This diploma thesis deals with the adventure novel Winnetou I by Karl May and with its practical use in foreign language lessons. The first part is focused on the didactics of literature and on the issue how literature can contribute to the development od pupils' competences and which methods could be used in this process. It also introduces the personality of Karl May in relation to his adventure novel Winnetou I. The second part presents an alternative teaching and learning material that was elaborated on the basis of the adventure novel Winnetou I.

Introdução: A Insuficiência Venosa Crônica (IVC) é responsável pela grande maioria dos sintomas vasculares que acometem os membros inferiores, podendo levar a graves sintomas. A Síndrome de compressão Venosa Cavo-ilíaca (SCVCI) é cada vez mais reconhecida como importante causa da IVC e os métodos de imagem utilizados para o seu diagnóstico fornecem informações anatômicas, mas não trazem informações fisiológicas claras. A importância diagnóstica dos Gradientes pressóricos venosos Cavo-ilíacos precisa ser mais bem estudada e esses ainda não foram comparados ao método padrão-ouro atualmente disponível, o Ultrassom Intravascular (UI). Esse estudo tem como objetivo avaliar a correlação entre as medidas de Pressão intravenosa (PI) e Gradientes pressóricos (GP) e a presença de obstrução venosa significativa no Sistema Cavo-Ilíaco (SCI) estabelecida pelo UI, para o diagnóstico da SCVCI em pacientes portadores de IVC avançada dos membros inferiores. Método: Foram incluídos 50 pacientes com IVC avançada (Classificação CEAP 3 ou superior) de, ao menos, um dos membros inferiores, sem melhora após um ano de tratamento clínico, totalizando 100 membros inferiores. Todos os pacientes foram submetidos, prospectivamente, aos exames de Ultrassom Vascular com Doppler Colorido (UVDC), Angiotomografia Computadorizada Helicoidal (ACTH), Flebografia Multiplanar Ascendente (FMA), Medidas de pressão intravenosa e Ultrassom Intravascular (UI). Os membros inferiores estudados foram divididos em dois grupos: Grupo 1 com obstrução <50% ao UI e Grupo 2 com obstrução >= 50% ao UI. A correlação entre os gradientes e demais variáveis quantitativas foi realizada utilizando o Coeficiente de Spearman. As Curvas ROC foram utilizadas para avaliar qual o melhor desempenho entre os gradientes, na discriminação do grau de obstrução. O desempenho diagnóstico isolado dos GP em comparação com o UI foi avaliado por meio das medidas de Sensibilidade, Especificidade, Valor Preditivo Positivo, Valor Preditivo Negativo e Acurácia. A concordância dos exames com o UI foi realizada por meio do Kappa e do teste de McNemar. A Análise de Regressão Logística foi utilizada para avaliar a contribuição dos GP com a Flebografia, na identificação de pacientes com obstrução significativa. Foram utilizados os programas R (Versão 3.1.0) e SPSS (Versão 2.0). Valores de p<0,05 foram considerados significativos. Resultados: O Grupo 2 apresentou maior predomínio de acometimento do membro inferior esquerdo e maior pontuação nas escalas Visual Analógica para Dor (EVAD), no Escore de Severidade Clínica Venosa (ESCV) e no Questionário de Qualidade de Vida SF-36 (QQV SF-36). As pressões Femorais em repouso (PVF-r) e após hiperemia (PVF-h), bem como os Gradientes Fêmoro-Cava após hiperemia (GFC-h) e o Gradiente Femoral hiperemia-repouso (GFh-r) mostraram-se significativamente mais elevados no Grupo 2 (p=0,001; <0,001; 0,002 e 0,006, respectivamente). As mesmas pressões e gradientes apresentaram correlação significativa com o grau de estenose ao UI, pela análise do Coeficiente de Sperman (PVF-r 0,350, p<0,001; PVF-h 0,379, p<0,001; GFC-h 0,302, p=0,002; GFh-r 0,218, p=0,029), sendo que o melhor desempenho para diagnóstico entre esses parâmetros, pela análise de Curva ROC, foi alcançado pelos gradientes GFC-h e GFh-r. Entretanto, o desempenho diagnóstico isolado dos GP, quando comparados ao UI, apresenta baixos valores de Sensibilidade (<40%), Valor preditivo Negativo (<60%) e Acurácia (<30%), bem como, valores de concordância baixos ao Kappa (<0,3) e discordância desproporcional com o UI pelo teste de McNemar (p<0,05). Os melhores resultados foram encontrados com o UVDC, com ACTH e com a FMA. Ao combinar os resultados da FMA com os GP, ocorre