Doenças como malária, esquistossomose, filaríase linfática, dengue, leishmaniose e mal de Chagas são endêmicas em países tropicais. Referente ao período entre 1975 e 2004, apenas 1% dos 1.556 novos fármacos registrados foi destinado ao tratamento destas doenças. Somente a doença de Chagas possui aproximadamente 18 milhões de casos em todo mundo. Até o momento, a quimioterapia para o tratamento dessa antropozoonose constitui-se basicamente de dois fármacos, o nifurtimox, proscrito no Brasil, e o benznidazol. Estes fármacos, além de apresentarem vários efeitos colaterais, são pouco eficazes, o que dificulta a adesão dos pacientes ao tratamento. Diante da necessidade imediata de novos fármacos para o combate de tripanossomíase americana, estratégias de modificação molecular têm se mostrado como ferramenta promissora para obtenção de novos fármacos, geralmente inspirados na estrutura molecular de fármacos já conhecidos. A estratégia de modificação molecular permite aumentar as chances de sucesso no processo de descoberta de novos fármacos, reduzindo tempo e custo da pesquisa. Este trabalho teve como objetivo o planejamento, a síntese e a avaliação da atividade anti-T. cruzi e a identificação das propriedades físico-químicas que são responsáveis por modular a atividade anti-T. cruzi da série dos 2-[5-nitrotiofeno- 2-il]-3-acetil-5-[4-fenil-substituído]-2,3-diidro-1,3,4-oxadiazolinas, compostos com estrutura análoga à nifuroxazida, fármaco antimicrobiano que também apresenta atividade antiparasitária. O planejamento da série de compostos estudados foi realizado com base no diagrama de Craig. A obtenção dos derivados 1,3,4-oxadiazolínicos foi realizada em quatro etapas sintéticas: esterificação, amonólise, obtenção da base de Schiff e ciclização oxidativa. As estruturas planejadas foram confirmadas por RMN 1H e RMN 13C, enquanto a pureza foi avaliada pela faixa de fusão e de análise elementar de CHN. A atividade antiparasitária dos compostos foi determinada frente à cepa Y da forma epimastigota do T. cruzi e a concentração de parasitas foi quantificada através da absorbância em espectrofotômetro UV/Vis (λ = 580 nm). Os quinze compostos da série foram avaliados em 6 diferentes concentrações (3,75; 5; 7,5 ; 10; 15; 20 µM), sendo que somente o etoxi-derivado não foi mais ativo que o fármaco padrão, o benznidazol. Entre os compostos analisados identificaram-se o mais e o menos ativo da série, respectivamente: o 2-[5-nitro-tiofeno-2-il]-3-acetil-5-[4 fenil-acetoxi]-2,3-diidro-1,3,4-oxadiazolinas (IC50=7,91 µM) e o 2-[5-nitrotiofeno-2-il]-3-acetil-5-[4 fenil-etoxi]-2,3-diidro-1,3,4-oxadiazolinas ((IC50=26,60 µM). Através de estudos de QSAR-2D, a atividade anti-T. cruzi foi correlacionada com descritores físico-químicos, como a hidrofobicidade, os efeitos eletrônicos e o volume molecular. Com a aplicação de modelos matemáticos, ficou evidenciado que a atividade anti-T. cruzi desta série de compostos sofre notável influência da hidrofobicidade e dos efeitos eletrônico de ressonância, o que permite a continuidade deste trabalho através da variação planejada destas propriedades, visando identificar o análogo mais potente da série de compostos estudados. / Diseases like malaria, schistosomiasis, lymphatic filariasis, dengue, leishmaniasis and Chagas\'disease are endemic in tropical countries. From 1975 to 2004, only 1% of 1.556 new drugs were registered for the treatment of these diseases. Chagas disease itself has approximately 18 million of cases worldwide, and the chemotherapy for the treatment of this anthropozoonosis consists basically of two drugs, nifurtimox, which is prohibited in Brazil, and benznidazole. These drugs have various side effects and can also be ineffective, making patients give up the treatment. Given the immediate need for new drugs to treat american trypanosomiasis, molecular modification strategies have been shown as a promising tool for obtaining new drugs, often inspired by the molecular structure of known drugs. The strategy of molecular modification will increase the chances of success in the discovery process of new drugs, reducing the time and the costs of research. Given the situation above described, this work aims to design synthesis and evaluate the anti-Trypanosoma cruzi activity of new drugs as well as identification physicochemical properties that are responsible for modulating the anti-T. cruzi activity. Series of 2-[5-nitro-thiofen-2-yl]-3-acetyl-5-[4-phenyl-substituted]-2,3-dihydro-1,3,4-oxadiazolines, compounds with similar structure to nifuroxazide, an antimicrobial drug that also has antiparasitic activity. The planning of the series of compounds was carried out based on the Craig diagram. The obtainment of the1,3,4-oxadiazolinics derivatives was performed with four synthetic steps, as follows: esterification, ammonolysis, obtention of the Schiff base and oxidative cyclization. The designed structures were confirmed by 1H and 13C NMR and purity was assessed by melting point and elemental analysis of CHN. The antiparasitic activity of compounds was determined against the Y strain of T. cruzi in the epimastigote form and the concentration of parasites was quantified by absorbance in a spectrophotometer UV / Vis (λ = 580 nm). The fifteen compounds obtained were evaluated in six different concentrations (3.75, 5, 7.5, 10, 15, 20 µM), and only the ethoxy-derivative was less active than the standard drug, benznidazole. The 2-[5-nitrothiofen- 2-yl]-3-acetyl-5-[4-acetoxyphenyl]-2,3-dihydro-1,3,4-oxadiazolines (IC50=7.91µM) and of 2-[5-nitro-thiofen-2-yl]-3-acetyl-5-[4-etoxyphenyl]-2,3-dihydro-1,3,4-oxadiazolines (IC50=26.60 µM) derivatives were identified as the most and the least active of the series, respectively. Through 2D-QSAR studies, the anti-T. cruzi activity was correlated with physicochemical descriptors such as hydrophobicity, molecular volume and electronic effects. Applying mathematical models, it became evident that the activity of anti-T. cruzi activity in this series of compounds undergoes remarkable influence of hydrophobicity and electronic effects of resonance, which allows the continuity of the work planned by varying these properties to identify the most potent analogue among the series of compounds studied.

