The essential oils, which are secondary metabolites produced by plants. These metabolites are part of the group of terpenes. Such organic molecules are characterized by presenting important pharmacological activities such as anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, antimicrobial, among others. Thus, the essential oil of Hyptis pectinata (EOHP), a native fragrant plant of the states of Alagoas and Sergipe and widely used by the population, has attracted attention of researchers in order to validate its popular use. In addition, the isopulegol (ISOP), a major monoterpene in the industry for their flavoring properties and medicinal has been the subject of research in scientific research. However, EOHP present ISOP and the physico-chemical characteristics and limited water solubility, high volatilization photosensitivity and easy oxidation. In this perspective, an alternative to preserve the characteristics of these substances is the formation of supramolecular complexes involving cyclodextrins (CDs). The CDs have a molecular structure suitable for the formation of inclusion complexes since they have polar and hydrophilic surface cavity. Thus, the inclusion complex of essential oils and CDs improve the physico-chemical properties of these molecules to optimize the pharmacological activity thereof. Hence, the aim of this study was to identify the chemical constituents of OEHP by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry with flame detector (GC-MS/FID) and from there to prepare the samples with β -CD and ISOP in the α- and β-CD by the methods of the physical mixture (PM), paste complexation (PC) and slurry complexation (SC). Furthermore, the physico-chemical characterization of the samples through the techniques of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was performed thermogravimetry/derivative thermogravimetry (TGA/DTG) absorption spectrophotometry in the infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (FT-IR) scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), complexation efficiency by GC-MS/FID, pharmacological test formalin with the best complex obtained from OEHP and study of molecular modeling (docking) to isopulegol and CDs. Based on these results, we observed three major constituents in OEHP, (E) -caryophyllene (54.07%), caryophyllene oxide (14.91%) and germacrene-D (7.46%). The results of physicochemical characterization showed that the EC was the best method to complex (E)-caryophyllene and germacrene-D, caryophyllene oxide has not been complexed and this may be related to its low affinity for the cavity of β- CD. The formalin test showed a better antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory OEHP / β-CD when compared with pure EOHP that can be attributed to the high percentage of (E) -caryophyllene complexed. Regarding isopulegol, it was observed that α-CD complexes more stable inclusion of the β-CD, as showed in the docking analysis and PC/α-CD gave a higher ratio of complexing with respect to PM and SC. But the SC obtained with β-CD showed the highest molecular inclusion. Thus, the techniques used were efficient in the complexation of EOHP and ISOP. / Os óleos essenciais são metabólitos secundários das plantas constituídos de terpenos. Tais moléculas orgânicas caracterizam-se por apresentar atividades farmacológicas importantes como anti-inflamatória, antinociceptiva, antimicrobiana, dentre outras. Dessa forma, o óleo essencial da Hyptis pectinata (OEHP), uma planta odorífera nativa dos estados de Alagoas e Sergipe e bastante utilizada pela população, tem despertado interesse dos pesquisadores com o objetivo de validar o seu uso popular. Além disso, o isopulegol (ISOP), um monoterpeno importante na indústria por suas propriedades flavorizantes e medicinais tem sido objeto de investigação na pesquisa científica. Entretanto, o OEHP, bem como o ISOP apresentam características físico-químicas como solubilidade limitada em água, elevada volatilização, fotossensibilidade e fácil oxidação. Nessa perspectiva, uma alternativa para preservar as características dessas substâncias é a formação de complexos supramoleculares envolvendo ciclodextrinas (CDs). As CDs apresentam uma estrutura molecular adequada para a formação de complexos de inclusão uma vez que possuem cavidade apolar e superfície hidrofílica. Assim, os complexos de inclusão de óleos essenciais e CDs melhoram as características físico-químicas dessas moléculas de modo a otimizar a atividade farmacológica das mesmas. Diante disto, o objetivo do presente estudo foi realizar a identificação dos constituintes químicos do OEHP através da cromatografia gasosa acoplada a espectrômetro de massas com detector de chamas (CG-EM/DIC) e a partir daí preparar as amostras com β-CD e do ISOP em α- e β-CDs através dos métodos da mistura física (MF), malaxagem (MA) e co-evaporação (CE). Além disso, foi realizada a caracterização físico-química das amostras através das técnicas de calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC), termogravimetria/termogravimetria