melhora significativa no desempenho diagnóstico, especialmente com a associação da FMA com o GFC-h. Conclusão: Existe correlação significativa entre as Pressões e GP venosos e o grau de estenose aferido ao UI. Entretanto, essa correlação não se traduz em bom desempenho diagnóstico dos GP. O GFC-h acrescenta informação significativa à Flebografia, na identificação dos casos com obstrução >-50% ao UI. / Introduction: Chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) is responsible for most of the vascular symptoms affecting the lower limbs, and can lead to severe complications. Iliac vein compression syndrome (IVCS) is increasingly recognized as an important cause of CVI. The imaging methods used for its diagnosis provide anatomical information but not clear physiological information. The diagnostic importance of the cavo-iliac vein pressure gradients (VPG) requires further study, and they have not yet been compared with the currently available gold standard, the Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS). The aim of this study was to evaluate the correlations between intravenous pressure (IP) and VPG, and the presence of significant IVUS-diagnosed venous obstruction in the cavo-iliac system, for assessment of IVCS in patients with advanced CVI of the lower limbs. Method: The study included 100 lower limbs of 50 patients with advanced CVI (Clinical-Etiology-Anatomy-Pathophysiology - CEAP classification 3 or higher), without symptoms improvement after one year of clinical treatment. All patients prospectively underwent Color Doppler vascular Ultrasound (CDVU), Helical Computed Tomography Angiography (HCTA), Multiplane Ascending Phlebography (MAP), IP measurements, and IVUS. The studied limbs were divided into Group 1 with obstruction <50% by IVUS and Group 2 with obstruction >=50% by IVUS. Spearman\'s correlation coefficient was used to compare gradients and other quantitative variables. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to evaluate the best performance among the gradients for determination of the degree of obstruction. Isolated diagnostic performance of PGs was compared with the IVUS for Sensitivity, Specificity, Positive predictive value, Negative predictive value, and Accuracy. The agreement between the evaluation methods and IVUS was determined using the Kappa statistic and McNemar\'s test. Logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the contribution of PG to the MAP in identifying patients with significant obstruction. R (Version 3.1.0) and SPSS (Version 2.0) were used for statistical analysis. Values of p<0.05 were considered significant. Results: Group 2 showed a higher prevalence of left lower limb impairment and higher scores on the Visual Analogue Pain Scale (VAPS), the Venous Clinical Severity Score (VCSS), and the Short Form (SF)-36 Quality of Life questionnaire (QOL SF-36). Femoral pressures at rest (FP-r) and after hyperemia (FP-h), Femorocaval gradient after hyperemia (FCG-h), and Femoral gradient after hyperemia (FG-h) were significantly higher in Group 2 (p=0.001, <0.001, 0.002, and 0.006, respectively). Using Spearman\'s correlation coefficient, the same pressures and gradients showed a significant association with the degree of stenosis by IVUS, (FP-r 0.350, p<0.001; FP-h 0.379, p<0.001; FCG-h 0.302, p = 0.002; FG-h 0.218, p=0.029), and the best diagnostic performance among these parameters, using ROC curve analysis, was obtained with the FCG-h and FG-h gradients. However, the isolated diagnostic performance of the PG, when compared with the IVUS, showed low values for sensitivity (<40%), negative predictive value (<60%), and accuracy (<30%), as well as low kappa concordance values (<0.3) and inconsistent disagreement with IVUS, using McNemar\'s test (p <0.05). The best results were found with CDVU, HCTA, and MAP. Combining MAP results with PG led to a significant improvement in diagnostic performance, especially for the association between MAP and FCG-h. Conclusion: There was a significant correlation between VP and PG and the degree of stenosis measured by IVUS. However, this correlation did not result in good diagnostic performance by the PG. The FCG-h adds significant information to MAP in the identification of cases with obstruction >-50% by IVUS.

