Although the International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade has generated great interest from foreign aid donors, its impact. in terms of increased service levels has been poor. These disappointing results have been explained by the UN and other donors in terms of inadequate funding and lack of cost recovery, poor operations and maintenance, lack of personnel, unacceptable technology, poor logistics and non involvement of the beneficiaries. However, an alternative explanation revolves around factors contributing to poor project design. These include the lack of understanding of the development process, donor bias and self interest, and poor coordination and commitment by the recipient government. A review of the development and trends of contemporary aid philosophy and its translation in to rural development and water and sanitation projects, which led to the launch of the IDWSSD, provides a number of lessons that can be used to formulate a hybrid model for project design and the sector development process, that defines the relative roles of donors, recipient governments and people themselves. The model is based on coordinated development, community participation, and sector growth from pilot projects to large scale programmes. The developments in the rural water and sanitation sector that took place in Zimbabwe from 1974 to 1987, provide a unique opportunity to test this model using a systems analysis approach. After gaining Independence in 1980, Zimbabwe's development assistance funding grew tenfold with the influx of foreign donors, and major commitments were made by the new Government to rural development and the goals of the IDWSSD. However, the large investments in water and sanitation which included the preparation of a national master plan with external technical assistance, had both positive and negative impacts on the continuing development of the sector, the start of which can be traced back, well before Independence, to small pilot projects sponsored by non government organizations that used appropriate technology developed by the Rhodesian Government. This development process and the changing approach to project design is illustrated by a series of case studies of projects supported by multilateral and bilateral donors, and non government organizations, that were milestones during this period. Finally the project and sector development model is modified based on the practical lessons from Zimbabwe and recommendations for future practice are made together with suggestions for areas of further research.

Résumé : La coordination entre les politiques d'urbanisme et de transport, dans un nouveau contexte façonné par la montée en puissance des préoccupations environnementales et des enjeux du développement durable, est plus que jamais recherchée afin d'assurer une meilleure cohérence entre ces deux domaines. Ce travail a pour objectif d'analyser la place des politiques de mobilités urbaines au sein d'une politique plus globale de développement urbain durable.Beaucoup d'innovations et de bonnes pratiques dans le domaine du transport, proposant des modes alternatifs de déplacement, ont été adoptées pour répondre aux exigences du développement durable et surtout pour tenter de diminuer la place de la voiture particulière. Pour ce faire, des actions technologiques et organisationnelles doivent être insérées au sein de formes urbaines alternatives favorisant la ville à courte distance et la mixité et renforçant l'accessibilité (une des facettes du lien entre transport et urbanisme). De ce fait, la coordination et la complémentarité entre les politiques d'urbanisme, d'habitat et de transport ainsi qu'entre les acteurs aux échelles urbaine et interurbaine, doivent être renforcées.Cette recherche trouve son originalité dans l'étude comparative des quatre principales agglomérations de la région Champagne-Ardenne (Reims, Troyes, Charleville-Mézières et Châlons-en-Champagne), agglomérations de taille moyenne qui ont moins été étudiées que les grandes agglomérations. Elle examine comment les questions des déplacements et des mobilités ont été prises en compte dans les documents de planification stratégique de transport (SCoT et PDU). Alors que le lien entre transport et urbanisme se présente comme un des objectifs prônés par la loi SRU, qu'en est-il vraiment de la cohérence entre ces deux domaines en Champagne-Ardenne ? / Abstract : Mobility planning and urban sustainable development in Champagne-Ardenne. Analytical approach of the four main cities of Champagne-ArdenneCoordination between urbanism and transportation policies is more and more demanded in a new context characterized by an increasing concern for environmental issues and sustainable development. This research aims to analyse the role of urban mobility policies within more global sustainable development policies. Many innovative practices have been adopted in order to limit the importance of private cars and to foster alternative modes of mobility. This supposes to integrate technological and organisational actions into alternative urban forms favouring short distance, mixity and accessibility, which needs a better coordination between urbanism, dwelling and transportation policies at both urban and interurban scales.This research takes its originality from a comparative survey of the four main cities in Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, Troyes, Charleville-Mézières and Châlons-en-Champagne, i.e. mid-size cities that have been less studied than greater cities. It appreciates how mobility issues have been taken into account in strategic planning documents (SCOT, PDU). Since the link between mobility and city planning is one of the main objectives of the Solidarity and Urban Renewal act implemented in 2000, how far goes the coherence between these two fields of action ?Key-words : Strategic planning – Mobility planning policies – Urban mobility plans (PDU) – Master plans (SCOT) – Coherence between transport and urbanism – Champagne-Ardenne – Mid-size cities.