The Corsican Bronze Age is characterized by the erection of massive stone towers, the torre, and of stone enclosures, the casteddi. While the role of these structures is still debated, they have generally been interpreted as the sign of a hierarchical society, pervaded by martial values and fragmented into competing antagonistic groups. After several centuries of stability, a sharp demographic decline occurred at the end of the Middle Bronze Age. ca. 1350 and 1200 BC. In contrast, the Final Bronze Age, between 1200 and 950 BC, is a period of continuous expansion, characterized by the appearance of new forms of cultural expression, which included the erection of armed menhirs, the development of open villages, and the manufacture of a new type of ceramic production, manifestly inspired by foreign models. The aim of this work is to improve our understanding of the social dynamics at work during the Final Bronze Age through the study of the mobility of the ceramics within a systemic theoretical framework. Another goal is to further our understanding of the function of the fine ware during this period. A portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (pXRF) was used on 321 ceramic artifacts from six different sites to assess the extent of the exchanges taking place between six sites, located both on the inner plateaus and the coastal plains. Ceramics made from non-local clay material are present at five out of six sites, which shows that economic exchanges regularly took place between different communities. Except for one site, there is no association between a specific clay material and a type of ware. These results suggest that Final Bronze Age Corsican society should be considered as largely open to external influences.

This thesis proposes that we can better understand Greek society in the Archaic Period by evaluating the purposes of their interactions with Egyptian material culture and through a greater appreciation of Egyptian political and cultural history in the Third Intermediate and Late Period. The thesis combines an examination of the Egyptian and Egyptianising objects from Greek graves and sanctuaries with a study of Egyptianising motifs in Greek painted pottery and sculpture. With this evidence, the thesis primarily addresses questions of agency and of consumption. It aims to demonstrate that Greek interactions with Egypt are not defined by Phoenician intermediaries or by the foundation of Naucratis late in the seventh century. Instead, it is argues that the development of personal connections between the elite of certain Greek states and the rulers of Egyptian kingdoms in the eighth century could explain the escalation of Greek interactions with Egyptian material culture during the Archaic Period and the regional variability of these interactions. The thesis also highlights the stark differences between Greek interactions with Egyptian and Egyptianising material in different media and in different consumption areas. In their sanctuaries, the Greeks used Egyptian faience, stone, and bronze objects alongside Greek-produced imitations of these objects in order to define aspire to the status of being a member of the elite while accessing a magical potency associated with Egyptian material culture. In other media, however, the Greeks reject imitation of Egyptian subjects and iconography, and instead we find processes of interaction which use Egyptian material culture but do not refer to it explicitly. Therefore it is concluded that Greek interactions with Egyptian material culture not only draws attention to Greek connectivity with surrounding cultures, and the Greek association of Egypt and magical potency, but can also help us to reflect upon different forms of elite-elite and elite-non-elite interaction and self-identification in the Archaic Period.

Il est indéniable que la notion de la famille dans l’œuvre camusienne est centrale ; cet axe fondamental est soutenu par d’autres thèmes majeurs, tels que la fraternité, la solidarité, et surtout l’humanité. Nous avons opté pour quatre axes pour les analyser :Dans la première partie, la filiation naturelle, il s’agit moins de montrer la part autobiographique que de démontrer l’impact des figures familiales sur l’œuvre camusienne. La progression du personnage du fils vers le cycle de la révolte participe à l’émergence d’un désir de fraternité ; celui-ci fait l’objet de la deuxième partie.L’étude de cette tendance vers la fraternité nous permet de déceler une mesure nécessaire dans les relations. Cette mesure, rappelée dans « le silence éloquent » d’une mère, met en évidence l’importance de la « pensée solaire », inhérente à la Méditerranée ancestrale, étudiée dans la troisième partie. Les paradigmes rattachés à cette mer ancestrale ne sont pas exclusifs à une communauté sans une autre ; leur adoption dans l’œuvre camusienne permet à celle-ci d’aspirer vers une parenté plus large : la parenté dans l’humanité, analysée dans la dernière partie. Nous avons conclu à la nécessité d’imaginer « le premier homme » heureux ; l’inachèvement du Premier homme ne devrait pas, en effet, estomper l’évolution de la conception de la famille vers une parenté humaine, mise en évidence dans mythe de l’autochtonie. / The notion of family is highly central to Camus’s work. The axial nature of this concept is an impetus to begin this thesis which aims at examining the expanse of this concept on Camus’s thinking. This major theme is supported by other ones as brotherhood, solidarity and above all humanity. We have chosen to divide it on four parts of analysis:The first part deals with natural descent. It is more about the impact of family characters on Camus’s work than on the autobiographical side; dealt throughout the three adopted cycles Absurdism, revolt, and at last love and reconciliation. The evolution of the son character towards the cycle of revolt in the mid of inevitable ups and downs took part in the emergence of fraternity desire, and this is the major theme in the second part. The study of this trend towards brotherhood has allowed us to uncover a necessary measure in the relationships. This measure recalled in “the eloquent silence” enhance the importance of “la pensée solaire” inherent in the ancestral Mediterranean Sea, and this makes it an object of study in the third part. The paradigms linked to this ancestral Sea are not exclusively specific to one community without another. Their adoption in Camus’s work allowed it to strive towards a larger parenthood; the parenthood of humanity dealt with in the last part. We have concluded by asserting the necessity of imagining the “first man” happy. The incompletion of Le Premier homme should not blur the evolution of the family conception to a human relationship, highlighted in the myth of autochthony.