À l’image des cas exposés par Freud, les romans de May Sinclair sont des objets déconcertants. Souvent qualifiés de textes hybrides qui se tiendraient à mi-chemin entre deux époques (celle des victoriens et le modernisme), ils se distinguent également par l’importance accordée aux discours théoriques. Esprit curieux au parcours singulier, May Sinclair est en effet également une essayiste prolifique, dont les publications sur le vote féminin et la condition des femmes, les articles de psychologie et de psychanalyse (issus de son implication auprès de la pionnière Medico-Psychological Clinic), les critiques littéraires ou les développements sur le néo-idéalisme semblent être en dialogue constant avec ses écrits de fiction. Ceux-ci ne sont jamais pour autant des romans à thèses. Bien au contraire, la prose sinclairienne s’attache systématiquement à remettre en question le cadre de référence, à prolonger le questionnement ou à affiner l’analyse, et propose ainsi un contrepoint intéressant aux modèles woolfiens de représentation du féminin. Afin de saisir ce qui fonde la démarche sinclairienne et de la situer dans son contexte intellectuel et artistique immédiat, ce travail propose une étude du dialogue intertextuel transdisciplinaire entre les différents travaux d’écriture Sinclair. Il s’agit plus précisément de montrer comment la pensée par cas et la pratique de l’étude de cas, telle qu’elle était pratiquée par Freud au tournant du XXe siècle, vient influencer la fiction sinclairienne, placée sous le signe d’une négociation singulière entre l’énigme et le modèle, entre l’abstrait et l’inconnu. / May Sinclair’s novels, like Freud’s case narratives in their times, rely on singularity. If their conflicting Victorian and modernist dynamics are often underlined, another type of structural hybridity is also perceptible, namely the important role played by theoretical discourses. May Sinclair is indeed a prolific essayist, whose papers on femininity and women Suffrage, on psychology and psychoanalysis (based on her involvement with the Medico-Psychological Clinic), and on her neo-idealist philosophy, as well as her many literary reviews, are ingrained in her fiction, which still manages to stay away from any form of didacticism. Indeed, Sinclair’s fiction seems to constantly try and challenge its theoretical framework and raises new issues on the representations of feminine consciousness. It thus provides us with an interesting counterpoint to Woolf’s. In order to highlight the specific dynamics of Sinclair’s approach to fiction and to situate Sinclair’s novels within their intellectual and artistic context, this thesis explores the transdisciplinary, intertextual dialogue between Sinclair’s fiction and non-fiction. More precisely, this work aims at showing how the psychoanalytical case-based reasoning method initiated by Sigmund Freud at the turn of the twentieth century plays a central role in Sinclair’s writings, which appears as a complex negotiation between enigma and model, or between the abstract and the unknown.

In dieser Arbeit wird die Wirkungs- und Entstehungsgeschichte des Schauspiels „Der Andere“ (1893) von Paul Lindau (1819-1839) untersucht. Der Fokus richtet sich auf die vielfältigen intertextuellen und intermedialen Verknüpfungen des Stückes, die sich über einen Zeitraum von 40 Jahren erstrecken. „Der Andere“ inszeniert einen Fall von Bewusstseinsspaltung, in welchem der Protagonist, ein angesehener Berliner Staatsanwalt, unwissentlich ein nächtliches Doppelleben führt und infolgedessen einen Einbruch in sein eigenes Haus begeht. Hier wird insbesondere den Wechselbeziehungen von medizinischen und medialen Diskursen nachgegangen, da „Der Andere“ nicht nur von nervenmedizinischer Seite als psychiatrischer Fall aufgegriffen, sondern 1913 unter Beteiligung Lindaus als erster deutscher 'Autorenfilm' und 1930 als erster Tonfilm Robert Wienes produziert worden ist. Während filmhistorische Untersuchungen den Befund der errungenen 'Feuilletonfähigkeit' des Stummfilmes festhielten, blieb das Interesse an dem Theaterstück von Seiten der Literaturwissenschaft bislang gering. Ihm war der Status als Vorlage beschieden, die aufgrund ihrer gespaltenen Hauptfigur Verbindungen zu Robert Louis Stevensons „Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde“ und Hippolyte Taines „De l'Intelligence“ herzustellen scheint, welche bis heute undifferenziert als zentrale Prätexte tradiert worden sind. Verfolgt man hingegen die Spur von weniger prominenten Prätexten, ergibt sich ein vollständigeres Bild. Es stellt sich heraus, dass Lindau eine wesentliche Anregung aus einer unter Pseudonym verfassten französischen Novelle bezog, die er selbst ins Deutsche übersetzte, und dass das Spaltungskonzept von „Der Andere“ diesem Prätext samt seiner Anlehnung an Hippolyte Taine folgt. Auch verweist die Novelle Jeanne Weills auf einen prominenten Fall des Mediziners Adrien Proust, dem Vater Marcel Prousts, der einen straffällig gewordenen Juristen hypnotisch behandelte. Die Diagnose alternierender Bewusstseinszustände führte in diesem Fall zur Annullierung des Schuldspruchs. Durch den Wechsel in das Medium Film konnten wiederum Verbindungen etabliert werden, die den Bezug auf diese Prätexte verlagerten, überschrieben und/oder aktualisierten. So zieht der Stummfilm als wissenschaftliche Rückversicherung allein die schon damals überholte Studie Taines heran, während die spätere Tonverfilmung das psychoanalytische Konzept Freuds als Erklärungsmuster anbietet. Die Untersuchung zeigt am Beispiel von „Der Andere“, dass mediale, literarische und psychologische Diskurse fest miteinander verwoben sind. Ideen und Konzepte zirkulieren zwischen ihnen, weshalb sich die Grenzen zwischen authentischen und fiktiven Fallgeschichten als durchlässig erweisen. Im Falle von „Der Andere“ setzten diese Austauschprozesse eine besonders hohe Produktivität frei.