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:58:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 4540.pdf: 11148268 bytes, checksum: df2bfa5e6cca53b1379c7bdd0c537bbf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-06-06 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / This Thesis is included on the discussion about the integration of the environmental dimension in the territorial management. More specifically, discuss the manner how the environmental issues have been treated in the tools and practices of management located at two territorial limits: in the municipal planning and in the regional planning by river basin. Even there have been advances related on the environmental concern in the territorial policies, this is one of the major frontiers of confrontation between agents who act and transform spaces, presenting situations of conflicts. The implementation of an integrated environmental management and planning deals with one of these challenges, the build of interfaces and joints among the tools and levels of the environmental policy with the municipal and regional policies. In this context, the general goal of this work is to analyze the relation between the environmental dimension and the municipal and regional planning, respectively, by the River Basin Plans and the Master Plans, specifically the Unit of Water Resources Management Tietê‐Jacaré from São Paulo State (UGRHI‐13). As research objects, were selected the River Basin Tietê‐Jacaré Plan and the Master Plans of Araraquara and São Carlos, both municipalities located at this territory. The research is exploratory, descriptive and analytic, considering the following categories of analyzes: definition of the local and regional units of management and planning; environmental tools in the river basin plan and in the urban plans; forums of local and regional management and planning; influence degree among the analyzed tools. Bibliographic and documentary revision and analyses, semi‐structured interviews and questionnaires were done. The regional planning by river basin presents a great potential about the integration aspects between the natural and human systems, from the proper use and occupation of territory, taking in account the social and environmental conditions. The River Basin Plan is a reference tool to guide the water use and land use in the respective region, although there are still gaps and difficulties in a more effective and expanded implementation. In the actual manner, it is considered as a tool extremely technical which has being poorly used in the management forums. It has being used more as a diagnosis of the environmental condition of the river basin than as a really inducer tool for policies. It doesn´t recognize the conflicts of land use and territorial organization as a vulnerability which needs to be addressed. The town planning is the principal conductive agent to the land use, mainly urban. In terms of territorial policies, the decisions are made at municipal levels. The master plans present opportunities to guide public policies which have been built from social forces, although still concentrate on the application of tools to urban zoning. The environmental conditions and aspects are presented as a margin thematic and weakly articulated with other policies. In the same way, there is a lack of regional aspects in the master plans, in order to understand that the environmental discussion presents an extension beyond the municipal limits. In the master plans appear few references to other forums and tools of regional planning, as the River Basin Plans and Committees. Therefore, the analysis of this work tried to demonstrate the complex relation among the policies, tools and forums of municipal and regional management and planning, showing the technical, political‐institutional and legal barriers which hinder the application of the Integrated Territorial Management concept. / Esta Tese se insere no debate sobre a integração da dimensão ambiental na gestão territorial. Mais especificamente, discute como a questão ambiental vem sendo tratada nos instrumentos e nas práticas de gestão localizadas em dois recortes territoriais: no planejamento municipal e no planejamento regional por bacias hidrográficas. Ainda que estejam ocorrendo avanços relativos à preocupação ambiental nas políticas territoriais, esta é uma das maiores fronteiras de embate entre os diversos agentes que atuam e modificam os espaços, apresentando situações de conflitos. A implementação de um planejamento e gestão ambiental integrados enfrenta como um de seus desafios, a construção de interfaces e articulações entre os instrumentos e esferas da política ambiental com as políticas regional e a municipal. Nesse contexto, o objetivo geral do trabalho é analisar a relação da dimensão ambiental com o planejamento regional e municipal, respectivamente, por meio dos instrumentos Planos de Bacia Hidrográfica e Planos Diretores Municipais, tendo como locus para análise a Unidade de Gerenciamento de Recursos Hídricos Tietê‐ Jacaré do Estado de São Paulo (UGRHI‐13). Como objetos de pesquisa, são selecionados o Plano de Bacia Hidrográfica Tietê‐Jacaré e os Planos Diretores de Araraquara e São Carlos, municípios inseridos nesse mesmo território. A pesquisa é exploratória, descritiva e analítica, considerando as seguintes categorias de análise: definição das unidades de planejamento e gestão regional e local; instrumentos de caráter ambiental contidos no Plano de Bacia e nos Planos Diretores; instâncias de planejamento e gestão regional e local; grau de influência entre os instrumentos analisados. São realizados levantamentos e análises bibliográficas e documentais, entrevistas semiestruturadas e questionários. O planejamento regional por bacias hidrográficas apresenta um grande potencial no que concerne aos aspectos da integração dos sistemas naturais e antrópicos, a partir do adequado uso e ocupação do território, tendo