derivada (TG/DTG), espectrofotometria de absorção na região do infravermelho com transformada de Fourier (FT-IR), microscopia eletrônica de varredura, difração de raios-X (DRX), eficiência de complexação através da CG-EM/DIC, ensaio farmacológico de formalina com o melhor complexo obtido do OEHP e estudo de modelagem molecular (Docking) para o ISOP e CDs. Diante dos resultados obtidos, foram observados três constituintes majoritários no OEHP, (E)-cariofileno (54,07%), óxido de cariofileno (14,91%) e germacreno-D (7,46%). Os resultados de caracterização físico-química demonstraram que o CE foi o melhor método para complexar o (E)-cariofileno e o germacreno-D, o óxido de cariofileno não foi complexado e isso pode estar relacionado a sua baixa afinidade pela cavidade da β-CD. O teste de formalina demonstrou melhor atividade antinociceptiva e anti-inflamatória do OEHP/β-CD quando comparado com o OEHP puro que pode ser atribuída ao elevado percentual de (E)-cariofileno complexado. Em relação ao ISOP, foi observado que a α-CD forma complexos de inclusão mais estáveis que a β-CD, pela análise de Docking, e a MA/α-CD forneceu uma maior razão de complexação em relação a MF e CE. Já o CE obtido com β-CD apresentou maior taxa de inclusão molecular. Assim, as técnicas utilizadas foram eficientes na complexação do OEHP e ISOP.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Phenolic compounds are secondary metabolites, widely distributed in the plant kingdom, which present antiinflamatory, antibacterial, antiviral, antialergical and antitumoral activities, in addition to antioxidant activities. Even in low concentrations compared to the oxidant substrate, the antioxidant compounds can delay or inhibit free radical oxidation rates. Thus, this study aimed to quantitatively determine and classify the compounds as natural antioxidants isolated and its contribution to the antiradical activity from the chromatographic analysis (HPLC-DAD) and a systematic study of the antiradical activity of antioxidant compounds isolated (patterns reference) and natural (herbal extracts) using in vitro and ex vivo.bem. Furthermore, the antioxidant species bioactivity was assessed from cells of the cortex and permeation cell biomembranes, artificial lipid. Among the antioxidant compounds studied, quercetrin presented protection action against free radicals on cell-based studies (cortex cells), high in vitro and cell-based antiradical actions, and also biomembrane permeations. These responses, when added, can confer to quercitrin higher relevance as a antioxidant at physiological levels when compared to others poliphenols. This work presents a systematic study on antiradical activities of isolated antioxidant compounds (from reference standards) and natural antioxidant compounds (medicinal plant extracts), by using in vitro and ex vivo methods. / Os compostos fenólicos constituem-se por um grupo de metabólitos secundários, amplamente distribuídos no reino vegetal, que apresentam propriedades antinflamatórias, antibacterianas, antivirais, antialérgicas e antitumorais, além de possuírem propriedades antioxidantes. Mesmo presentes em baixas concentrações em relação ao substrato oxidante, os antioxidantes podem atrasar ou inibir as taxas de oxidação dos radicais livres. Desta forma, este estudo teve como objetivo classificar e determinar quantitativamente os compostos antioxidantes isolados e naturais quanto a sua contribuição na atividade antirradicalar a partir da análise cromatográfica (HPLC-DAD) e de um estudo sistemático da atividade antirradicalar de compostos antioxidantes isolados (padrões de referência) e naturais (extratos de plantas medicinais) usando métodos in vitro e ex vivo.bem. Além disso, a bioatividade das espécies antioxidantes foi avaliada a partir de células de córtex e da permeação por biomembranas celulares artificiais lipídicas. Dentre os antioxidantes estudados, a quercitrina apresentou ação protetora contra radicais livres em nível celular (células de córtex), alta ação antirradicalar in vitro e em nível celular (ex vivo), além de permear biomembranas. Essas respostas, quando somadas, podem credenciar a quercitrina com um dos antioxidantes da classe dos polifenóis de maior relevância em nível fisiológico.

В данной работе составлен аналитический обзор литературы по методам определения антиоксидантной емкости. Проведено исследование антиоксидантной емкости экстрактов лекарственных трав и экстрактов виноградного шрота потенциометрическим методом с системой гексацианоферрата калия (III)/ гексацианоферрата калия (II), потенциометрическим титрованием и спектрофотометрическим методом Фолина-Чокальтеу. / In this paper, an analytical review of the literature on the method of determining the antioxidant capacity. A study of the antioxidant capacity of herbal extracts and grape shock extracts by the potentiometric method with the potassium (III) hexacyanoferrate / potassium hexacyanoferrate (II) system, potentiometric titration and the Folin-Chocalteu spectrophotometric method was carried out.