Doenças como malária, esquistossomose, filaríase linfática, dengue, leishmaniose e mal de Chagas são endêmicas em países tropicais. Referente ao período entre 1975 e 2004, apenas 1% dos 1.556 novos fármacos registrados foi destinado ao tratamento destas doenças. Somente a doença de Chagas possui aproximadamente 18 milhões de casos em todo mundo. Até o momento, a quimioterapia para o tratamento dessa antropozoonose constitui-se basicamente de dois fármacos, o nifurtimox, proscrito no Brasil, e o benznidazol. Estes fármacos, além de apresentarem vários efeitos colaterais, são pouco eficazes, o que dificulta a adesão dos pacientes ao tratamento. Diante da necessidade imediata de novos fármacos para o combate de tripanossomíase americana, estratégias de modificação molecular têm se mostrado como ferramenta promissora para obtenção de novos fármacos, geralmente inspirados na estrutura molecular de fármacos já conhecidos. A estratégia de modificação molecular permite aumentar as chances de sucesso no processo de descoberta de novos fármacos, reduzindo tempo e custo da pesquisa. Este trabalho teve como objetivo o planejamento, a síntese e a avaliação da atividade anti-T. cruzi e a identificação das propriedades físico-químicas que são responsáveis por modular a atividade anti-T. cruzi da série dos 2-[5-nitrotiofeno- 2-il]-3-acetil-5-[4-fenil-substituído]-2,3-diidro-1,3,4-oxadiazolinas, compostos com estrutura análoga à nifuroxazida, fármaco antimicrobiano que também apresenta atividade antiparasitária. O planejamento da série de compostos estudados foi realizado com base no diagrama de Craig. A obtenção dos derivados 1,3,4-oxadiazolínicos foi realizada em quatro etapas sintéticas: esterificação, amonólise, obtenção da base de Schiff e ciclização oxidativa. As estruturas planejadas foram confirmadas por RMN 1H e RMN 13C, enquanto a pureza foi avaliada pela faixa de fusão e de análise elementar de CHN. A atividade antiparasitária dos compostos foi determinada frente à cepa Y da forma epimastigota do T. cruzi e a concentração de parasitas foi quantificada através da absorbância em espectrofotômetro UV/Vis (λ = 580 nm). Os quinze compostos da série foram avaliados em 6 diferentes concentrações (3,75; 5; 7,5 ; 10; 15; 20 µM), sendo que somente o etoxi-derivado não foi mais ativo que o fármaco padrão, o benznidazol. Entre os compostos analisados identificaram-se o mais e o menos ativo da série, respectivamente: o 2-[5-nitro-tiofeno-2-il]-3-acetil-5-[4 fenil-acetoxi]-2,3-diidro-1,3,4-oxadiazolinas (IC50=7,91 µM) e o 2-[5-nitrotiofeno-2-il]-3-acetil-5-[4 fenil-etoxi]-2,3-diidro-1,3,4-oxadiazolinas ((IC50=26,60 µM). Através de estudos de QSAR-2D, a atividade anti-T. cruzi foi correlacionada com descritores físico-químicos, como a hidrofobicidade, os efeitos eletrônicos e o volume molecular. Com a aplicação de modelos matemáticos, ficou evidenciado que a atividade anti-T. cruzi desta série de compostos sofre notável influência da hidrofobicidade e dos efeitos eletrônico de ressonância, o que permite a continuidade deste trabalho através da variação planejada destas propriedades, visando identificar o análogo mais potente da série de compostos estudados. / Diseases like malaria, schistosomiasis, lymphatic filariasis, dengue, leishmaniasis and Chagas\'disease are endemic in tropical countries. From 1975 to 2004, only 1% of 1.556 new drugs were registered for the treatment of these diseases. Chagas disease itself has approximately 18 million of cases worldwide, and the chemotherapy for the treatment of this anthropozoonosis consists basically of two drugs, nifurtimox, which is prohibited in Brazil, and benznidazole. These drugs have various side effects and can also be ineffective, making patients give up the treatment. Given the immediate need for new drugs to treat american trypanosomiasis, molecular modification strategies have been shown as a promising tool for obtaining new drugs, often inspired by the molecular structure of known drugs. The strategy of molecular modification will increase the chances of success in the discovery process of new drugs, reducing the time and the costs of research. Given the situation above described, this work aims to design synthesis and evaluate the anti-Trypanosoma cruzi activity of new drugs as well as identification physicochemical properties that are responsible for modulating the anti-T. cruzi activity. Series of 2-[5-nitro-thiofen-2-yl]-3-acetyl-5-[4-phenyl-substituted]-2,3-dihydro-1,3,4-oxadiazolines, compounds with similar structure to nifuroxazide, an antimicrobial drug that also has antiparasitic activity. The planning of the series of compounds was carried out based on the Craig diagram. The obtainment of the1,3,4-oxadiazolinics derivatives was performed with four synthetic steps, as follows: