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Neste trabalho foram investigadas a atividade antialérgica de extratos, ou substâncias isoladas, obtidos de fontes naturais. Para isso foi utilizado o sistema biossensor baseado em mastócitos os quais liberam a enzima beta-hexosaminidase usada como marcador da degranulação. Para algumas substâncias naturais da classe dos flavonóides (quercetina-Qc e rutina-Rt) e ácidos polifenólicos (ácido dimetoxicinâmico-Dm e ácido cafeico-Cf), os ensaios biológicos foram conduzidos na presença de beta-ciclodextrina (beta-CD) a fim de estudar a eficiência do ensaio biológico e o efeito de complexação na atividade antialérgica. Inicialmente, foram investigadas, as propriedades espectroscópicas destes flavonóides e ácidos polifenólicos, na ausência, e presença de beta-CD. As mudanças nos espectros de absorção e fluorescência, em presença de beta-CD, mostraram que ocorre a associação dos fármacos com a beta-CD. Assim, as constantes de incorporação (Kc) foram determinadas pelo método de Higuchi e Connors e os resultados mostraram maior incorporação da Qc (Kc = 172 /M) na cavidade da beta-CD quando comparada a Rt (Kc = 139 /M). No caso dos polifenóis, Dm mostrou incorporação maior em relação ao Cf, com valores de Kc iguais a 718 e 278 /M, respectivamente. Os valores de Kc foram considerados apropriados para a aplicação de compostos de inclusão como agentes terapêuticos. Assim, os complexos de inclusão sólidos, foram preparados por uma adaptação do método da co-evaporação e caracterizados por Análise Termogravimétrica (TGA), Análise Térmica Diferencial (DTA), Calorimetria Diferencial de Varredura (DSC), espectroscopia na região do Infravermelho (FTIR) e Ressonância Magnética Nuclear de Prótons (1H-RMN). O parâmetro físico-químico para interação hidrofóbica (log P) foi determinado para os flavonóides e acidos polifenólicos e os resultados indicaram que a hidrofobicidade seguiu a seguinte ordem: Dm > Cf > Qc > Rt. Os complexos de inclusão foram mais eficazes para inibir a liberação da beta-hexosaminidase do que os fármacos na forma livre. A atividade anti-alérgica da Qc livre (IC50= 5,1 µM) mostrou um aumento de oito vêzes quando complexada com a beta-CD (IC50= 0,62 µM). Um aumento da atividade foi observado, também, para os complexos Rt/CD, Cf/CD e Dm/CD. Este efeito foi mais forte para os compostos com maior hidrofobicidade. A atividade antialérgica das substâncais naturais livres provenientes de várias classes de plantas tais como flavonóides, ácidos polifenólicos, terpenos, alcalóides e iridóides foi, também, investigada. Os flavonóides tais como quercetina (IC50= 5,1 µM), 7-metil quercetina (IC50= 6,2 µM), caempferol-3-glicosideo (IC50= 6,7 µM) and 4-O-(6-trans-p-coumaroil)--D-glicopyranosil okanina (IC50= 5,8 µM) mostraram a maior atividade antialérgica comparados ao fumarato de cetotifeno (IC50= 15,1 µM). Os extratos provenientes de diversas espécies de plantas tais como Bidens sulphurea, Bidens gardneri, Bidens graveolens, Mikania parodii Cabrera e Mikania pilosa Baker foram, também, investigados. Os resultados mostraram maior atividade para o extrato de Bidens obtido de acetato de etila. Este extrato é rico em derivados metilados de quercetina os quais exibiram forte atividade antialérgica quando utilizados no ensaio biológico como substância isolada. / Anti-allergic activity of extracts and isolated compounds obtained from natural sources was investigated using the mast-cell based biosensor system. Mast cells release beta-hexosaminidase enzyme which is used as a marker of degranulation. Flavonoids (quercetin-Qc and rutin-Rt) and polyphenolic acids (caffeic acid-Cf and dimethoxy cinnamic acid-Dm) were used as inclusion compounds with beta-cyclodextrin (beta-CD) in order to compare the efficiency of the biological assay and the anti-allergic activity of the drugs free or associated with beta-CD. Spectroscopic properties of the flavonoids and polyphenolic acids were monitored in the absence or presence of beta-CD. The absorbance and fluorescence spectra showed drug association with beta-CD; subsequently the stability constants (kc) of the drugs were obtained in accordance with the method of the Higuchi-Connors. The results showed higher association of Qc with beta-CD (Kc= 172 /M) compared to Rt (Kc= 139 /M). For the polyphenolic acids, Dm exhibited the higher association with beta-CD compared to Cf (718 and 278 /M respectively). The Kc values felt within the range considered adequate for the formation of inclusion complex, and they can be used to improve the bioavailability of the flavonoids and polyphenolic acids. The solid inclusion compounds were obtained by an adaptation of the co-evaporation method and characterized by Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TG), Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (1H NMR). Physico-chemical parameter for hydrophobic interaction (log P) was determined for the flavonoids and polyphenolic acids and the results indicated that the hydrophobicity followed the order: Dm > Cf > Qc > Rt. The inclusion complexes were more effective at inhibiting beta-hexosaminidase release than plain drugs. The anti-allergic activity of plain Qc (IC50= 5.05 M) showed eightfold improvement when included inside the beta-CD cavity (IC50= 0.62 M). Higher biological activity on the part of the complex was also observed for the complexes Rt/CD, Cf/CD and Dm/CD. This effect was stronger for the compounds with higher hydrophobicity. The anti-allergic activity of plain natural compounds from several classes of plants such as flavonoids, polyphenolic acids, terpenes, alkaloids and iridoids was investigated. Flavonoids such as quercetin (IC50= 5.1 µM), 7-methyl quercetin (IC50= 6.2 µM), kaempferol-3-glycoside (IC50= 6.7 µM) and 4-O-(6-trans-p-coumaroil)--D-glucopyranosyl okanin (IC50= 5.8 µM) showed the stronger anti-allergic activity compared with ketotifen fumarate, a reference drug (IC50= 15.1 µM). Extracts proceeding from different species of plants such as Bidens sulphurea, Bidens gardneri, Bidens graveolens, Mikania parodii Cabrera and Mikania pilosa Baker were also investigated. The results showed stronger anti-allergic activity for ethyl acetate extracts obtained from Bidens specie. This extracts are rich in methylated quercetin derivatives which showed strong anti-allergic activity when assayed as isolated substances