Thesis (M.A.)--Florida State University, 2005. / Advisor: Dr. Dennis Moore, Florida State University, College of Arts and Sciences, Program in American and Florida Studies. Title and description from dissertation home page (viewed June 17, 2005). Document formatted into pages; contains iv, 51 pages. Includes bibliographical references.

Introdução: A Insuficiência Venosa Crônica (IVC) é responsável pela grande maioria dos sintomas vasculares que acometem os membros inferiores, podendo levar a graves sintomas. A Síndrome de compressão Venosa Cavo-ilíaca (SCVCI) é cada vez mais reconhecida como importante causa da IVC e os métodos de imagem utilizados para o seu diagnóstico fornecem informações anatômicas, mas não trazem informações fisiológicas claras. A importância diagnóstica dos Gradientes pressóricos venosos Cavo-ilíacos precisa ser mais bem estudada e esses ainda não foram comparados ao método padrão-ouro atualmente disponível, o Ultrassom Intravascular (UI). Esse estudo tem como objetivo avaliar a correlação entre as medidas de Pressão intravenosa (PI) e Gradientes pressóricos (GP) e a presença de obstrução venosa significativa no Sistema Cavo-Ilíaco (SCI) estabelecida pelo UI, para o diagnóstico da SCVCI em pacientes portadores de IVC avançada dos membros inferiores. Método: Foram incluídos 50 pacientes com IVC avançada (Classificação CEAP 3 ou superior) de, ao menos, um dos membros inferiores, sem melhora após um ano de tratamento clínico, totalizando 100 membros inferiores. Todos os pacientes foram submetidos, prospectivamente, aos exames de Ultrassom Vascular com Doppler Colorido (UVDC), Angiotomografia Computadorizada Helicoidal (ACTH), Flebografia Multiplanar Ascendente (FMA), Medidas de pressão intravenosa e Ultrassom Intravascular (UI). Os membros inferiores estudados foram divididos em dois grupos: Grupo 1 com obstrução <50% ao UI e Grupo 2 com obstrução >= 50% ao UI. A correlação entre os gradientes e demais variáveis quantitativas foi realizada utilizando o Coeficiente de Spearman. As Curvas ROC foram utilizadas para avaliar qual o melhor desempenho entre os gradientes, na discriminação do grau de obstrução. O desempenho diagnóstico isolado dos GP em comparação com o UI foi avaliado por meio das medidas de Sensibilidade, Especificidade, Valor Preditivo Positivo, Valor Preditivo Negativo e Acurácia. A concordância dos exames com o UI foi realizada por meio do Kappa e do teste de McNemar. A Análise de Regressão Logística foi utilizada para avaliar a contribuição dos GP com a Flebografia, na identificação de pacientes com obstrução significativa. Foram utilizados os programas R (Versão 3.1.0) e SPSS (Versão 2.0). Valores de p<0,05 foram considerados significativos. Resultados: O Grupo 2 apresentou maior predomínio de acometimento do membro inferior esquerdo e maior pontuação nas escalas Visual Analógica para Dor (EVAD), no Escore de Severidade Clínica Venosa (ESCV) e no Questionário de Qualidade de Vida SF-36 (QQV SF-36). As pressões Femorais em repouso (PVF-r) e após hiperemia (PVF-h), bem como os Gradientes Fêmoro-Cava após hiperemia (GFC-h) e o Gradiente Femoral hiperemia-repouso (GFh-r) mostraram-se significativamente mais elevados no Grupo 2 (p=0,001; <0,001; 0,002 e 0,006, respectivamente). As mesmas pressões e gradientes apresentaram correlação significativa com o grau de estenose ao UI, pela análise do Coeficiente de Sperman (PVF-r 0,350, p<0,001; PVF-h 0,379, p<0,001; GFC-h 0,302, p=0,002; GFh-r 0,218, p=0,029), sendo que o melhor desempenho para diagnóstico entre esses parâmetros, pela análise de Curva ROC, foi alcançado pelos gradientes GFC-h e GFh-r. Entretanto, o desempenho diagnóstico isolado dos GP, quando comparados ao UI, apresenta baixos valores de Sensibilidade (<40%), Valor preditivo Negativo (<60%) e Acurácia (<30%), bem como, valores de concordância baixos ao Kappa (<0,3) e discordância desproporcional com o UI pelo teste de McNemar (p<0,05). Os melhores resultados foram encontrados com o UVDC, com ACTH e com a FMA. Ao combinar os resultados da FMA com os GP, ocorre melhora significativa no desempenho diagnóstico, especialmente com a associação da FMA com o GFC-h. Conclusão: Existe correlação significativa entre as Pressões e GP venosos e o grau de estenose aferido ao UI. Entretanto, essa correlação não se traduz em bom desempenho diagnóstico dos GP. O GFC-h acrescenta informação significativa à Flebografia, na identificação dos casos com obstrução >-50% ao UI. / Introduction: Chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) is responsible for most of the vascular symptoms affecting the lower limbs, and can lead to severe complications. Iliac vein compression syndrome (IVCS) is increasingly recognized as an important cause of CVI. The imaging methods used for its diagnosis provide anatomical information but not clear physiological information. The diagnostic importance of the cavo-iliac vein pressure gradients (VPG) requires further study, and they have not yet been compared with the currently available gold standard, the Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS). The aim of this study was to evaluate the correlations between intravenous pressure (IP) and VPG, and the presence of significant IVUS-diagnosed venous obstruction in the cavo-iliac system, for assessment of IVCS in patients with advanced CVI of the lower limbs. Method: The study included 100 lower limbs of 50 patients with advanced CVI (Clinical-Etiology-Anatomy-Pathophysiology - CEAP classification 3 or higher), without symptoms improvement after one year of clinical treatment. All patients prospectively underwent Color Doppler vascular Ultrasound (CDVU), Helical Computed Tomography Angiography (HCTA), Multiplane Ascending Phlebography (MAP), IP measurements, and IVUS. The studied limbs were divided into Group 1 with obstruction <50% by IVUS and Group 2 with obstruction >=50% by IVUS. Spearman\'s correlation coefficient was used to compare gradients and other quantitative variables. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to evaluate the best performance among the gradients for determination of the degree of obstruction. Isolated diagnostic performance of PGs was compared with the IVUS for Sensitivity, Specificity, Positive predictive value, Negative predictive value, and Accuracy. The agreement between the evaluation methods and IVUS was determined using the Kappa statistic and McNemar\'s test. Logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the contribution of PG to the MAP in identifying patients with significant obstruction. R (Version 3.1.0) and SPSS (Version 2.0) were used for statistical analysis. Values of p<0.05 were considered significant. Results: Group 2 showed a higher prevalence of left lower limb impairment and higher scores on the Visual Analogue Pain Scale (VAPS), the Venous Clinical Severity Score (VCSS), and the Short Form (SF)-36 Quality of Life questionnaire (QOL SF-36). Femoral pressures at rest (FP-r) and after hyperemia (FP-h), Femorocaval gradient after hyperemia (FCG-h), and Femoral gradient after hyperemia (FG-h) were significantly higher in Group 2 (p=0.001, <0.001, 0.002, and 0.006, respectively). Using Spearman\'s correlation coefficient, the same pressures and gradients showed a significant association with the degree of stenosis by IVUS, (FP-r 0.350, p<0.001; FP-h 0.379, p<0.001; FCG-h 0.302, p = 0.002; FG-h 0.218, p=0.029), and the best diagnostic performance among these parameters, using ROC curve analysis, was obtained with the FCG-h and FG-h gradients. However, the isolated diagnostic performance of the PG, when compared with the IVUS, showed low values for sensitivity (<40%), negative predictive value (<60%), and accuracy (<30%), as well as low kappa concordance values (<0.3) and inconsistent disagreement with IVUS, using McNemar\'s test (p <0.05). The best results were found with CDVU, HCTA, and MAP. Combining MAP results with PG led to a significant improvement in diagnostic performance, especially for the association between MAP and FCG-h. Conclusion: There was a significant correlation between VP and PG and the degree of stenosis measured by IVUS. However, this correlation did not result in good diagnostic performance by the PG. The FCG-h adds significant information to MAP in the identification of cases with obstruction >-50% by IVUS.