esterification, ammonolysis, obtention of the Schiff base and oxidative cyclization. The designed structures were confirmed by 1H and 13C NMR and purity was assessed by melting point and elemental analysis of CHN. The antiparasitic activity of compounds was determined against the Y strain of T. cruzi in the epimastigote form and the concentration of parasites was quantified by absorbance in a spectrophotometer UV / Vis (λ = 580 nm). The fifteen compounds obtained were evaluated in six different concentrations (3.75, 5, 7.5, 10, 15, 20 µM), and only the ethoxy-derivative was less active than the standard drug, benznidazole. The 2-[5-nitrothiofen- 2-yl]-3-acetyl-5-[4-acetoxyphenyl]-2,3-dihydro-1,3,4-oxadiazolines (IC50=7.91µM) and of 2-[5-nitro-thiofen-2-yl]-3-acetyl-5-[4-etoxyphenyl]-2,3-dihydro-1,3,4-oxadiazolines (IC50=26.60 µM) derivatives were identified as the most and the least active of the series, respectively. Through 2D-QSAR studies, the anti-T. cruzi activity was correlated with physicochemical descriptors such as hydrophobicity, molecular volume and electronic effects. Applying mathematical models, it became evident that the activity of anti-T. cruzi activity in this series of compounds undergoes remarkable influence of hydrophobicity and electronic effects of resonance, which allows the continuity of the work planned by varying these properties to identify the most potent analogue among the series of compounds studied.

Au cours de cette thèse, deux sujets distincts ont été étudiés : d’une part la synthèse d’analogues de la coelentérazine, substrat de différentes luciférases, pour une application en imagerie in vivo, et d’autre part la synthèse d’analogues du (-)-EGCG, inhibiteur de la kinase Dyrk1a, impliquée notamment dans les troubles cognitifs rencontrés dans la trisomie 21.La problématique du premier sujet consistait à obtenir des analogues de la coelentérazine conservant leur activité sur deux luciférases, la luciférase Renilla et l’aequorine, tout en induisant un déplacement vers le rouge de la bioluminescence produite par ces enzymes. L’aequorine, sensible au calcium, représentait la cible biologique principale du projet.Sept analogues dont six originaux ont été obtenues par des méthodes de synthèse classiques, et leurs activités ont pu être testées sur les deux luciférases choisies, avec des résultats probants : malgré des émissions de lumière moins intenses que celles obtenues avec la coelentérazine native, plusieurs molécules ont entrainé un déplacement vers le rouge de la longueur d’onde d’émission de lumière par bioluminescence allant jusqu’à 27 nm pour l’aequorine et plus de 120 nm pour la luciférase Renilla.Le second sujet, de chimie médicinale classique, a principalement consisté à la synthèse d’analogues du gallate d’épigallocatéchine (EGCG) au squelette simplifié, et au sein desquels le cycle pyranique caractéristique des catéchines a été remplacé par un carbocycle. Plusieurs molécules ont pu être synthétisées, dont deux présentant le motif hexaphénol. Leur activité inhibitrice de Dyrk1a a pu être testée in vitro et l’une d’entre elle s’est déjà révélée plus active que l’EGCG. / During this thesis, two distinct projects were studied: on the one hand, the synthesis of coelenterazine analogs, substrate of several luciferases, in the purpose of using them for in vivo imaging, and on the other, the synthesis of (-)-EGCG analogs, inhibitor of the Dyrk1a kinase, which interests us for the role it plays in the mental retardation existing in the Down Syndrome disease.The problematic of the first project consisted in obtaining coelenterazine analogs that would not only maintain their activity on two luciferases, the Renilla luciferase and aequorine, but they should also induce a red-shift of the bioluminescence produced by these enzymes. Because of its sensitivity to calcium, aequorine was the main biologic target of this project.Seven analogs, of which six had an original structure, were synthesized through usual synthetic methodologies and their activities on both aequorine and Renilla luciferase were tested in vitro, with interesting results: even if the intensities of light emission were weaker than those obtained with native coelenterazine, several molecules produced a red-shift of the emission wavelength of bioluminescence, up to 27nm for aequorine and more than 120nm for the Renilla luciferase. The second project, of classical medicinal chemistry, mainly consisted in the synthesis of epigallocatechin gallate analogs (EGCG) with a simplified backbone and in which the pyranic ring typical of catechins was replaced by a carbocycle. Several molecules were synthesized, two of them possessing the hexaphenol motif. Their inhibiting activity of Dyrk1a was tested in vitro and one already showed a better activity than natural EGCG.

