en PCB dans trois classes de tailles de plancton ont été étudiées en baie de Marseille entre sept. 2010 et oct. 2011. Les concentrations étaient fortes en comparaison à d'autres mesures réalisées dans le golfe du Lion. Du fait des apports variables en PCB, aucun «effet de dilution par la biomasse» n'a pu être détecté. Le niveau de contamination est fortement corrélé aux conditions météorologiques qui augmentent les concentrations en PCB dans l'eau. Le passé récent des organismes planctoniques, caractérisable par leur taille ou leur teneur en lipides, ne montre pas d'influence sur les teneurs observées. Le rapport C/N met en évidence l'importance de la contribution des détritus dans les niveaux de contaminations des différentes classes de taille. Une bioamplification modérée mais significative avec la position trophique est mise en évidence par les signatures de δ15N. La relation linéaire entre les BAF et log Kow indiquerait que le partage à l'équilibre avec la phase aqueuse suffit à contrôler les niveaux de PCB dans le plancton. / The understanding of bioaccumulation mechanisms of persistent organic pollutants (POP) in marine trophic networks is a major issue for scaling environmental risks linked to anthropogenic pressure, particularly in coastal areas. The plankton is assumed to play a pivotal role in the fate of PCBs in marine environment, as highlighted by the high concentrations found in planktivorous predators. However the accumulation processes of these contaminants in plankton are still poorly documented. The COSTAS project aimed at improving our knowledge on this issue. PCB levels in three plankton size-classes were studied in the bay of Marseilles (N-W Mediterranean Sea), between September 2010 and Octobre 2011. Measured PCB concentrations in Marseille bay plankton were high in comparison to those measured in other areas of the Gulf of Lion. No "dilution effect" was detected, due to the high variability in PCB inputs in the bay.receive, . The level of contamination in plankton appeared directly linked to weather conditions which increase the PCB concentration either through continental inputs or by sediment re-suspension events and hydrodynamic transport. The recent history of plankton organisms, derived from their size or their lipid content, had no influence on their PCB concentrations. The C/N ratio highlights the contribution of detritus in driving the contamination levels measured in the various size-classes. A moderate but significant bioamplification through planktonic trophic levels was highlighted using δ 15N signatures. The linear relationship between BAF and log Kow would indicate that the equilibrium with water phase is sufficient to control the PCB levels in the plankton.

Cette biographie est née d’une insatisfaction et d’un constat : insatisfaction devant une lecture de la carrière de Gaston Defferre (1910-1986) souvent réduite au «maire de Marseille » – ignorant le législateur, parlementaire durant plus de quarante ans, ministre sous la IVe et la Ve République, et responsable socialiste incontournable - constat paradoxal de la longévité d’une carrière politique qui ne lui permit cependant jamais de jouer les tous premiers rôles. Son échec cinglant à la présidentielle de 1969 constitua à cet égard un tournant, sonnant le glas de ses ambitions nationales, au moment même où son pouvoir local était à son apogée. L’intérêt d’une biographie de Defferre réside par conséquent dans cette tension entre ancrage local et carrière nationale – caractéristique de bien des hommes politiques français. Comprendre sa trajectoire politique, jusque dans son inachèvement, nécessite de penser l’articulation de ces deux dimensions de son action, sans jamais les isoler l’une de l’autre. Croisant les papiers privés de Defferre et les archives publiques, locales et nationales, cette thèse aborde ainsi quatre grandes questions : la Résistance comme matrice et expérience structurante dans la carrière de Defferre - l’enracinement local comme ressource – garantie de longévité politique et amortisseur d’échec – et contrainte – sensible dans la décision politique – - le rapport du bourgeois et du notable au socialisme comme idéologie ainsi qu’au parti socialiste – auquel il fut indéfectiblement fidèle - l’homme d’Etat, enfin, à travers son œuvre législative, son rapport aux institutions et la façon dont il conjugua intérêt général, engagement socialiste et intérêt local. / I began my work on Gaston Defferre for two main biographical reasons : first of all I was unsatisfied by the fact that Gaston Defferre’s political career was often reduced in public discourse to « the Mayor of marseille » – thus ignoring the policy maker, and Member of parliament for over 40 years, in charge of a ministery many times under the 4th and 5th Republics, and major socialist leader - the second element was the paradox of a very long political career that never gave him the occasion to play any major part un French politics. His failure at the 1969 presidential election is to be regarded as an important break in his career, that put a final dot to his national ambitions meanwhile his local leadership was getting to an edge. This dynamic gap between local and national career, comparable to that of many other political french leaders, makes this biographic research relevant - examining firmly the link between both aspects helps understand why this career remained unfulfilled. This work, proceeding through comparisons between local and national public documents, as well as private ones, uncovers four series of questions : the Resistance regarded as a matrix and a structuring experience in Defferre’s career - the local settings that gave him political longevity and a parachute in the event of failure, as well as a real restraint for political decisions - his relation to socialism as an ideology and to the socialist party – to which he always remained faithfull - the statesman, his reforms, his relation to the institutions, and the way he dealt with general interest, his socialist commitment to local interest.

