“Identity” constitutes one of the most debates theoretical concepts in the domain of postcolonial studies. Scholars often have a historical perspective for examining the question of identity in contemporary literary works. In fact, in the last three decades of the 20th century, we notice a significant increase in the number of literary works of an autobiographical and biographical nature. In the contemporary literature, the predominance of “personal narratives” in which reflect on identity, could be attributed to the heightened sense of individuality, which in turn results from the failure of Grand Ideologies, the mass migrations triggered by the processes of decolonization, the alienation of the consumerist society, and the fundamental redefinition of gender roles in the latter half of the 20th century. But during this period, there is also a parallel epistemological shift that takes place, and which is sometimes downplayed in the historical approach of the postcolonial studies. The episode in the history of ideas, known as “the death of the Subject,” is commonly associated with the structuralist movement in the 1950s and 60s. Structuralists argued that the human mind is traversed by omnipresent structures that play a much more significant role in the creative process than the conscious mind. In the case of language for example, it is not we who make use of the language, but rather, it is the language that evolves and produces itself through our mental structures. With language, human agency is also questioned in literary creation. As a result, literary critics take issue with such notions as “self,” and “self-writing,”-or autobiography. In France, the New Novel was the locus for the literary representation of structuralist theories, and played an important role in the formalist movement of the 1950s and 1960s. Using various techniques, the New Novelists sought to annihilate the anthropocentric narration or otherwise underscore the passive experience of reality by the Subject. The result was a highly formalist type of novels, predominant in the 50s and 60s, drawing mostly an elite intellectual readership. But May 1968 events marked a departure from the structuralist ideology in general, and the literary esthetics of the New Novel in particular. This political, social, and cultural upheaval in France was a ramification of the global student movement against institutional apparatuses and different forms of political establishment. In France, it was also a reaction to the elitist academism that denied the “human,” and to a literary expression that negated individuals and their personal stories. May 1968 protests objected to the monopoly of elite institutions on discourse and knowledge, and that they aspired to a “democratization” of discourse. The increase in the number of autobiographical and biographical works after 1970s, could therefore be viewed as a dialectical response to the formalism of the New Novel. This epistemological shift opened up the discursive space for narratives of “self” and “identity.” These narratives document a highly subjective experience of reality in a rapidly-changing world. Most importantly, they reflect the preoccupations of the contemporary individual as well as the transformations of the social life, and as such, narratives of family, exile, sexuality, and quotidian abound. The personalization of the experience goes so far as to call into question the very meaning of reality and History, and thus the “referential” genres autobiography and biography are new writing practices “autofiction” and “biofiction” which maintain an ambiguous rapport with the referential reality.

none

The term “Indian” has come to represent not the Indigenous peoples of North America but the European construct of an entire people. My dissertation examines this construct with a view to answering the following question: to what extent is “the Indian” not simply a White or a European invention, but a German one? In my dissertation I investigate the origins and trace the development of the image of North American Indigenous peoples in three works of German fictional prose from the period between the late eighteenth-century and the late nineteenth-century: Sophie von la Roche (1730-1807), Erscheinungen am See Oneida (1798); Charles Sealsfield (1793-1864), The Indian Chief or, Tokeah and the White Rose (1829) and Karl May (1842-1912) Winnetou I-III (1893). My analysis shows the role that representations of North American Aboriginals played and continue to play as stereotypes of the Other in the ongoing and complex processes of German identity-formation. The three works belong to different moments in a historical period of rapid change, but their authors have made a significant contribution to the enduring image of the Aboriginal. All three authors mobilize an image of Indigenous populations that reveals tensions in the representations of the European and the Aboriginal characters. Chapter One discusses La Roche’s emphasis on the underdevelopment that she believed existed in Aboriginal society in the realms of education and culture. Chapter Two examines how Sealsfield championed Manifest Destiny by showing that the archaic political system of the Oconee, which he based on the Metternich regime, led to the tribe’s demise. Chapter Three considers May’s Winnetou as an elegiac reflection on the “dying man,” and the author’s motivation in creating a fantasy Blood Brotherhood of Germans and Apache. All three authors seem to work with the distinction between the “good Indian” and the “bad Indian.” This dissertation argues that the distinction creates a simplistic dichotomy that fails to fully describe the roles of Aboriginal characters in the texts examined. I maintain that it is the words and actions of Aboriginal characters in the narratives, when read in a more nuanced way, show that they are more intricate literary creations than perhaps the authors intended. The Epilogue challenges the reader to consider the future of this German image in a global context. Bear Witness’ short film The Story of Apinachie and her Redheaded Warrior is used as a case study. In his short film, Witness confronts the audience with a provocative juxtaposition of two stock images of Aboriginal peoples, one from a West German Karl May film and the other from the video game Virtual Fighter V. Witness shows that Aboriginal peoples are aware of the German image of Indigenous cultures and are now slowly beginning to reclaim these images as their own in the context of a postcolonial discourse.