A Doença de Chagas, causada pelo parasito tripanossomatídeo Trypanosoma cruzi, é endêmica e se distribuí por toda América Latina. É uma das parasitoses mais negligenciadas pela indústria farmacêutica e os únicos fármacos disponíveis para seu tratamento foram introduzidos há décadas. Infelizmente, eles são ineficientes e apresentam sérios efeitos colaterais. Esse panorama mostra a necessidade do desenvolvimento de novos fármacos para a quimioterapia contra a doença de Chagas. As enzimas pertencentes a vias metabólicas essenciais para a sobrevivência do parasito tais como a via glicolítica e a de síntese de novo de nucleotídeos de pirimidinas, têm sido propostas como alvos interessantes no planejamento novos fármacos para o tratamento da doença de Chagas. Neste trabalho, as enzimas Gliceraldeído 3-fosfato desidrogenase (TcGAPDH) e a Diidroorotato desidrogenase (TcDHODH) de Trypanosoma cruzi foram estudadas como alvos para o planejamento de inibidores enzimáticos com propriedades físico-químicas e características estruturais similares à de compostos-líderes. Para isso, foram utilizados métodos e ferramentas de Quiminformática tanto baseadas nas estruturas dos ligantes (LBVS) quanto dos receptores (SBVS). Para a identificação e seleção de potenciais inibidores da enzima GAPDH, uma coleção virtual obtida do banco de dados ZINC, contendo aproximadamente 2,5 milhões de compostos, foi avaliada através de vários filtros de seleção com o objetivo de priorizar aqueles compostos mais interessantes do ponto de vista estrutural, de propriedades físico-químicas e farmacocinéticas. A aplicação desses filtros originou uma subcoleção de aproximadamente 450 mil estruturas que foram avaliadas segundo a complementaridade de interações com a estrutura da enzima através de métodos de docagem molecular. Com base nestes resultados, doze compostos que se mostraram promissores foram selecionados e adquiridos comercialmente para serem testadas in vitro contra a enzima TcGAPDH. Dos doze compostos testados, três exibiram afinidade (Ki) pela enzima em concentrações inferiores a 80 μM, Além disso, esses compostos também são caracterizados pelo baixo peso molecular (274 a 330 g mol-1) e no máximo 24 átomos diferentes do hidrogênio e, como consequência, apresentam eficiências do ligante entre 0,24 e 0,34 Kcal mol-1 átomo-1, o que os tornam ótimos candidatos à otimização molecular visando aumento da afinidade pelo alvo. Para a busca de inibidores da enzima TcDHODH, primeiramente foi realizada uma busca por cavidades na estrutura 3D do alvo para a identificação de regiões distintas do sítio catalítico e passíveis de serem exploradas no planejamento de ligantes. Através desta análise foi possível o estabelecimento de quatro novas regiões com forma, volume e localizações adequadas para acomodar pequenas moléculas capazes de modular a atividade da TcDHODH. Uma destas regiões, chamada S2, localizada sob a alça β4-αA e no canal de acesso dos substratos ao sítio ativo, foi escolhida para o planejamento baseado na estrutura do alvo. As estruturas de aproximadamente cem compostos derivados de pirimidinas, substituídos em posições estrategicamente definidas e selecionados através de buscas por subestruturas, foram docadas no sítio de interesse e nove compostos adquiridos e testados in vitro contra a enzima com o objetivo de validar as hipóteses estabelecidas inicialmente. Destes, cinco compostos mostraram potências (IC50) superiores à do produto de reação (inferior a 150 μM), Os resultados encontrados validaram as hipóteses geradas na primeira etapa e foram usados para direcionar a seleção de outras quinze novas moléculas através de um protocolo de docagem molecular com ajuste induzido. A avaliação in vitro desses compostos contra a enzima TcDHODH resultou na identificação de outros 11 compostos ativos, dos quais o mais potente exibiu afinidade pela enzima em concentração igual a 124 nM. Este composto possui eficiência do ligante igual a 0,56 Kcal mol-1 átomo-1 e pode ser considerado um fragmento molecular com excelentes características do ponto de vista do potencial para futuro desenvolvimento como agente terapêutico. Os resultados encontrados também evidenciaram a importância de determinadas características estruturais impressas nos inibidores da TcDHODH para a complementaridade com o novo sítio de interação identificado. Assim, novos compostos foram propostos para otimização molecular com o objetivo de melhorar afinidade e aumentar a diversidade de classes e, deste modo, ampliar o espectro de perfis farmacocinéticos para posteriores ensaios celulares e in vivo, Através da realização deste trabalho foi possível validar as estratégias adotadas na utilização dos métodos computacionais e também as hipóteses construídas a partir da aplicação dos mesmos. A taxa de acerto (TA) alcançada foi superior a 30% no planejamento de inibidores para ambos os alvos, ou seja, muito superiores às encontradas em experimentos de ensaio em massa. Deste modo, este estudo contribuiu com a proposição de novos esqueletos moleculares que podem ser usados como compostos-líderes no desenvolvimento de novos agentes tripanocidas focando nas enzimas TcGAPDH e TcDHODH como alvos. / Chagas\' disease, an endemic illness widely distributed throughout Latin America, is caused by the protozoa parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. It is one of the tropical diseases that are among the most neglected by the pharmaceutical industry, for which available treatments were launched more than 30 years ago. In addition, these drugs are ineffective and cause severe side effects to patients. This panorama shows the need for the development of new and more effective chemotherapeutic agents for the treatment of the disease. Enzymes belonging to metabolic pathways that are essential for the parasite survival such as the glycolysis and pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthesis have been proposed as attractive targets for the design of new drugs for the treatment of Chagas disease. In this work, the enzymes Gyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (TcGAPDH) and the Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (TcDHODH) from Trypanosoma cruzi were studied as targets for the design of inhibitors with physicochemical properties and structural characteristics similar to lead-compounds. Methods in Cheminformatics within the Ligand- and Structure-based Virtual Screening (LBVS and SBVS, respectively) approaches were thoroughly employed as tools to identify new hits. For the selection and identification of potential inhibitors of the GAPDH enzyme, a compound database containing nearly 2.5 million of small molecules retrievable from ZINC was evaluated through several molecular filters aiming at prioritizing those compounds more interesting from the point of view of their structures, physicochemical and predicted ADME/Tox properties. The application of Filter originated a subcollection of approximately 450 thousand structures that were then scored according to their complementary interactions with the 3D structure of the enzyme through molecular docking. Based on docking results, twelve compounds that showed to be promising ligands were selected and commercially acquired for in vitro assays against the TcGAPDH. Of the twelve compounds evaluated in vitro, three exhibited affinity constants (Ki) at concentrations lower than 80 μM. Furthermore, the selected compounds are also characterized by the low molecular weight (274 to 330 g mol-1) and a maximum of non-hydrogen atom count of 24, as a result, they have Ligand Efficiencies between 0,24 and 0,34 Kcal mol-1 átomo-1, what grant them great potential as candidates for molecular optimization and potency improvement. For the search of TcDHODH inhibitors, cavities in the 3D structure of the target for the identification of areas apart from catalytic site but likely to be explored in the design of ligands were selected a priori. This resulted in four new regions with appropriate shape, volume and locations to accommodate small molecules capable of modulating the activity of TcDHODH. One of the areas, called S2 site, is located under the α4 - βA loop and in the access channel of the substrate to the active site and was chosen to be explored in the SBDD studies. Approximately one hundred of pyrimidine derivatives containing strategically defined posítions for molecular substitution were retrieved from commercially available compounds database through substructure searching and docked into the previously defined site. Based on the docking results nine compounds were selected, purchased and assayed in vitro against the enzyme with the objective of validating the hypothesis. Of these, five compounds showed potencies (IC50) better than that exhibited by the product of the reaction (values lower than 150 μM). Thus, the results found validated the hypotheses generated in the first stage of the designing and they were used to drive the selection of other fifteen new molecules through induced fit molecular docking protocol. The in vitro evaluation of those compounds against the TcDHODH enzyme resulted in the identification of other eleven ligands, of which the most potent exhibited affinity for enzyme at the concentration of 124 nM. This molecule has a Ligand Efficiency of 0.56 Kcal mol-1 atom-1 and can be considered a fragment-like compound with excellent characteristics from the point of view of its potential for future development as therapeutic agent. The results found also evidenced the importance of certain structural characteristics in the inhibitor of TcDHODH for the complementarily with the new identified site of interaction. Thus, new compounds were proposed for potency and class diversity improvement. By doing so we hope to enlarge ADME profile spectrum for further cellular and in vivo assays. Through the success of this work, it was possible to validate the strategies adopted in the use of computational methods and also the hypotheses built from the application of that. The success rate (TA) obtained was higher than 30% in the design of ligands for both studied targets, which is much better than that usually found along High Throughput Screening assays. Thus, this study contributed with the proposítion of new molecular scaffolds that can be used as lead compounds in the development of new tripanocidal agents having as targets the enzymes TcGAPDH or TcDHODH.

L'acide tiénilique (AT) est un diurétique responsable d'hépatite autoimmunes. Dans le sérum des patients on retrouve des autoanticorps (anti-LKM2) dirigés contre les cytochromes P450 impliquées dans la métabolisation de l'AT et de son isomère (TAI) La première partie concerne la détermination de la nature de l'entité réactive du TAI au moyen d'un piègeage par le mercaptoethanol. Deux sulfoxydes des dihydrothiophène ont été caractérisés qui nous permettent de proposer un sulfoxyde de thiophène. En présence d'un excès de mercaptoethanol, ces deux métabolites de piègeage évoluent en une succession de plusieurs métabolites. Afin de généraliser à l'ensemble des cytochromes P-450 , nous avons mis en évidence ce nouveau métabolisme successivement in vivo chez le rat, in vitro chez l'homme, et dans un système modèle constitué par des microsomes de levures Saccharomyces cerevisiae recombinées exprimant le P-450 IIC9 ou le P450 IIC10. Ces 2 cytochromes P450 possèdent une activité d'oxydation vis à vis de l'AT et du TAI. Dans la deuxième partie de ce travail nous avons fixé l'AT sur de la sérumalbumine de boeuf. La protéine obtenue est immunogène chez le lapin et les anticorps obtenus (anti-ATles métabolites de l'AT et du TAI fixés ) reconnaissent en Elisa de façon covalente sur les protéines microsomales. Ces anticorps seront un outil puissant pour étudier la fixation covalente des métabolites de l'AT .