Candida albicans (C. albicans) constitui um fungo comum nas mucosas do trato gastrointestinal, incluindo cavidade bucal, que pode ocasionar candidose local ou invasiva, principalmente em estados de imunossupressão. Os mecanismos de defesa contra este fungo podem ser desencadeados pela ligação dos receptores de reconhecimento de padrões, TLR2 e dectina-1, aos seus ligantes, como a fosfolipomanana e os -glucanos encontrados na parede celular de C. albicans. Os mastócitos possuem estes receptores em sua membrana celular e residem nas interfaces com o ambiente, podendo constituir umas das primeiras linhas de defesa. Seus mecanismos imunes incluem síntese e secreção de mediadores, apresentação de antígenos, bem como atividades fagocitária e microbicida. Todos estes mecanismos de defesa podem ser desencadeados de forma independente ou cooperativa entre os receptores TLR2 e dectina-1. Deste modo, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar in vitro a ocorrência de fagocitose, a geração de óxido nítrico e peróxido de hidrogênio pelos mastócitos desafiados ou não com C. albicans, e a participação do TLR2 e dectina-1 nesses eventos. Para isto, mastócitos, diferenciados da medula óssea (BMMCs) de camundongos selvagens (BMMCs Wt) ou TLR2-/- (BMMCs TLR2-/-) foram desafiados com C. albicans. Células eram também bloqueadas in vitro com anticorpos específicos anti-dectina-1(BMMCs BD-1 e BMMCs TLR2-/-/BD-1). Os eventos foram analisados por meio de ensaio fluorescente de fagocitose, método colorimétrico de Griess e pelos kits DAF-FM diacetato, Cell Rox Deep e Amplex Red. Os resultados foram expressos através de porcentagem, valores médios e desvios padrão, obtidos a partir de pelo menos três experimentos independentes. As análises estatísticas foram realizadas através do teste ANOVA fatorial, seguido de Fischer. Entre os BMMCs Wt, houve maior taxa de fagocitose com uma maior produção intracelular de NO aos 60 minutos em comparação aos outros tempos. A liberação extracelular de NO foi maior aos 120 minutos em relação aos outros tempos. O número de leveduras fagocitadas aumentou com o tempo, porém com diferença significante somente entre os tempos de 30 e 120 minutos. Entre os BMMCs TLR2-/-, houve maior número de leveduras fagocitadas aos 60 minutos em comparação aos 120 minutos. Porém, a liberação extracelular de NO foi menor aos 60 minutos em relação aos outros tempos. Comparando-se com os BMMCs Wt, os BMMCs TLR2-/- apresentaram uma redução na taxa de fagocitose, aos 60 minutos, menor liberação de NO extracelular, em todos os tempos, e menor número de leveduras fagocitadas aos 120 minutos. Comparando-se com os BMMCs Wt, os BMMCs BD-1 e os BMMCs TLR2-/-/BD-1 apresentaram uma redução na taxa de fagocitose com uma menor produção intracelular de NO, aos 60 minutos, e menor liberação de NO extracelular, aos 60 e 120 minutos. Comparando-se com os BMMCs Wt, os BMMCs TLR2-/-/BD-1 apresentaram uma maior produção de NO intracelular, aos 30 minutos, e menor número de leveduras fagocitadas aos 60 e 120 minutos. Sendo assim, concluímos que os mastócitos são capazes de fagocitar C. albicans com concomitante produção de substâncias potencialmente candidacidas. Concluímos também que estes mecanismos envolvem o reconhecimento do fungo via TLR2 e dectina-1, principalmente de forma sinérgica. / Candida albicans (C. albicans) is a common fungus present in gastrointestinal tract mucosa including oral cavity, which may cause local or invasive candidiasis, especially in immunosuppression. The mechanisms of defense against this fungus may be triggered by the binding of the pattern recognition receptors TLR2 and dectin-1 to its ligands, such as phospholipomannan and -glucans found in the cell wall of C. albicans. Mast cells express these receptors on cell membrane and reside in the interfaces with the environment, and may be one of the first lines of defense. Their immune mechanisms include synthesis and secretion of mediators, antigen presentation, as well as phagocytic and microbicidal activities. These mechanisms can be triggered independently or cooperatively by TLR2 and dectin-1. Therefore, the aim of the study was to evaluate in vitro the phagocytosis, the generation of nitric oxide and hydrogen peroxide by mast cells challenged or not with C. albicans, and the involvement of TLR2 and dectin-1 receptors in these mechanisms. Bone marrow-derived mast cell (BMMCs) from wild type mice (BMMCs Wt) or TLR2-/- (BMMCs TLR2-/-) was challenge with C. albicans. Cells were also in vitro blocked with specific anti-dectin-1 antibodies (BMMCs BD-1 and BMMCs TLR2-/-BD-1). The mechanisms were analyzed using fluorescent phagocytosis assay, Griess colorimetric method and by DAF-FM diacetate, CellRox® Deep Reagent and Amplex® Red enzyme assays. Results were expressed by percentage, mean and standard deviations obtained from the least three independent experiments. Statistic was performed using factorial ANOVA and Fischer. Among BMMCs Wt, there was higher phagocytosis rate associated with increased intracellular NO production at 60 minutes, comparing to other periods. The extracellular release of NO was higher at 120 minutes comparing to other periods. The number of phagocytized yeasts increased over time, however with significant difference only among the 30 and 120 minutes. Among BMMCs TLR2-/-, there was higher number