本文所謂「五四意識在台灣」係指三方面而言。其一、在思想觀念上，台灣這一政治社會實體所蘊生的文化思想體係，對五四思想文化觀念的接受、批判、轉化和變遷；其二、從人物與台灣的關聯淵源上著手，考量其深淺遠近，以及出版著作在台灣的傳播影響；其三、在資料性質上，以呈現出台灣五四特質的出版論著、對話回憶、成果回顧；包括中國大陸及海外之資料，也以對於台灣五四思想研究和闡述為主。在此三者的界定下加以運用說明，並且從「五四意識在台灣」，逐漸產生「台灣的五四意識」的發展趨向，形成與其他五四觀點相通但也有區別的五四立論，表現出台灣特殊時空環境下對五四的認知和變遷的理路。 五四意識在台灣，隨著不同政治文化形勢的轉變，分別呈現橫向移植與縱向傳承的特色，亦是無可否認的客觀事實。以台灣史的分期而論，五四曾以不同姿態，經過三次主要的起落，分別在不同時期展現其不同的歷史角色。首先在1920年代開始至30年代初期，五四主要以台灣新文學及新文化啟蒙的形態，以《台灣民報》等報章雜誌為途徑，傳播、影響了台灣思想文化運動。初始是以黃呈聰、陳端明、黃朝琴等人扮演重要的推手；1924年以後，張我軍（1902–1955）鼓吹的白話新文學更掀起了全面的論戰與風潮。直到隨著中、日關係的緊張及日本軍國主義的肆虐，30年代中葉遂步入衰退期；況且台灣新文學及新文化，也於此之前就產生了本土化及左翼化的現象。張我軍、許乃昌、賴和、黃呈聰、黃得時、陳端明、蘇薌雨等曾經留（遊）學中國的台人，其努力未竟全功，可說只有橫向的移植，難以形成有效、廣泛且影響持續的縱向傳承。除了掀起新舊文學、白話文及台灣話文的論爭外，對新文化的思想啟蒙雖有一定的成效，但都為擁有強勢政經實力的日本文化壓制，終而在戰爭後期成為以日文為主導的文化主流，加上日本的現代化本較中國成功，因而除了民族主義的號召——「對抗同化」與彌補認同「文化的缺口」等心理層面的需求之外，台灣實質現代化的動力，不應忽視日本帶來的影響。有人認為日治時期五四在台灣的移植，是一個「失敗的移植」。 但即算是失敗，也仍有其影響，並成為後來五四意識在台灣延續的火苗。從思想文化史的角度來說，五四意識實未曾在台灣完全斷絕過。 其二、在1945年戰後，由於大陸籍各式立場文人的來台，加上五四有著濃厚的中國民族主義色彩，再度於台灣引起討論，也可謂是「再中國化」的文宣教材之一。其中，魯迅是相當具有代表性的五四人物，此時期對於他的紀念與研究，象徵著1949年之前，兩岸無分省籍的推崇。經過二二八至白色恐怖的鎮壓，五四左翼風潮瞬間殞落，因此一段左翼風潮持續時間短暫，故可以一漣漪視之。然即在稍後，跟隨國民黨遷台，1950年代初期，五四以來的自由主義知識份子，亦期盼在台灣獲得一片新天地，冀盼一方面以五四自由傳統作為反共的利器，另一方面則能以此思想價值作為鞭策國民政府實現民主憲政、自由理想的指標。五四自由主義傳統影響的文人、學者，甚至政治人物移居台灣後，五四自由主義的思想觀念，在當時反共的需求下，反而得到在台灣落地生根的機會，戰後台灣民主自由觀的形成，與反對運動精神形塑的第一階段，頗受胡適、雷震與殷海光等五四自由傳統人物的影響。 余英時認為《自由中國》陣營可說是「五四」主流的新發展，他們結合本土勢力與一黨專政的對抗，終於使得民主、自由的種子流傳下來，因而雷震、殷海光在後來的反對黨方面仍享有很高的聲望， 甚至造成後來五四思想觀念在台灣縱向傳承的可能，其影響幾延續至今。五四口號——「民主」、「科學」一時之間又頗受強調，《自由中國》陣營的胡適、雷震、殷海光是主要代表，特別殷海光是此時宣揚五四精神的首屈建筆，此一趨向在《自由中國》與國民黨日趨緊張後，五四更成為批判國民黨的符號象徵。1960年9月《自由中國》停刊，特別是在1962年2月胡適去世之後，除了《文星》、《大學雜誌》的局部火花之外，五四意識在台灣的延續，又告中落，政治霸權又再一次壓抑了思想文化、自由民主的發展進程。 其三、此種情況，直到五四60週年（1979年）前後，由於中國大陸民主運動的勃興，及國民黨當局希望藉由相對中國的民主開放，而以繼承五四理想正統自居的地位，批判中共的專制政體。被壓抑許久的五四紀念風潮，瞬時大舉復甦，幾乎延續至1989年中國八九民運之時，五四成為中國民主自由燈塔的形象更為鞏固。不過，或許極盛而衰，也大約在此時，台灣民主政治的發展，已逐步邁向新的階段，本土化趨向勢不可擋，五四80週年紀念的氣氛已不如60、70週年時熾烈，但台灣主體的五四觀，卻在此期間趁勢而起，更彰顯了台灣歷史多元的文化特色，五四在台灣又進入了新的階段，未來的演變仍值得持續觀察。但是，政治力量——無論台灣本身或是中國大陸的情勢，都深深影響了台灣歷史文化的演變，五四意識即是其中突出的事例。 在這三起三落一漣漪中，五四意識在台灣並非突然興起，或突然完全斷裂已至消失終止，而是在退潮時，以隱而未顯的方式，繼續存在台灣社會的角落，以不同的型態延續存在。如以文學形式、或在批判五四、學術思想等方面，都仍有五四的遺緒和影響。特別是從思想史的角度而論，浪漫主義、唯理主義的探討與批判一直是貫穿台灣五四意識史的重要部份。五四是台灣政治、社會、思想文化史的極具意義的大熱點的原因，除了兩岸關係對立複雜又難以逃避之外，台灣國家認同的問題亦是凸顯五四意識在台灣變遷重要性的一大關鍵。無論統獨的立場如何，雙方多能夠肯定五四對於提倡自由民主的理想價值，也都肯定胡適、雷震、殷海光等五四自由思想人物；若不以成敗論英雄的話，他們對台灣、中國的努力，實是具有歷史前瞻性的貢獻，也是兩岸雙方應共同珍視的文化資源。此外，通過長期的五四探究與批判，產生了五四以降，政治、社會、思想文化建設的諸多觀點，其中林毓生「傳統的創造性轉化」的思考，可說是其針對五四意識型態化的思想困局，所提出的解決方案。 / May Fourth Consciousness in Taiwan are very important for our.The May Fourth Movement was part cultural revolution, part social movement. On the cultural side, the students had been inspired in the preceding two decades by Western thought, creating a feeling of frustration and dissatisfaction with Chinese tradition. In the intellectual ferment that resulted from this, answers were sought for the questions why and how China had lagged behind the West. Taiwan intellectual user May Fourth Consciousness look for Taiwan and China's modern world.