L'utilisation de composés organométalliques pour le traitement des cancers est l'un des domaines de la chimie bioorganométallique qui connait une expansion rapide. Parmi les composés développés en endocrinologie, les composés les plus intéressants et très étudiés sont les dérivés ferrocéniques du tamoxifène. Ils sont développés par le groupe du Professeur Gérard Jaouen. Parmi ces composés, le ferrocifène et le ferrociphénol sont très actifs contre les cellules cancéreuses hormono-dépendantes (MCF-7) et hormono-indépendantes (MDA-MB-231) du cancer du sein. Le ferrocénophanyl diphénol, un dérivé phénolique de la série ferrocénophane et analogue du ferrociphénol, s'est montré plus actif que celui-ci. Dans le but de verifier cette caractéristique et aussi de trouver de meilleures molécules, de nouveaux composés de la série ferrocénophane ont été synthétisés et étudiés. Les nouveaux composés sont des 1-(diarylméthylidène)-[3]ferrocénophanes, portant un ou deux substituants (R1, R2 = H, OH, OAc, NH2, NHAc, Br, CN, NHCO(CH2)2NMe2, O(CH2)3NMe2 ou O(CH2)2COOEt) en para du cycle aromatique. L'activité antitumorale de ces composés prouve que la série des ferrocenophanes est plus efficace que la série des ferrocènes contre les cellules cancéreuses du sein. Les études ont été également menées sur les pinacols et les produits résultant de l'arrangement pinacolique. Ces deux produits ont été péparés à partir de la réaction de couplage de McMurry. On trouve que les pinacols sont très actifs contre les cellules cancéreuses MDA-MB-231. Cependant les produits de transposition sont peu réactifs. Ce travail montre que la série des ferrocénophanes est plus efficace que la série des ferrocènes contre les céllules cancéreuses du sein.

Thromboxane A2 (TXA2) is an important mediator metabolized from arachidonic acid through the cyclooxygenase pathway, mainly in platelets and macrophages. It is a potent inducer of platelet aggregation and smooth muscle contraction. Its overproduction has been detected in pathologies such as stroke, asthma, myocardial infarction or atherosclerosis. The action of TXA2 is mediated by a specific G-protein coupled receptor (TP) of which two alternative spliced isoforms, TPalpha and TPbeta, have been described. The exact role of these two isoforms is not clearly understood. However, recent studies have described their implications in vascular physiology and pathology. The inhibition of the action of TXA2 on platelets and blood vessels would be interesting as original therapies against cardiovascular diseases. Consequently, the design of TP receptor antagonists remains of great interest in cardiovascular medicine. In the laboratory of medicinal chemistry (University of Liège, Belgium), several nitrobenzenesulfonylureas, derived from torasemide (a loop diuretic), have been previously described as TP receptor antagonists. Two compounds, BM573 and BM613 were among the most interesting molecules identified in that previous work. The present project is divided in two parts. First, we have determined the pharmacological properties of BM573 and BM613 as thromboxane synthase inhibitors and TP receptor antagonists, in vitro and in vivo. In our assays, these two compounds were proved to have high affinity for both TPalpha and TPbeta, to be potent antiplatelet agents, to inhibit thromboxane synthase and TP-mediated smooth muscle contraction. Additionally, they significantly reduced the size of the thrombus in a rat model of ferric chloride-induced arterial thrombosis. Consequently, we demonstrated that the TP receptor antagonists BM573 and BM613, belonging to the chemical family of nitrobenzenesulfonylureas, could be regarded as antiplatelet and antithrombotic agents potentially useful in thromboxane-related diseases such as stroke or myocardial infarction. Secondly, given the interesting pharmacological profile of BM573 and BM613, we have designed and synthesized several series of compounds derived from these two agents. We have evaluated the binding properties (affinity) of the first generation (+/- 35 original derivatives) of compounds on either TPalpha or TPbeta, transiently expressed in COS-7 cell lines. Additionally, we have measured the ability of our drugs to inhibit the intracellular calcium mobilization upon TPalpha or TPbeta stimulation. To confirm our results, we also assessed the antiplatelet properties of our drugs by means of determination of inhibition of human platelet aggregation. On the basis of the results obtained with these in vitro assays, we have synthesized and evaluated a second generation of derivatives (+/- 35 original compounds) and improved the selectivity of several original compounds for TP receptor isoforms. The originality of this work was to evaluate a large library of synthetic compounds on both TP receptor isoforms, using specific pharmacological tests. By means of structure-activity relationship studies, we were able to identify chemical groups implicated in selectivity and to propose lead compounds for development of highly specific TPalpha or TPbeta antagonists. Besides, we have identified an in vivo drug candidates for prevention of thrombosis and pathological platelet aggregation./Le thromboxane A2 (TXA2) est un métabolite de la cascade de lacide arachidonique (AA) par la voie des cyclooxygénases et de la thromboxane synthase, principalement formé dans les plaquettes et les macrophages. Le TXA2 est un puissant inducteur de lagrégation plaquettaire et de la contraction des muscles lisses vasculaires et bronchiques. Par ailleurs, une augmentation des taux en TXA2 a été constatée dans différentes pathologies : l'infarctus du