of phagocytized yeast at 60 minutes compared to 120 minutes. However, the extracellular release of NO at 60 minutes was lower comparing to other periods. In comparison to BMMCs Wt, the BMMCs TLR2-/- showed a reduction in the phagocytosis rate, at 60 minutes, lower release of extracellular NO, at all times, and fewer numbers of phagocytized yeast at 120 minutes. Compared to BMMCs Wt, the BMMCs BD-1 and BMMCs TLR2-/-/BD-1 showed a reduction in the phagocytosis rate with lower intracellular NO production, at 60 minutes, and decrease of extracellular NO release, at 60 and 120 minutes. Comparing to BMMCs Wt, the BMMCs TLR2-/-/BD-1 showed increased production of intracellular NO, after 30 minutes, and fewer phagocytized yeast, at 60 and 120 minutes. Therefore, we conclude that mast cells are able to phagocytose C. albicans with concomitant production of the potentially microbicidal substances. Also conclude that these mechanisms involve the fungal recognition via TLR2 and dectin-1, especially by means of synergistic way.

A injúria ao epitélio intestinal é uma das mais importantes complicações da sepse, associada à perda da integridade da barreira epitelial intestinal pela alteração da expressão de proteínas constituintes das tight junctions (TJ). Os dois subtipos de receptores de estrógeno são normalmente expressos na mucosa intestinal, sendo responsável pela manutenção da arquitetura do epitélio intestinal. Além disso, diversos modelos experimentais fisiopatológicos têm atribuído um papel imunomodulador ao estradiol. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a participação do estradiol na modulação da resposta inflamatória e na proteção da barreira epitelial intestinal durante a inflamação sistêmica induzida por lipopolissacarídeo (LPS; 1,5 mg/kg, i.v.) em ratas. As ratas foram ovariectomizadas e mantidas para recuperação durante 10-12 dias antes do experimento. Por três dias consecutivos, as ratas foram tratadas com cipionato de estradiol (50 ou 100 µg/kg, s.c.) ou óleo. Após 6h da indução da endotoxemia, foram avaliadas a permeabilidade intestinal pela injeção de dextrana FITC no íleo ou cólon, a translocação bacteriana nos linfonodos mesentéricos e as citocinas no plasma e na mucosa intestinal. Adicionalmente, a infiltração de mastócitos e neutrófilos foi avaliada no íleo e no cólon, a integridade das TJ e junções aderentes (JA) foi determinada por microscopia eletrônica de transmissão, e expressão das proteínas (ocludina, claudina-1, JAM-A, E-caderina) bem como suas localizações. Nossos resultados demonstraram que o estradiol reduziu a permeabilidade intestinal bem como preveniu a translocação bacteriana nos linfonodos mesentéricos induzidas pela administração de LPS. Em ratas endotoxêmicas tratadas com estradiol, as concentrações das citocinas pró-inflamatórias (TNF?, IL-6, IFN-? e IL-1?), migração de neutrófilos (atividade da mieloperoxidase) e degranulação dos mastócitos no íleo e no cólon foram reduzidas. O estradiol também reverteu a disfunção da barreira epitelial induzida pelo LPS, aumentando a expressão das proteínas das TJ, reduzindo a abertura das TJ e JA e atenuando os danos histológicos. Em conjunto, os resultados sugerem um papel protetor do estradiol, prevenindo a disfunção da barreira epitelialintestinal induzida pela inflamação sistêmica, possivelmente modulando a resposta inflamatória e a liberação de proteases de mastócitos. / Intestinal injury is one of the most important complications of sepsis, associated with the loss of integrity of the intestinal epithelial barrier due to the alteration of the expression of proteins that constitute the tight junctions (TJ). The two subtypes of estrogen receptors are normally expressed in the intestinal mucosa, being responsible for maintaining the architecture of intestinal epithelium. Moreover, several experimental pathophysiological models have been attributed the immunomodulatory role for the estradiol. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the role of estradiol in the modulation of the inflammatory response and the protection of the intestinal epithelial barrier during systemic inflammation induced for lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 1.5 mg / kg, i.v.) in rats. The female rats were ovariectomized and allowed to recover for 10-12 days before the experiment. For three consecutive days, rats were pretreated with estradiol cypionate (50 or 100 µg/kg, subcutaneous) or corn oil. At 6h after of endotoxemia induction, were evaluated the intestinal permeability by injecting FITC dextran into the ileum or colon, bacterial translocation in the mesenteric lymph nodes and plasma and intestinal mucosa cytokines levels. In addition, the infiltration of mast cells and neutrophils was evaluated in the ileum and colon, the integrity of the TJ and adherent junctions (JA) integrity was determined by transmission electron microscopy, and the protein expression (occludin, claudin-1, JAM-A, E-cadherin) as well as their localization. Our results demonstrated that estradiol reduced intestinal permeability as well as prevented bacterial translocation in the mesenteric lymph nodes induced by the LPS administration. In the endotoxemic rats treated with estradiol, the concentration of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF?, IL-6, IFN-? e IL-1?), neutrophil infiltration (myeloperoxidase activity), and mast cells degranulation were reduced in the ileum and colon. Estradiol also reverted the LPS-induced epithelial barrier dysfunction, increasing the expression of the TJ proteins, reducing TJ and AJ opening and attenuating the histological damages. Together, these results suggest a protective role for estradiol, attenuating damage to the intestinal epithelium induced by systemic inflammation, possibly due to modulation of the inflammatory response and the release of mast cells proteases.