Tyrimų tikslas – nustatyti saulės kolektoriaus orui šildyti panaudojimo galimybes ruošiant džioviklį, vaistiniams ir prieskoniniams augalams džiovinti. Darbe apžvelgti vaistinių ir prieskoninių augalų džiovinimo rėžimai, šiuo metu Lietuvoje ir pasaulyje žinomi konservavimo būdai, saulės kolektorių konstrukcijos ir saulės energijos parametrai. Tyrimai atlikti džiovykloje su saulės kolektoriumi ir nustatyta temperatūros pokyčiai pučiant orą per saulės kolektorių orui šildyti ir saulės energijos kiekis krentantis į saulės kolektoriaus orui šildyti absorberį, esant įvairioms klimatinėms sąlygoms. / Purpose of the study – the solar collector to heat air drying potential in the preparation, medicinal herbs and dried. Review the work of medicinal herbs and drying modes, now in Lithuania and the world-known preservation techniques, solar design and solar energy parameters. Investigations were carried out with the dryer and the solar collector temperature changes by blowing air through the solar air heating and solar energy entering the solar collector to heat air absorbers under various climatic conditions.

Dans les démocraties occidentales, la remise en cause depuis la fin des années 1970 du rôle de l’État dans la régulation économique se traduit par diverses reconfigurations institutionnelles et l’apparition de nouveaux collectifs d’acteurs publics et privés. Cette recherche explore la fabrique des « plantes médicinales suisses », en tant que celles-ci deviennent l’objet de nouvelles pratiques gouvernementales et entrepreneuriales ayant comme objectif commun de préserver « l’intérêt national » face à une concurrence étrangère accrue. Elle se consacre ainsi à l’étude des différentes pratiques qui, dans un contexte de forte compétition internationale, composent et encadrent la fabrication et la commercialisation de produits de santé à base de plantes en Suisse.Basé sur une enquête ethnographique multisite menée pendant quatre ans et enrichie par l’analyse d’un corpus de sources iconographiques et écrites, ce travail vise à rendre compte des transformations et de la diversité des conceptions et des utilisations des plantes médicinales en Suisse, à partir des points de vue de divers professionnels et expert-e-s des administrations culturelles. Plus précisément, ce travail s’attache à restituer ces diverses conceptions et utilisations dans leurs dimensions politiques et transnationales mouvantes et particulières. Ainsi, cette recherche examine les « plantes médicinales suisses » en tant qu’elles sont au cœur de diverses réformes de politiques publiques (agricole, régionale, sanitaire, culturelle, commerciales et de l’innovation) qui témoignent à la fois de l’adaptation du droit suisse au normes européennes et internationales et de l’extension du droit fédéral. D’autre part, cette recherche contribue à mettre en lumière l’articulation complexe et dynamique entre les intérêts des coopératives de producteurs et des industries relatives aux « plantes médicinales suisses » d’une part, et l’« intérêt commun » d’autre part, articulation mobilisée tant par les gouvernements à l’échelle fédéral et cantonale que par les industries pharmaceutiques, cosmétiques, alimentaires et touristiques, locales et nationales. Ainsi, c’est à travers la création discursive et symbolique d’une communauté de destin entre le secteur privé des plantes médicinales et la population nationale, qu’il faut comprendre la consécration par les administrations culturelles cantonales et fédérales de certains usages économiques de plantes médicinales en tant que « patrimoine culturel immatériel » (ci-après PCI) d’importance nationale. En effet, l’analyse détaillée de la mise en œuvre de la Convention pour la sauvegarde du patrimoine culturel immatériel de l’Unesco met non seulement en évidence comment le recours à des formulaires standardisés d’inscription pour l’inventaire du PCI en Suisse invisibilise les rapports de force, les enjeux et les controverses entourant la fabrication et la commercialisation des produits à base de plantes, mais aussi comment cet inventaire produit des images épurées des pratiques qui y sont inscrites. Ces images sont dès lors mobilisées par les acteurs gouvernementaux comme instrument de relations publiques afin de susciter d’une part un sentiment de fierté parmi la population locale et/ou nationale et de promouvoir d’autre part l’image à l’étranger d’une Suisse attrayante, ouverte, respectueuse de l’environnement et démocratiquement exemplaire, image qui favorise l’économie nationale par l’afflux d’investissements étrangers, de main-d’œuvre qualifiée et de touristes en direction de la Suisse. / In Western democracies, the questioning of the role of the state in economic regulation since the late 1970s has resulted in various institutional reconfigurations and the emergence of new groups of public and private actors. This research explores the production of “Swiss medicinal herbs”, as these become the object of new governmental and entrepreneurial practices aiming to preserve “the national interest” in the face of increased foreign competition. It