The term “Indian” has come to represent not the Indigenous peoples of North America but the European construct of an entire people. My dissertation examines this construct with a view to answering the following question: to what extent is “the Indian” not simply a White or a European invention, but a German one? In my dissertation I investigate the origins and trace the development of the image of North American Indigenous peoples in three works of German fictional prose from the period between the late eighteenth-century and the late nineteenth-century: Sophie von la Roche (1730-1807), Erscheinungen am See Oneida (1798); Charles Sealsfield (1793-1864), The Indian Chief or, Tokeah and the White Rose (1829) and Karl May (1842-1912) Winnetou I-III (1893). My analysis shows the role that representations of North American Aboriginals played and continue to play as stereotypes of the Other in the ongoing and complex processes of German identity-formation. The three works belong to different moments in a historical period of rapid change, but their authors have made a significant contribution to the enduring image of the Aboriginal. All three authors mobilize an image of Indigenous populations that reveals tensions in the representations of the European and the Aboriginal characters. Chapter One discusses La Roche’s emphasis on the underdevelopment that she believed existed in Aboriginal society in the realms of education and culture. Chapter Two examines how Sealsfield championed Manifest Destiny by showing that the archaic political system of the Oconee, which he based on the Metternich regime, led to the tribe’s demise. Chapter Three considers May’s Winnetou as an elegiac reflection on the “dying man,” and the author’s motivation in creating a fantasy Blood Brotherhood of Germans and Apache. All three authors seem to work with the distinction between the “good Indian” and the “bad Indian.” This dissertation argues that the distinction creates a simplistic dichotomy that fails to fully describe the roles of Aboriginal characters in the texts examined. I maintain that it is the words and actions of Aboriginal characters in the narratives, when read in a more nuanced way, show that they are more intricate literary creations than perhaps the authors intended. The Epilogue challenges the reader to consider the future of this German image in a global context. Bear Witness’ short film The Story of Apinachie and her Redheaded Warrior is used as a case study. In his short film, Witness confronts the audience with a provocative juxtaposition of two stock images of Aboriginal peoples, one from a West German Karl May film and the other from the video game Virtual Fighter V. Witness shows that Aboriginal peoples are aware of the German image of Indigenous cultures and are now slowly beginning to reclaim these images as their own in the context of a postcolonial discourse.

As one of the oldest and most innovative financial institutions, a clearinghouse efficiently clears and settles payments for equity transactions as well as other securities. However, this paper will only be concerned with common and preferred equity securities. The purpose of a clearinghouse is to reduce counterparty risk. It acts as an intermediary between two parties, so that the risk of one party failing to honor its contractual obligation is diminished. It reduces settlement risk through netting, the process of eliminating offsetting transactions, thus decreasing the amount of cash flow. I examine the impact of the New York Stock Exchange Clearinghouse upon its establishment in May 1892. Specifically, I analyze the clearinghouse’s effect on trading costs for different equity securities, scrutinizing the effects on bid-ask spreads. I find that once a firm joined the NYSE clearinghouse, both its relative and absolute bid-ask spreads are narrowed, representing an overall reduction in spreads of 5.28 percent.

The thesis is a study of the May Fourth Spirit in Lin Hai-yin¡¦s novel. Her acceptance of the May Fourth literature thoughts and May Fourth women¡¦s novel had affect her writing. The first chapter is the research history of Lin Hai-yin¡¦s novel and theory of this thesis: Aesthetics of reception, narratology and Feminist Literary Criticism. In the second chapter we research Lin Hai-yin¡¦s personal history during the time of May Fourth. The May Fourth Spirit had affect her vision, but because her marginal perspective, which made her novel more objective and unique. The third chapter is the influence of May Fourth women¡¦s novel in Lin¡¦s. On the theme, subject matter, writing strategy, she followed these writer¡¦s strategy, but present more profound thoughts which different from them. In the fourth chapter we discuss the plot and characters of Lin¡¦s novel. The narrator in Lin¡¦s novel is usually a woman. Through these women¡¦s eyes, we saw a women¡¦s world that has solid sisterhood. We also saw the faces of men in her novel which are weak and escape from making decision are not the same with the traditional men¡¦s character kinds. And there also shows her concern of society through these characters. The last chapter is discussing Lin¡¦s novel¡¦s acceptation and influences in Taiwan. In past criticism, her novel¡¦s theme had been seen like homesick. But the writing strategy of women during the anti-commu period is selected themes that considered not important, like love, marriage¡Ketc. to show they concerned society by these characters¡¦ fate. In conclusion we affirmed Lin Hai-yin¡¦s novel has great value, and she is one of the most important novelists in the 1950¡¦s age.

Thesis (M.A.)--Rutgers University, 2009. / "Graduate Program in Anthropology." Includes bibliographical references (p. 435-461).

The Republican period in Chinese history (1911-1949) is generally seen as a series of anti-imperialist and anti-foreign movements that coincide with the development of Chinese nationalism. The continual ties between Chinese nationalists and Japanese intellectuals are often overlooked. In the midst of the Sino-Japanese war, Uchiyama Kanzō, a Christian pacifist who was the owner of the bookstore, acted as a cultural liaison between May Fourth Chinese revolutionaries who were returned students from Japan, and Japanese left-wing activists working for the Communist cause, or visiting Japanese writers eager to meet their Chinese counterparts. I explore the relationship between Japanese and Chinese cultural literati in Shanghai, using Uchiyama Bookstore as the focal point. The ongoing Sino-Japanese tensions surrounding the "history problem" overemphasize the views of the right-wing nationalists and the Japanese state, dismissing the crucial role of left-wing groups. Uchiyama is a key link to understanding the ideological connection between Pan Asian anti-war activists in the pre-war period with peace activists in post-war Japan who were often accused of being "China's hand." Uchiyama, valued for his prewar connections with prominent Chinese intellectuals, becomes one of the founding members of Sino-Japan organizations upon his return to Japan after the war. I situate non-governmental Sino-Japanese organizations within the larger peace movement in Japan, which are transnational, in contrast with intergovernmental organizations that operate on the basis of nation-states. This work will contribute towards a growing recognition of histories that transcend nations, by focusing on both Chinese and Japanese cosmopolitan individuals who continued to form ties with each other, even as their respective nation-states were either at war, or did not have normalized diplomatic relations. I hope to also shed new light on histories of Republican China and post-war Japan, as well as explore issues related to empire and globalization in East Asia. / text

No description available.

No description available.