Helmintheninfektionen induzieren in ihren Wirten Typ 2 (Th2) Immunantworten, welche parasitäre Larvenstadien hemmen und/oder zur Abstoßung von intestinalen Würmern führen. Th2-Antworten können auch gegenüber Umweltallergenen ausgebildet werden und allergische Reaktionen vermitteln. Mastzellen (MZ) spielen eine herausragende Rolle für die Wirtsantwort gegen Parasiten. Die Ergebnisse der vorliegenden Arbeit zeigen, dass eine Infektion von MZ-defizienten Mäusen mit Helminthen zu einer reduzierten Produktion von IL-25, IL-33 und TSLP, einer beeinträchtigten Etablierung von Th2 Immunantworten und einer erhöhten Wurmlast führt. Diese Parameter konnten allerdings nach einem erfolgreichen Transfer von Knochenmark aus Wildtypmäusen wiederhergestellt werden. Die vorliegende Arbeit beschreibt somit eine wichtige Funktion von Mastzellen für die Initialisierung von Th2 Immunantworten. Des Weiteren konnte gezeigt werden, dass ein Cystein-Protease-Inhibitor - AvCystatin sowohl Parameter von Atemwegsentzündung und -hyperreaktivität als auch Lieschgraspollen (Phl p 5b)-spezifische Immunantworten in einem klinisch relevanten Mausmodell für Atemwegsentzündung inhibiert. Gleichzeitig führte die Behandlung mit AvCystatin zu einem Anstieg von IL-10 und erhöhten Frequenzen von CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T Zellen. Die in vivo Effekte von AvCystatin wurden unabhängig von der Protease-inhibitorischen Aktivität des Immunmodulators oder dessen Fähigkeit zur Oligomerisation vermittelt. AvCystatin unterdrückte zudem die Allergen-spezifische Produktion von IL-13 und induzierte in vitro unter Verwendung mononukleärer Zellen aus dem peripheren Blut (PBMCs) von Graspollen allergischen Patienten einen IFN-gamma vermittelten Th1 shift. Zusammenfassend tragen die Ergebnisse der Arbeit zu einem besseren Verständnis für die frühen Ereignisse von Th2 Immunantworten bei und zeigen, dass Helminthenmoleküle Bystandereffekte auf Immunantworten vermitteln können, die gegen andere Antigene gerichtet sind. / Helminth infections induce protective type 2 (Th2) immune responses in the host leading to arrested larval development and/or intestinal worm expulsion. Moreover, Th2 immune responses are initiated against harmless environmental allergens and mediate development of allergic disease. Among multiple mechanisms implicated in host responses to parasites and allergens, mast cells (MCs) play a pivotal role. The present study shows that MC-deficient mouse strains following infection with two gastrointestinal helminths had dramatically reduced early production of the tissue-derived cytokines IL-25, IL-33, and TSLP, which resulted in impaired induction of Th2 immune responses as well as increased parasite burden. These parameters were restored after transfer of WT bone marrow. These data reveal an important role for MCs in orchestrating type 2 immune responses. Parasites have developed various strategies to modulate the immune system via induction of a range of regulatory mechanisms. In this study AvCystatin, the filarial cysteine inhibitor, was found to inhibit airway inflammation and hyperreactivity induced by a clinically relevant allergen of timothy grass pollen (Phl p 5b). AvCystatin increased levels of the regulatory cytokine IL-10 and total numbers of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T cells. The immunomodulatory effect in vivo was found to be independent of AvCystatin’s protease inhibitor activity or oligomerization. Finally, AvCystatin suppressed allergen-specific production of IL-13 and created a shift towards Th1 immunity by increased levels IFN-gamma of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from grass pollen allergic patients. The findings contribute to a better understanding of the early events that dictate the priming of type 2 immune responses. Furthermore, helminth product-induced suppression may also have effects on bystander responses to unrelated antigens, thus, suggesting a promising preventive and therapeutic concept in the treatment of aberrant inflammations.