myocarde, l'atherosclérose, les accidents vasculaires cérébraux, ou encore l'asthme. Laction du TXA2 sur les tissus résulte de la stimulation dun récepteur appartenant à la famille des récepteurs couplés aux protéines G. Ce récepteur au TXA2 (TP) présente deux isoformes générées par épissage alternatif, TPalpha et TPbeta. Le rôle physiologique exact de ces deux isoformes n'est pas encore connu. Cependant, de récents travaux ont mis en évidence leur importance, notamment dans la physiologie vasculaire et dans certaines pathologies. Linhibition de laction du TXA2 au niveau des plaquettes et des vaisseaux sanguins pourrait donc être une stratégie thérapeutique innovante pour traiter et prévenir les maladies cardiovasculaires. En conséquence, le développement dantagonistes des récepteurs TP reste dun grand intérêt en médecine cardiovasculaire. Des études de pharmacomodulation avaient permis au Laboratoire de Chimie Pharmaceutique (Université de Liège, Belgique) d'identifier des nitrobenzènesulfonylurées, dérivées du torasémide (un diurétique de lanse), présentant un puissant antagonisme des récepteurs TP. Parmi ceux-ci, deux composés, le BM573 et le BM613, faisaient parties des molécules les plus intéressantes identifiées au cours de ces précédentes recherches. Ce projet est divisé en deux parties. Premièrement, nous avons déterminé les propriétés pharmacologiques du BM573 et du BM613 en tant quinhibiteurs de la thromboxane synthase et antagonistes des récepteurs TP, in vitro et in vivo. Au cours de nos expériences, ces deux composés se sont révélés posséder une grande affinité pour TPalpha et TPbeta, être de puissants agents antiplaquettaires, des inhibiteurs de la thromboxane synthase et de la contraction des muscles lisses induite par le TXA2. En outre, lutilisation de ces produits dans un modèle de thrombose artérielle induite par le chlorure ferrique chez le rat a provoqué une réduction significative du thrombus formé. En conséquence, nous avons démontré que le BM573 et le BM613, appartenant à la famille chimique des nitrobenzenesulfonylurées, pouvaient être considérés comme des agents antiplaquettaires et antithrombotiques, potentiellement utiles en tant quagents thérapeutiques dans des pathologies associées au TXA2 telles que linfarctus du myocarde ou laccident vasculaire cérébral. Ensuite, nous nous sommes concentrés sur l'activité de cette famille de composés (les nitrobenzènesulfonylurées) vis-à-vis des deux isoformes du récepteur au thromboxane. Pour ce faire, nous avons conçu et synthétisé de nombreuses séries de composés dérivés du BM573 et du BM613. Nous avons tout dabord évalué laffinité de la première génération de composés (+/- 35 dérivés) sur des lignées cellulaires (COS-7) exprimant sélectivement soit TPalpha soit TPbeta. De plus, nous avons mesuré la capacité de ces composés à inhiber la mobilisation de calcium intracellulaire ([Ca2+]i) induite par la stimulation des deux isoformes TPalpha et TPbeta séparément. Nos résultats ont été confirmés sur agrégation plaquettaire humaine. Sur la base des résultats obtenus avec cette première génération de produits, nous avons synthétisé une seconde génération (+/- 35 dérivés) de composés, et avons réussi à augmenter la sélectivité en faveur de TPbeta pour certains produits. Loriginalité de ce travail réside dans le fait que nous avons évalué un nombre de produits importants sur TPalpha et TPbeta, au moyen de tests pharmacologiques spécifiques. Grâce à des études de relation structure-activité, nous avons identifié des groupements chimiques impliqués dans la sélectivité entre les deux isoformes. Nous pouvons donc proposer des structures "chef de file" pouvant être utiles pour le développement de composés hautement sélectifs, soit pour TPalpha, soit pour TPbeta. Par ailleurs, nous avons identifié in vivo des candidats pour le développement dagents thérapeutiques pour la prévention des thromboses et des autres pathologies provoquées par une activation plaquettaires excessive.

L'objectif du travail effectué était la recherche de nouvelles substances actives d'origine végétale, présentant soit une activité antiplasmodiale soit une activité antifongique. Cette étude a été menée suivant deux stratégies différentes: l'étude de remèdes traditionnels antipaludiques identifiés suite à des enquêtes ethnopharmacologiques, et la mise en évidence des propriétés antifongiques d'huiles essentielles grâce à une stratégie bioinspirée. La première partie du travail a permis de mettre en évidence le rôle d'un quassinoïde connu, la simalikalactone D, dans l'activité antipaludique d'une tisane de jeunes feuilles fraîches de Quassia amara L. (Simaroubaceae). Dans le cas de la décoction de rameaux de Psidium acutangulum DC. (Myrtaceae), c'est cette fois un mélange de flavonoïdes glycosylés qui est responsable de l'activité du remède. Dans le cadre de la recherche de nouvelles substances antifongiques, le criblage effectué a permis d'identifier de nombreuses huiles essentielles présentant des activités intéressantes, validant ainsi la démarche bioinspirée retenue dans ce cas. L'huile essentielle d'Otacanthus azureus (Linden) Ronse a en particulier démontré une activité remarquable, à la fois seule et en combinaison avec des antifongiques azolés. Enfin, l'étude métabolomique de la composition des huiles essentielles a permis de mettre au point un outil pouvant orienter la sélection des huiles en fonction des données obtenues en GC/MS dans l'optique de la recherche de nouvelles substances antifongiques. Ce travail démontre donc la validité des stratégies retenues - ethnopharmacologie et bioinspiration - dans la recherche de nouvelles substances bioactives.