La thèse analyse les recompositions de la citoyenneté dans un contexte de rééchelonnement de l’État en France et au Québec. L’argument est que, dans un tel contexte, la citoyenneté nationale se rééchelonne. Le cadre théorique consiste en une relecture institutionnelle du concept de rééchelonnement de l’État développé par N. Brenner ainsi que certains apports des travaux de J. Jenson et S. Phillips sur les régimes de citoyenneté. La thèse compare les évolutions de politiques de gestion de la diversité ethnique - centrales dans l’analyse de la citoyenneté - à Marseille et Montréal au travers des reconfigurations des rapports entre acteurs institutionnels prenant place à l’échelle locale. Nous montrons que l’État national reste un acteur important de la régulation de la citoyenneté et que les villes et les échelons locaux de l’État ont acquis une marge de manœuvre par rapport à l’État central dans la mise en place de politiques régulant la citoyenneté à l’échelle locale. Néanmoins, à l’issue de la comparaison, des différences se font jour. Au Québec, l’État central conserve un contrôle important sur les politiques instaurées à l’échelle locale alors que ceci est moins le cas en France. Ces résultats indiquent que le rééchelonnement de l’État est plus fortement institutionnalisé en France qu’au Québec. Les apports de la thèse sont triples. En premier lieu, nous montrons que l’approche institutionnelle du rééchelonnement de l’État permet de mieux décrire les processus à l’œuvre dans différents contextes nationaux que ne le permet la perspective de N. Brenner. En second lieu, nous démontrons que le concept de citoyenneté urbaine ne permet pas de rendre compte des mutations actuelles de la citoyenneté. Enfin, nous montrons que le rééchelonnement de la citoyenneté s’est institutionnalisé en France, dans un État où la conception de la citoyenneté est traditionnellement considérée comme « unitaire », nuançant ainsi cette catégorie classique en science politique. / This doctoral dissertation aims at analyzing the current reconfigurations of citizenship in a context of state rescaling in France and Québec. In opposition to urban citizenship theories, we contend that in an era of globalization national citizenship is being rescaled. We use a theoretical framework based on an institutional version of N. Brenner’s state rescaling perspective and some arguments made by J. Jenson and S. Phillips in their works about citizenship regimes. The empirical analysis draws on a comparison between the policies of ethnic diversity management - which lie at the core of citizenship models - taking place in Marseille and Montreal. Through a study of the reconfigurations taking place in the relations between institutional actors at the local scale, we show first that in a context of state rescaling, national states’ regulatory capacities over citizenship are important and, second, that cities and local state services have gained room of manoeuvre vis-à-vis the central state in regulating citizenship while implementing policies at the local scale. Though we show that in both cases citizenship has been rescaled, differences have also been found. In Québec the central state has more control over the policies implemented at the local scale than in France. These results indicate that the process of citizenship rescaling is far more institutionalised in France than in Québec. The thesis makes contribution first to the literature on state rescaling in showing that an institutional perspective is best suited for the analysis of state rescaling processes in different countries. Second, regarding the literature about citizenship and globalization, we establish that the concept of urban citizenship cannot grasp the current transformations undergone by the institution of citizenship. Third, we show that citizenship rescaling processes are being institutionalised in a country known for its “Unitary” and “Republican” conception of citizenship. This last finding destabilizes a well-established category in the political science literature.

Les espaces urbains paupérisés, perdant leur identité culturelle et sociale, attirent des immigrés et leurs habitants ou usagers qui y ont un sentiment d'appartenance moindre, notamment parce que les projets de développement urbain sont rarement expliqués. Ainsi, il est nécessaire qu'une évaluation des facteurs orientant la perception des publics et de leurs espaces urbains soit établie : l'influence de la culture sur le type d'impression mentale généré par les zones urbaines et les élévations est indéniable dans nos études de cas, Marseille et Le Caire, comme elle l'est sur l'orientation de projets de développement urbain futur.La recherche propose de mettre en lumière l'influence des facteurs sociaux et culturels sur l'impression mentale que l'on peut avoir d'un espace urbain ? Alors, en étudiant « l'imagibilité » orientale et occidentale dans le contexte architectural et urbain, nous verrons, au-delà des similitudes des deux études de cas, Le Caire et Marseille, qu'il existe aussi une différence entre l'impression voulue et conçue par un spécialiste, que nous qualifions d'émetteur et celle perçue par son destinataire, le public, qu'il soit usager ou habitant / This subject of this thesis is “The Mental Image of Urban Areas”. It uses Cairo and Marseille as case studies. The research was fulfilled through an academic study of the historical development & urban growth of Cairo and Marseille. The aim was to identify the major elements forming of the mental image of the two cities. The researcher determined these elements through a historical and analytical study the urbanism and architecture of the two cities, with particular focus on downtown areas. Through a limited field study, conducted on a sample of residents in each city, the hypotheses developed by the researcher were tested to identify the important characteristics of the different mental impressions for both the eastern city (Cairo) and the western city (Marseille). As well as the social and cultural impacts, the researcher also identifies the physical elements of the mental impression the inhabitants have of the study areas