inquires into the various practices which compose and frame the production and the marketing of herbal health products in Switzerland in a context of economic liberalization.Based on four years of multi-sited ethnographic fieldwork, enriched by the analysis of iconographic and written sources, this work aims to account for the diversity of conceptions and uses of medicinal herbs in Switzerland, and to examine the transformations they underwent over the course of the twentieth century. It does so from the points of view of diverse professionals and experts of cultural administrations. Paying particular attention to the political and transnational dimensions, this study foregrounds how “Swiss medicinal herbs” have been at the heart of various public policy reforms (agricultural, regional, sanitary, cultural, trade and innovation) reflecting adaptations of Swiss law to European and international standards and the extension of federal law.Secondly, this research sheds light on the complex and dynamic articulation between, on the one hand, the interests of producers’ cooperatives and the “Swiss medicinal herbs” industries, and, on the one hand, the construct of a “common interest”. This articulation is mobilized by federal and cantonal governments as well as by local and national pharmaceutical, cosmetic, food and tourism industries. The discursive und symbolic creation of a common destiny between the private sector of medicinal herbs and the national population is key to understanding the consecration, by the cantonal and federal cultural administrations, of certain economic uses of medicinal herbs as “intangible cultural heritage” (hereinafter ICH). Indeed, the detailed analysis of the implementation of the Unesco Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage brings to light not only how the use of standardized application forms for the ICH inventory in Switzerland renders invisible power relations, challenges and controversies surrounding the production and the marketing of herbal products. It also shows how this inventory produces purified images of the practices listed therein. These images are subsequently mobilized by state actors as an instrument of public relations to arouse a feeling of pride among the local and/or national population, and to promote abroad the image of an attractive, open, eco-friendly and democratically exemplary Switzerland.

Au Mexique et plus spécifiquement dans l’Etat du Morelos, les sages-femmes traditionnelles constituent un groupe hétérogène quant à l’origine culturelle et ethnique, aux pratiques thérapeutiques, à la personnalité, à la formation reçue, aux honoraires perçus…. Personnages à la croisée des savoirs, les sages-femmes puisent leurs connaissances dans les traditions médicales náhuatl ; elles ont également reçu une formation académique de la part de la médecine occidentale.Elles pratiquent un panachage de techniques appartenant à des traditions médicales savantes ou populaires aux systèmes de référence a priori opposés. Elles démontrent des capacités d’intégration de connaissances issues de ces différentes traditions. Leur intérêt pour les thérapies dans la mouvance actuelle des médecines dites alternatives dénote aussi leur curiosité d’esprit et la souplesse de leurs pratiques. Au plan thérapeutique, les sages-femmes occupent un espace bien spécifique avec ses caractéristiques propres dans l’accompagnement de la femme au cours du processus de la maternité,de la conception à la période puerpérale. Les bains, les massages, l’alimentation et le remède végétal constituent une de leurs principales ressources thérapeutiques; l’importance de leur pharmacopée varie d’une dizaine à une centaine de plantes. Le système thérapeutique des sages-femmes est fondé sur un invariant : le concept du chaud et du froid. / In Mexico, more specifically in the state of Morelos, traditional midwives compose a heterogeneous group with regards to their cultural and ethnic origins, their therapeutic praxis, their individual personalities, their training, their fees, etc. At crossroads of knowledge sources, midwives draw their competence from Náhuatl medical traditions and benefited from an academic training from occidental medicine as well. They resort to a number of diverse techniques belonging to wise and popular medical traditions which often refer to a priori conflicting systems. Midwives from Morelos demonstrate their capacity to integrate the lore from those different traditions. Their interest towards the therapies relating to the sphere of the present so-called alternative medicines also indicates their openness and the flexibility of their praxis. From a therapeutic point of view, the midwives assume aspecific role with clear characteristics in accompanying women all along the maternity process, from conception to puerperal period. Baths, massage, nutrition and herbal remedies constitute their main therapeutical resources; the range of their pharmacopoeia varies from a dozen to about a hundredplants. The therapeutic system of the midwives is based on the invariant dichotomy of hot and cold.