En collaboration avec les Laboratoires Servier, nous présentons la synthèse d'une nouvelle famille d'inhibiteurs portant un groupe thiol ou carboxyle, développé comme antagoniste du TAFIa en vue d'une nouvelle thérapie antithrombotique et thrombolytique. L'étape clé de cette synthèse consiste en la formation de motifs β-lactames gem-difluorés. Dans ce but, la synthèse chimio- et stéréosélective de β-aminoesters et de β-lactames gem-difluorés à partir du bromodifluoroacétate d'éthyle et d'imines par réaction de Reformatsky a été étudiée. L'influence de paramètres réactionnels variés, la nature de l'amine et de l'aldéhyde, la nature de l'auxiliaire chiral ont été évaluées. De hauts degrés de stéréosélectivité (jusqu'à 98%) ont été obtenus pour les gem-difluoro-β-aminoesters et les gem-difluoroazétidin-2-ones en employant soit le (R)-phénylglycinol soit le (R)-méthoxyphénylglycinol. Nous avons également développé une procédure efficace pour effectuer la synthèse de gem-difluoro-β-lactames racémiques. Ces composés ont été obtenus par réaction de Reformatsky entre le bromodifluoroacétate d'éthyle et diverses imines de la p-méthoxybenzylamine. La synthèse de gem-difluoro-β-aminoesters racémiques est accomplie par réaction de Gilman-Speeter entre un sel d'iminium généré selon la procédure de Katritzky et le bromodifluoroacétate d'éthyle. Après une déprotection efficace de ces gem-difluoro-β-aminoesters et gem-difluoro-β-lactames, nous avons étudié la N-alkylation et la N-acylation pour l'introduction du groupe chélateur du zinc, e.g. un groupe portant un acide carboxylique ou un thiol, ainsi qu'un groupe espaceur. Après déprotection, ces composés ont été évalués pour l'inhibition de la carboxypeptidase U par la Division Angiologie de l'IdRS. Malheureusement tous ces dérivés n'ont présenté qu'une IC50 supérieure à 33 rM. Néanmoins, nous avons développé une méthode générale et efficace pour synthétiser des dérivés pseudopeptidiques gem-difluorés comme des building blocks originaux, avec une large gamme d'application.

Cancer is a disease that kills the world and it is estimated that in 2030 the incidence of this disease in the world reach 21.4 million new cases with 13.2 million deaths. Due to the resistance, non-selectivity and high cytotoxicity, many of the current drugs produce side effects such as bone marrow depression, sterility, risk of non-lymphocytic leukemia, among others. Thus it is necessary to the development of new anticancer drugs that have less harmful effects. Thus, six new compounds were synthesized, four acridínicos derivative, a derivative of bis (cloroetila) and palladium (II) complex acridínico, whose acronyms, respectively (Acri)2N, AcriPro, ACDMA, ACBr2MAN, (Most)2N and ACDMAPd. All these compounds derived from Schiff base had satisfactory yields and characterized by NMR techniques (1H, 13C, COSY, J solved) spectroscopy in the infrared, mass spectrometry and elemental analysis. The strains used human tumor cells were HT-29 (human colon cancer), MCF-7 (human breast cancer), Hep-2 (human larynx carcinoma), NCI-H292 (carcinoma human pulmonary mucoepidermoid) and HL -60 (acute promyelocytic leukemia) and derivatives AcriPro, ACDMA, (Most)2N and ACDMAPd showed the best results of IC50 for the HL-60 cells. / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / O câncer é uma das doenças que mais mata no mundo e estima-se que em 2030 a incidência no mundo desta doença alcance 21,4 milhões de novos casos com 13,2 milhões de mortes. Devido à resistência, a não seletividade e a alta citotoxicidade, grande parte dos fármacos atuais produzem efeitos indesejáveis tais como: depressão na medula óssea, esterilidade, risco de leucemia não linfocítica, entre outros. Desta forma faz-se necessário o desenvolvimento de novos fármacos antitumorais que possuam menos efeitos agressivos. Assim, foram sintetizados seis novos compostos, sendo quatro derivados acridínicos, um derivado bis(cloroetila) e um complexo de paládio(II) acridínico, que tem como acrônimos, respectivamente, (Acri)2N, AcriPro, ACDMA, ACBr2MAN, (Most)2N e ACDMAPd. Todos esses compostos derivados de base de Schiff tiveram rendimentos satisfatórios e foram caracterizados pelas técnicas de RMN (1H, 13C, COSY, J resolvido), espectroscopia na região do infravermelho, espectrometria de massas e Análise Elementar. As linhagens de células tumorais humanas utilizadas foram HT-29 (câncer de cólon humano), MCF-7 (câncer de mama humano), HEp-2 (carcinoma de laringe humana), NCI-H292 (carcinoma mucoepidermoide de pulmão humano) e HL-60 (leucemia promielocitica aguda) e os derivados AcriPro, ACDMA, ACDMAPd e (Most)2N apresentaram os melhores resultados de CI50 para a células HL-60.