Submitted by Maicon Juliano Schmidt (maicons) on 2015-07-06T14:43:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Fernando Schumann.pdf: 3125506 bytes, checksum: 2619389913d90e6922ec60563241a56a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-06T14:43:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fernando Schumann.pdf: 3125506 bytes, checksum: 2619389913d90e6922ec60563241a56a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-27 / Nenhuma / A eficiência ou não dos mercados é um assunto que permanece polemizado por diversos acadêmicos e profissionais do mercado, na medida em que alguns sugerem sua eficiência, e outros se mostram contrários a essa ideia. Nesse contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho é o de verificar se os mercados acionários brasileiros podem ser considerados eficientes, na forma fraca, bem como investigar a possiblidade de existência de anomalias de mercado conhecidas como "efeito segunda-feira" e "efeito sell in may and go away". Com a finalidade de verificar a eficiência de mercado, utilizamos os testes de raiz unitária Dickey-Fuller Aumentado (ADF) e Phillips-Perron (PP). Para a constatação de presença do efeito segunda-feira, empregamos dois procedimentos, quais sejam: estimação dos coeficientes de regressão com o uso de variáveis dummies e teste de Wald, para averiguar uma possível igualdade estatística dos coeficientes; e teste F da Anova e teste de Kruskal-Wallis, para verificação de igualdade de médias e medianas, respectivamente. No que concerne à apuração do efeito sell in may and go away, foram utilizados apenas os testes F da Anova e teste de Kruskal-Wallis. Os resultados apresentados sugerem a eficiência do mercado na forma fraca, bem como a não identificação do efeito segunda-feira. No entanto, foi constatada a presença do efeito sell in may and go away para os ativos CSNA3 e USIM5, de acordo com a metodologia proposta, ou seja, uma sazonalidade favorável nos meses de novembro a abril para os respectivos ativos, o que, em suma, contraria a Hipótese de Mercados Eficientes (HME). / The efficiency of the markets or not is a matter that remains polemic by several academics and market professionals, in the sense that some studies suggest its effectiveness, and others show themselves against this idea. In this context, the aim of this work is to verify whether the Brazilian stock markets may be considered efficient in the weak form, as well as investigate the possibility of existence of market anomalies known as “Monday Effect” and “Sell in may and go away Effect”. In order to verify the market efficiency, we used Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) and Phillips-Perron (PP) unit root tests. For the observation of Monday effect presence, we employed two procedures, namely: estimation of the regression coefficients using dummy variables and Wald test to investigate a possible statistical equality of the coefficients; and Anova F test and Kruskal-Wallis test to check for equality of means and medians, respectively. Regarding the calculation of Sell in may and go away effect, it was used only Anova F and Kruskal-Wallis tests. The results suggest the market efficiency in the weak form, as well as the no identification of Monday effect. However, it was found the presence of Sell in may and go away effect for the assets CSNA3 and USIM5, according to the methodology proposed, that is, a favorable seasonality in the months from November to April for the respective assets which, in short, contradicts the Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH).