Zusätzlich zu seiner Funktion innerhalb des Gerinnungssystems vermittelt Thrombin inflammatorische Reaktionen. Mastzellen (MZ) sind durch die Freisetzung von proinflammatorischen Mediatoren wie Maus-Mastzell Proteasen (MCPTs mouse mast cell proteases auch als mMCPs bekannt), Zytokinen und Chemokinen. charakterisiert. Da Thrombinrezeptoren, auch als Proteinase-aktivierbare Rezeptoren (PAR) bekannt, von MZ exprimiert werden, wurde untersucht ob eine MZ-Aktivierung über die Thrombin/PAR Interaktion bei einer dermalen Entzündung eine Rolle spielt. Die intrakutane Injektion von Thrombin in die Ohren von C57BL/6 Kit+/+ Mäusen löste eine sofortige kutane Entzündung, einhergehend mit einer starken Ohrschwellung, aus. Im Vergleich dazu war diese Schwellung in MZ-defizienten C57BL/6 KitW-sh/W-sh Mäusen deutlich stärker, was darauf hindeutet, dass MZ anti-inflammatorisch wirken. Die lokale Rekonstitution von C57BL/6 KitW-sh/W-sh Mäusen mit knochenmarksgenerierten MZ normalisierte diesen Effekt. Die quantitative histomorphometrische Untersuchung der MZ bestätigte zusätzlich eine starke Degranulation der MZ nach Thrombininjektion nach. PCR-Analysen der MZ wiesen die Expression aller bekannten Thrombin-Rezeptoren. Die Stimulation mit verschiedenen Konzentrationen von Thrombin oder PAR-agonistischen Peptiden führte zu einer dosis-abhängigen Degranulation der MZ, was nahe legt, dass die Degranulation der MZ für die Limitierung der thrombin-induzierten Entzündung nötig ist. Gestützt wird die Hypothese durch die Tatsache, dass Zellkulturüberstand von degranulierten MZ zu einer Inaktivierung der Thrombinaktivität führt. Des Weiteren führte die Injektion von Thrombin in die Ohren von MCTP4-defizienten Mäusen zu einer deutlich erhöhten Ohrschwellung im Vergleich zur korrespondierenden Wildtyp-Maus. Zusammengenommen zeigen die Ergebnisse, dass die sofortige thrombin-induzierte Entzündungsreaktion durch kutane MZ kontrolliert wird. Dieser Mechanismus wird teilweise durch MCPT4 vermittelt. / In addition to its function in the coagulation system, thrombin mediates inflammatory reactions. Mast cells (MCs) are characterized by releasing inflammatory mediators like mouse mast cell proteases (MCPTs, also designated mMCPs), cytokines, and chemokines, upon activation. Since thrombin-receptors, also known as Proteinase-activated receptors (PAR), are expressed by MCs, it was questioned whether MC activation via the thrombin/PAR axis plays a role in skin inflammation. Intracutaneous injection of thrombin in ears of C57BL/6 Kit+/+ mice induced immediate inflammatory skin reactions associated with a distinct ear swelling. This swelling was more pronounced in MC-deficient C57BL/6 KitW-sh/W-sh mice, indicating that MCs are anti-inflammatory, local reconstitution of C57BL/6 KitW-sh/W-sh mice with C57BL/6 Kit+/+ bone marrow-derived MCs normalized this effect. Additionally thrombin injection resulted in a strong degranulation of MCs assessed by quantitative histomorphometry. PCR analysis of MCs displayed expression of all known thrombin receptors. Stimulation with thrombin or PAR agonistic peptides resulted in a dose-dependent degranulation of MC, suggesting MC degranulation could be necessary for the limitation of thrombin-induced inflammatory responses. Supporting this hypothesis, supernatant from degranulated MCs inactivated thrombin activity. Furthermore, injection of thrombin in ears of C57BL/6 MCPT4-deficient mice, resulted in markedly increased ear swelling compared to the corresponding wild type mice. Together our results suggest that thrombin-induced immediate inflammatory skin reactions are controlled by cutaneous MCs, a mechanism partly mediated via MCPT4.