em vista as condições socioambientais. O Plano de Bacia Hidrográfica é um instrumento de referência para direcionar os usos da água e os usos do solo na respectiva região, embora ainda apresente lacunas e dificuldades para uma implementação mais efetiva e ampliada. Nos moldes atuais, trata‐se de uma peça excessivamente técnica que vem sendo pouco incorporada no cotidiano das instâncias de gestão. Tem se apresentado mais como um diagnóstico da situação ambiental da Bacia do que um instrumento indutor de políticas de fato. Não reconhece os conflitos de uso da terra e de organização territorial como uma vulnerabilidade que precisa ser enfrentada. O planejamento municipal é o principal agente condutor do uso do solo, sobretudo urbano. Em termos de políticas territoriais, é na escala municipal onde as decisões são tomadas. Os Planos Diretores Municipais têm potencial em nortear políticas públicas que foram construídas a partir das forças sociais, embora ainda concentram‐se na aplicação dos instrumentos voltados ao parcelamento e ao zoneamento urbano. As condições e os aspectos ambientais ainda apresentam‐se como uma temática periférica e pouco articulada com as demais políticas. Do mesmo modo, há uma falta de tratamento de questões de caráter regional nos Planos Diretores, no sentido de compreender que a discussão ambiental tem uma espacialidade que vai além dos limites municipais. Aparecem poucas referências a outras instâncias e instrumentos de planejamento regional, como os Planos e Comitês de Bacias Hidrográficas. Desse modo, as análises que percorreram as reflexões deste trabalho procuraram demonstrar a complexa relação entre as políticas, os processos, os instrumentos e as instâncias de planejamento e gestão municipal e regional, explicitando os obstáculos técnicos, político‐institucionais e legais que dificultam a aplicação do conceito de Gestão Territorial Integrada.

Segregation is frequently described as a consequence of the global restructuring of social, economic, and political expansions in which multicultural cities, like Malmö, become part of them. This study aims to highlight how visions of housing segregation and exclusion in the city of Malmö has been represented in the local policy documents (Master Plans) through the last three decades and to understand how a newly emerged glocal actor, known as BID Malmö, have impacted the urban governance in the city. In order to investigate these developments, this study applies two analytical frameworks. In terms of policy analysis, it employs a what’s the problem represented to be? (WPR) approach and for the conceptualization of BID Malmö applies the theory of the Global City. Policy analysis shows that urban segregation has been persistent in the city of Malmö through the last three decades, however the representation of problem has shifted vibrantly from placing citizens as the main cause of housing segregation during 1990s to an arena that includes contingent processes and practices that need to be tackled. Policy analysis also shows that Malmö municipality, through shifting the burden of responsibility, now promotes partnership between public and private actors to reduce exclusion based on specific district needs. Moreover, this study argues that the city of Malmö, because of the cross-border network of global cities, is now a space where one can identify formation of new types of global politics of place where informal political actors are emerging and can actually impact the urban governance. Finally, this study maintains that the city of Malmö, along with its newly emerged glocalized actor, fit into the theory of the Global City, by Saskia Sassen. Therefore, this study has also a deductive qualitative analysis.

<p>  </p> <p>Although airports of all sizes have incorporated sustainability practices into planning, there is a gap in literature concerning the impacts of sustainability initiatives on airport operations and stakeholders. This multiple case study sought to explore the impact assessment methods used by six small hub airports (cases) that received the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) airport sustainability Airport Improvement Program (AIP) grants to prepare airport sustainability planning documents.</p> <p>The objective of the study was twofold. The first objective was to gain in-depth understanding of sustainability metrics and Key Performance Indicators (KPIs), and sustainability impact assessment methods and tools used by small hub airports. The second objective was to develop a preliminary framework for assessing the impacts of sustainability initiatives in airports. Three types of data were collected airport sustainability planning documents, archival records, and interviews with 14 airport executives and two airport planning consultants. Sustainability planning processes, sustainability assessment methods and tools, and sustainability metrics and KPIs were identified from data for each case and compared to one of the most comprehensive industry-specific airport sustainability rating systems, the Airport Cooperative Research Program (ACRP) <em>Report 119: Protype Airport Sustainability Rating System: Characteristics, Viability, and Implementation Options</em>. Interview responses from airport executives and consultants were used to corroborate information in the sustainability planning documents.</p> <p>The findings of this study showed more commonalities than differences in the approaches to sustainability impact assessment by the six small hub airports in this study. Commonalities were evident in the criteria for selecting sustainability initiatives, indicating that cost and return on investment were the major factors. In addition, small hub airports in this study reported similar challenges on tracking sustainability metrics and KPIs, indicating that more work is needed in this area. The differences noted were driven by airport operating conditions such as geographical location and local community goals. </p>