I denna studie undersöks socialsekreterarens moraliska värderingar och resonemang i en situation där polis kräver henne på sekretessbelagd information om en klient med utvisningsbeslut. Studien är genomförd med en kvalitativ vinjettmetod där 10 respondenter, samtliga yrkesverksamma socialsekreterare, tagit del av ett fiktivt fall och utifrån detta besvarat ett tiotal frågor kring värderingar, dilemman och beslutsfattande. Data har analyserats med hjälp av en innehållsanalys. Analysen har genomförts genom Zygmunt Bauman och Tim May ́s  teori om ansvar och moraliskt handlande samt Simone de Beauvoirs teori om människans utövande av frihet. Resultatet visar att samtliga respondenter ställer sig kritiska till polisens order samt upplever en konflikt mellan personliga värderingar och arbetsplikt. Majoriteten uppger att de skulle sätta sina personliga värderingar åt sidan och i första hand agera utifrån vad de anser vara arbetsplikten. Flertalet beskriver samtidigt kompromissande strategier, där deras personliga värderingar får ta plats genom tysta och individuella motståndsstrategier, för att på så vis kringgå det upplevda moraliska dilemmat. Resultatet visar sammanfattningsvis på en stor variation i socialsekreterarens handlande och uppfattning av personligt och yrkesmässigt ansvar, samt upplevelse av frihet. / In this study, the social worker ́s moral values and reasoning are investigated in a situation where the police require her to handle out secret classified information about a client with deportation decisions. The study was conducted with a qualitative vignette method in which10 respondents, all working social workers at the social services, responded to a fictitiou scase, answering ten questions about values, dilemmas and decision-making. Data has been analyzed using a content analysis. The analysis was carried out through Zygmunt Bauman and Tim May's theory of man ́s moral action as well as Simone de Beauvoir's theory of man'sexercise of freedom. The result shows that all respondents are critical to the police's orders and they all experience a conflict between personal values and work obligations. The majority state that they would put aside their personal values and primarily act on basis ofwhat they consider to be the duty to work. at the same time the majority describe compromising strategies, where they let their personal values take place through silent and individual resistance strategies, in order to bypass the perceived moral dilemma. Inconclusion, the results show a great variation in the social workers actions and perception ofpersonal and professional responsibility and their freedom.

FundaÃÃo de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Cearà / The First May Day, which origins are related to the fights for better working conditions of the laboring class at the end of the 19th century, showed up throughout time as the main laboring rite because of its internationalist character as well as for the meaning of its commemoration. Through History a constant dispute along May Dayâs politic and ideological motto is observed: sometimes it constitutes itself as a âDay of Workâ, under form of paying homage to âcolaboradores do progressoâ by State, mainly during the âvarguismoâ (1930- 1945); other times as a âDay of Laboring Classâ, that is, a date destined to the reflection of the workers on its condition, which intention was to socialize themselves; or even to fight against capital, when recollect the âChicago Martyrsâ. This research aimed to analyze the trajectory of May Dayâs commemorations in Fortaleza, State of CearÃ, Brazil, during the period between âFirst Republicâ and âEstado Novoâ. Amongst the objectives of this research, one of them was to point out which had been the main appropriations and meanings of this laboring rite presented among the disputes of its meanings for the workers, State and Catholic Church. / O Primeiro de Maio, cujas origens remontam Ãs lutas por melhorias, nas condiÃÃes de trabalho da classe trabalhadora do final do sÃculo XIX, se configurou ao longo do tempo, como o principal rito operÃrio, tanto pelo carÃter internacionalista, e pelo significado de sua comemoraÃÃo. No decorrer da histÃria, observa-se constante disputa em torno do mote polÃtico-ideolÃgico do Primeiro de Maio, ora se constituindo como âdia do trabalhoâ, sob forma de homenagem prestada pelo Estado aos âcolaboradores do progressoâ, sobretudo durante o varguismo (1930-1945), ou como âdia do trabalhadorâ, ou seja, data destinada à reflexÃo dos trabalhadores sobre sua condiÃÃo, cujo intuito era de se sociabilizar, ou lutar contra o capital, ao rememorar os MÃrtires de Chicago. Esta pesquisa teve como finalidade analisar a trajetÃria das comemoraÃÃes de Primeiro de Maio em Fortaleza, durante o perÃodo que se inicia na Primeira RepÃblica ao fim do Estado Novo. Dentre os objetivos, tentou-se apontar as principais apropriaÃÃes e significados de que o rito operÃrio se caracterizou ao longo do perÃodo, notadamente as disputas em torno de seus significados pelos trabalhadores, Estado e Igreja CatÃlica.