La plupart des cellules du système immunitaire sont des cellules sécrétrices capables de libérer des molécules immuno-modulatrices en réponse à des stimuli variés. Cette sécrétion régulée qui permet l’orchestration de la réponse immunitaire et inflammatoire est assurée grâce aux organites apparentés aux lysosomes (LRO) qui vont contenir les molécules nécessaires à la fonctionnalité des cellules immunes. On retrouve par exemple les granules lytiques des lymphocytes T cytotoxiques qui permettent à ces cellules d’effectuer leurs fonctions lytiques ou encore les granules de sécrétion des mastocytes qui contiennent les médiateurs de l’inflammation. Le transport et l’exocytose des LRO impliquent une machinerie commune et conservée. C’est notamment le cas de la petite GTPase Rab27 qui joue un rôle central dans le transport et la sécrétion de ces LRO. De précédentes études réalisées au sein de notre laboratoire ont pu mettre en évidence l’implication du complexe moléculaire Rab27a/Slp3/kinésine-1 dans le transport terminal des granules lytiques des lymphocytes T cytotoxiques chez l’homme. De plus, un modèle murin dont la chaîne lourde de la kinésine-1 est spécifiquement invalidée dans les cellules immunitaires a pu être généré. L’objectif de ma thèse a été dans un premier temps de caractériser le phénotype de ce modèle murin déficient pour la kinésine-1 puis d’analyser plus précisément l’impact de l’absence de la kinésine-1 sur la fonctionnalité des lymphocytes T cytotoxiques et mastocytes murins. Dans un premier temps nous avons pu montrer que les souris déficientes pour la kinésine-1 ont un phénotype comparable à celui des souris contrôles à l’état basal. Nous avons ensuite montré que l’absence de la kinésine-1 au sein des lymphocytes T cytotoxiques murins n’induit pas de défauts d’activation et de sécrétion des granules lytiques in vitro. Cependant les comportements des granules lytiques à la synapse immunologique semblent anormaux. Néanmoins après un test d’infection au LCMV, qui ne révèle aucunes différences entre les souris contrôles et déficientes en kinésine-1, nous en venons à la conclusion que des mécanismes compensateurs pourraient compenser l’absence de la kinésine-1 dans les lymphocytes T cytotoxiques chez la souris. Pour finir des études fonctionnelles réalisées au niveau des mastocytes murins nous ont permis de mettre en évidence l’implication de la kinésine-1 dans le mécanisme de transport des granules de sécrétion. En effet, l’absence de kinésine-1 conduit à des défauts de dégranulation des mastocytes in vitro mais aussi in vivo (souris moins sensibles aux chocs anaphylactiques). En revanche l’absence de kinésine-1 n’affecte pas les capacités d’activation et de sécrétion des cytokines des mastocytes. Enfin, nous avons pu caractériser le complexe moléculaire Rab27b/Slp3/kinésine-1 impliqué dans le transport des granules mastocytaires et avons pu constater que la formation de ce complexe était dépendante de la voie d’activation liée à la PI3K (Phospatidylinositol 3-kinase). Ce travail permet d’apporter de nouveaux éléments quant aux mécanismes gouvernant la sécrétion des granules mastocytaires et ouvre ainsi de nouvelles perspectives thérapeutiques pour le traitement des hypersensibilités de type 1 (dépendantes des IgE). / Most of immune cells are secretory cells capable of releasing immunomodulatory molecules in response to various stimuli. This regulated secretion, which allows the orchestration of the immune and inflammatory responses, is ensured by the lysosome-related organelles (LRO) which will contain the molecules necessary for the functionality of the immune cells. For example we found the lytic granules of cytotoxic T lymphocytes, which allow their lytic functions or the secretory granules of mast cells which contain the inflammatory mediators. The transport and exocytosis of LRO involves a common and conserved machinery. This is particularly the case of the small GTPase Rab27 which plays a central role in the transport and secretion of these LRO. Previous studies carried out in our laboratory have highlighted the involvement of the molecular complex Rab27a / Slp3 / kinesin-1 in the terminal transport of lytic granules of cytotoxic T lymphocytes in humans. In addition, a murine model in which the heavy chain of kinesin-1 is specifically invalidated in immune cells has been generated. The objective of my thesis was first to characterize the phenotype of this murine model deficient for kinesin-1, then to analyze more precisely the impact of kinesin-1 absence on the cytotoxic T lymphocyte and mast cell functionality. In a first step, we have been able to demonstrate that mice deficient for kinesin-1 have a phenotype comparable to the control mice in a basal state. We have then shown that the absence of kinesin-1 in murine cytotoxic T lymphocytes does not induce defects in activation and in lytic granules’ secretion in vitro. However, the behavior of the lytic granules at the immunological synapse seems abnormal. Nevertheless, after an infection essay with LCMV, which revealed no differences between control and kinesine-1-deficient mice, we conclude that compensatory mechanisms may complement the absence of kinesin-1 in mice. Finally, functional studies carried out on murine mast cells have enabled us to demonstrate the involvement of kinesin-1 in the mechanism of granules’ transport. Indeed, the absence of kinesin-1 leads to degranulation defects in vitro and also in vivo (mice were less sensitive to anaphylactic shocks). On the other hand, the absence of kinesin-1 does not affect the activation and cytokines secretion capacities of mast cells. Finally, we were able to characterize the molecular complex Rab27b / Slp3 / kinesin-1 involved in mastocytic granules’ transport and found that this complex formation was dependent on the PI3K-related activation pathway (Phospatidylinositol 3-kinase). This work allows us to introduce new elements for the mechanisms governing the secretion of mast cell granules and thus opens new therapeutic perspectives for the treatment of type I hypersensitivity (IgE dependent).

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar e comparar a reparação tecidual após incisões com os lasers de CO2 e de diodo, bisturi elétrico e convencional em língua e pele de 30 ratos Wistar. Incisões de 5 mm de comprimento por 2 mm de profundidade na pele, e de 2,5 mm de comprimento por 1 mm de profundidade na língua, foram feitas nestes tecidos, e os animais sacrificados nos intervalos de zero, 24, 48, 72 horas, 7 e 14 dias após as intervenções. Cortes histológicos foram obtidos das incisões e submetidos a 3 tipos de análises: quantificação do dano tecidual, de mastócitos e da densidade de colágeno tipo I. Os dados foram submetidos à análise estatística pelo teste ANOVA de Kruskal-Wallis e pelo teste de comparações múltiplas de Turkey-Kramer, com nível de significância estabelecida para P < 0,05. Os resultados mostraram que o dano tecidual na pele das incisões realizadas com lasers e bisturi elétrico foi significativamente maior do que o do bisturi convencional (P < 0,05). Quanto às incisões na língua, houve diferença significante de menor dano tecidual resultante da incisão do bisturi convencional comparado com o das incisões realizadas com laser de CO2 2 W, laser de diodo 4 W e bisturi elétrico (P < 0,05). A quantificação de mastócitos mostrou diferenças estatísticas entre as incisões realizadas com bisturi convencional em relação às outras incisões (lasers e bisturi elétrico), principalmente nas 48 e 72h, tanto na pele quanto na língua. Quanto à quantificação de colágeno, apenas no 7º dia houve diferença estatisticamente significante, ocorrendo maior quantidade de colágeno tipo I somente na incisão com bisturi convencional comparada com a do bisturi elétrico (P < 0.05). No 14º dia, os dados morfométricos de colágeno foram semelhantes em todas as técnicas utilizadas. Concluímos que no período final analisado do processo reparacional, os dados morfométricos foram semelhantes em todas as técnicas utilizadas, apesar das diferenças ocorridas quanto ao dano tecidual, quantificação de mastócitos e colágeno tipo I no início do processo. Em princípio, dentro de um mesmo padrão de incisão, todos os instrumentos cirúrgicos geraram um processo reparacional semelhante, variações entre eles podem estar associadas às características do tecido, como foi observado entre a pele e mucosa. / The aim of this study was to quantify and compare the healing process after incision with CO2 (2 W e 4 W) and diode lasers (2 W and 4 W), electrosurgery (2 W) and scalpel in the skin and tongue of Wistar rats (30 animals were used). One incision of each technique (6 in total) of 5 mm long and 2 mm deep was made in the dorsal skin and dorsal tongue. The animals were sacrificed at zero, 24, 48, 72 hours, 7 and 14 days after incisions. Histological sections were made from the wound areas and subjected to analyses of area of tissue damage, quantification of mast cells and density of collagen type I. The data were submitted to the ANOVA of Kruskal-Wallis and compared by Turkey-Kramer. The level of significance was set at 5% (P < 0.05). The results showed difference concerning area of tissue damage, occurring significant statistically difference between the incisions with scalpel compared with those of other techniques (lasers and electrosurgery) in skin (P < 0.05). On the tongue, there was statistical difference, with less tissue damage on scalpel incision compared with that of CO2 (2 W) and diode lasers (4 W) and electrosurgery incisions (P < 0.05). The quantification of mast in the incisions showed statistical differences between the incisions, especially in 48 and 72h, both on the skin and tongue. Concerning the collagen quantification, statistical difference was found only in 7 th day, the collagen types I was only more evident on scalpel incision than with the electrosurgery (P < 0.05). In 14 th day, the morphometric data were similar in all types of incisions. Based on these results, it is possible to conclude that at the end of the analyzed period, the morphometric data were similar in all techniques, even though there were differences concerning tissue damage, quantification of masts cell and collagen type I at the beginning of the process. Additionally, the healing process proceeds similarly in all this technique as long as the incisions are made in a similar pattern; variations may occur depending on the type of the tissue, as was shown here between the skin and tongue.

Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, sowohl die Auswirkungen einer veränderten Selenversorgung über die Nahrung als auch die Rolle des zentralen Transport- und Speicherproteins für Selen (Selenoprotein P, SepP) auf die intestinale Tumorigenese tierexperimentell zu untersuchen. Eine gestörte SepP-Expression, führte zur Ausbildung größerer Tumore. Durch eine Steigerung der Selenversorgung über die Nahrung eine signifikante Reduktion von Tumoranzahl und Gesamttumorfläche erzielt werden. Hierzu wurde den Tieren ab Tag 21 das Vierfache der empfohlenen Tagesdosis (RDA) für Selen verabreicht. Die Ergebnisse zeigten zudem, dass die Auswirkungen einer verminderten SepP-Expression durch eine nutritive Se-Supplementation kompensiert werden können. Der Verlust eines SepP-Allels war mit einer gesteigerten Infiltration von Mastzellen ins Tumorgewebe und höheren Il6-Spiegeln im Serum assoziiert. Auch waren die Tumore dieser Versuchsgruppen schlechter differenziert. Diese Resultate weisen auf eine modulatorische Wirkung von SepP auf die krebsbedingte Immunantwort hin und unterstreichen eine zentrale Rolle dieses Selenoproteins in Bezug auf anti-kanzerogene Wirkmechanismen von Selen. Die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit zeigen somit erstmals die Abhängigkeit protektiver Selen-vermittelter Effekte von einer optimalen SepP-Expression und die präventiven Fähigkeiten einer gesteigerten Selenzufuhr zur Kompensation eines nachteiligen Genotyps. Somit können gerade Menschen, die z.B. aufgrund ihrer genetischen Prädisposition ein erhöhtes Darmkrebsrisiko aufweisen von einer gesteigerten präventiven Supplementation profitieren. Dennoch zeigen Vorarbeiten und die Ergebnisse zu den transgenen Versuchstieren, dass es gerade in Bezug auf eine therapeutische Anwendung unabdingbar ist, ein wachstumsförderndes Potential einer solchen Intervention nach erfolgter Tumorinitiation auszuschließen. Hierzu muss in weitergehenden Studien noch eine geeignete Strategie entwickelt und getestet werden. / The aim of this work was to evaluate to which extend the gene expression of the central transport and storage protein for selenium (Selenoprotein P, SepP) is required to mediate health promoting effects and if these effects can be modulated by selenium supplementation. SepP+/--mice were crossed with Apcmin/+-mice to elucidate the potential disadvantage of a decreased SepP-expression. A third mouse strain, expressing human SEPP in liver, was used to study the beneficial effects of additional circulating human SEPP. Two diets with different selenium content were used to obtain better insights into how SepP-expression influences intestinal tumorigenesis. The loss of one SepP-allele resulted in the development of larger tumors. Overall tumor-count and -area could be reduced by increasing nutritional selenium concentrations. Increased tumorigenesis could thus be compensated for raising nutritional Se concentrations. Interestingly, the additional expression of human SEPP did not elicit any cancer-preventive action. An increased number of mast cells was found in tumorous tissue of SepP+/--mice. This was accompanied by a lower differentiation state and higher Il6 concentrations in serum of heterozygous mice. The results indicate that the SepP genotype is modulating the immune response and highlight the central role of SepP in mediating the anti-cancerogenic effects of Se. We are the first to show that protective effects of Se are related to the expression of SepP and that the negative outcome of a reduced expression can be alleviated by raising nutritional Se supply. Individuals with a higher risk for colorectal cancer may thus benefit from supplementation strategies. Nevertheless the data obtained from transgenic mice and the results of previous studies indicate that therapeutic administration of Se should be handled with care. Especially the potential danger of supplemental Se promoting tumor growth in advanced stages should be addressed in further investigations.

Die Mechanismen der Mastzell(MZ)-Homöostase in peripheren Geweben sind weitgehend unbekannt. Die Regulation der MZ-Zahlen schließt wahrscheinlich die lokale Proliferation der Gewebe-MZ sowie die Rekrutierung und Differenzierung von MZ-Vorläuferzellen ein, wobei das Gewebe den MZ-Phänotyp beeinflusst. Fibroblasten (Fb) induzieren die Proliferation und Differenzierung unreifer Knochenmark-generierter MZ (BMCMC) zu Bindegewebs-MZ (CTMC). Da BMCMC an Fb adhärieren, wurde untersucht ob dieser direkte Zellkontakt für die Fb-induzierte Proliferation und die Differenzierung zu CTMC entscheidend ist. Cokultur-Experimente mit BMCMC und Fb zeigten, dass die verstärkte Proliferation, der erhöhte Histamingehalt und die Induktion der Expression der MZ Protease 4 (MCPT-4) mRNA (beides Marker der CTMC) vom direkten Zellkontakt abhängen. Adhäsionsversuche mit blockierenden Antikörpern demonstrierten, dass die Interaktion von alpha4beta7 Integrin auf den BMCMC mit Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule 1 (VCAM-1), auf den Fb, an der Adhäsion beteiligt ist, die Proliferation und Differenzierung der MZ selbst jedoch nicht auslöst. Interessanterweise zeigten BMCMC die Kit, den Rezeptor für den wichtigen MZ-Wachstumsfaktor Stammzellfaktor (SCF), nicht exprimieren, ebenfalls die kontaktabhängigen Fb-induzierte Veränderungen, wenngleich im geringeren Ausmaß. Eine genomweite Expressionsanalyse wies schließlich die kontaktabhängige Hochregulation der Expression weiterer Gene, die mit dem Phänotyp der CTMC assoziiert sind, nach. Des Weiteren konnte die Verringerung der Expression bestimmter Gene gezeigt werden, die von unreifen MZ oder MZ-Vorläufern exprimiert werden. Insgesamt zeigen die Daten der hier vorliegenden Arbeit, dass für die durch Fb ausgelöste umfassenden Differenzierung und Ausreifung von unreifen MZ zu CTMC, eine teilweise durch VCAM-1/alpha4beta7 vermittelte direkte Zell-Zell-Interaktion notwendig ist, bei der sowohl Kit-abhängige, als auch Kit-unabhängige Signalwege involviert sind. / The precise mechanisms of mast cell (MC) homeostasis in peripheral tissues are largely unknown. Regulation of MC numbers is assumed to involve the proliferation of local MCs and the recruitment and subsequent differentiation of MC precursors, whereas the tissues determine the MC phenotype. Fibroblasts (Fb) induce proliferation and differentiation of bone marrow-derived cultured MCs (BMCMCs) towards connective tissue type MCs (CTMCs). Since BMCMCs exhibit adhesion to Fbs, it had been analyzed, whether this direct cell-to-cell crosstalk is mandatory for the differentiation towards CTMCs. It was found that Fb-cocultured immature MCs exhibit increased proliferation and histamine content and the induced expression of mast cell protease 4 (mcpt4) mRNA, both markers for mature CTMC, and that these changes required a directed cell-to-cell interaction. Adhesion Assays using blocking mAbs revealed that the interaction of alpha4beta7 integrin on BMCMCs with Fb-expressed Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule 1 (VCAM-1) is largely responsible for the adhesion, which itself didn’t induce proliferation and differentiation of MCs. Most notably, MCs deficient for Kit, the receptor for the MC growth factor stem cell factor (SCF), also showed a significant Fb-induced increase in histamine content, mcpt4 expression, and proliferation, albeit to a lesser extent than wildtype BMCMCs. Whole genome expression analysis showed contact-dependently upregulated expression of several genes associated with CTMC phenotype and functions. Furthermore, downregulation of genes associated with MC progenitors had been shown. Collectively, the data show that the Fb-induced substantial differentiation of immature MCs towards CTMCs requires a partly VCAM-1/alpha4beta7-mediated cell-to-cell interaction and involves both Kit-dependent and -independent signaling pathways.