L'eau douce est devenue un sujet de préoccupation majeur depuis la fin du XXe siècle, tant au niveau international qu'au niveau national. L'eau douce est une ressource rare et inégalement répartie dans la région méditerranéenne. La surexploitation des eaux de surface et des eaux souterraines ainsi que la dégradation de la qualité de l'eau sont également deux problèmes urgents pour cette région. Les pays méditerranéens ainsi que la communauté internationale se sont engagés dans la recherche d'une meilleure gestion de l'eau douce. Nombre d'études, de programmes et de coopérations internationales sont là pour en témoigner. Nous avons constaté que les engagements nationaux et internationaux existants ne répondaient que partiellement à ces problèmes urgents relatifs à l'eau douce. En tenant compte des situations particulières de la région, nous avons développé les perspectives d'une norme commune sur l'eau douce pour la région méditerranéenne. / Fresh water has become a major concern since the late twentieth century in both international and national level. Fresh water resources are scarce and spread unequally in the Mediterranean region. Overexploitation of surface water and groundwater, as well as degradation of water quality are two pressing issues for this region. Mediterranean countries and the international community have engaged in the search for a better management of fresh water. Lots of studies, programs and international cooperations are there to prove this. We found that the existing national and international undertake only partially these urgent problems related to freshwater. Taking account the particular circumstances of the region, we have developed the prospects for a common norm for fresh water to the Mediterranean region.

Le bassin méditerranéen est sujet à de nombreuses sources d'aérosols présentant une variabilité spatio-temporelle élevée. Ces aérosols interagissent de manière directe avec les rayonnements solaire et thermique, et de manière indirecte avec les nuages et la dynamique atmosphérique. Ils peuvent donc avoir un impact important sur le climat de cette région. Ce travail de thèse, à la frontière entre les projets HyMeX et ChArMEx, considère une approche par la modélisation régionale couplée pour répondre aux questions des interactions aérosols-rayonnement-nuages par rapport à la variabilité climatique de la région méditerranéenne. Afin de mieux caractériser les aérosols méditerranéens, une nouvelle climatologie mensuelle et interannuelle d'épaisseur optique a été développée à partir d'une combinaison de produits satellites et de modèles. Ce jeu de données, disponible pour tous les modèles régionaux de climat en Méditerranée sur la période 1979-2012, a été mis au point dans le but d'obtenir la meilleure estimation possible du contenu atmosphérique en aérosols pour les cinq types considérés (sulfates, carbone suie et organique, poussières désertiques et sels marins). Des ensembles de simulations réalisées sur la période 2003-2009 avec et sans aérosols montrent un impact majeur sur le climat régional. Cet impact se caractérise par un forçage radiatif négatif en surface (dû à la diffusion et l'absorption du rayonnement solaire incident) de -15 W.m−2 en moyenne annuelle sur la mer Méditerranée, par un refroidissement induit en surface à la fois sur mer et sur terre de l'ordre de 0.5◦C en moyenne annuelle, par une diminution moyenne des précipitations ainsi que par des changements de nébulosité. Le cycle saisonnier et les structures spatiales du climat méditerranéen sont ainsi significativement modifiés, ainsi que certaines situations spécifiques comme la canicule de juillet 2006 qui a été renforcée par la présence d'aérosols désertiques. Le rôle essentiel de la température de surface de la mer Méditerranée dans la réponse du climat aux aérosols est mis en évidence, et permet de comprendre les modifications induites des flux air-mer (notamment la diminution de la perte en chaleur latente) et ses conséquences sur le climat régional. La convection océanique en mer Méditerranée est également renforcée par la présence d'aérosols. En outre, on démontre que la diminution des aérosols anthropiques observée depuis plus de trente ans a contribué significativement aux tendances climatiques de rayonnement (représentant 81 ± 15 % de l'éclaircissement) et de température (représentant 23 ± 5 % du réchauffement) observées en Europe et en Méditerranée. D'autre part, un schéma interactif d'aérosols a été mis en place dans le modèle atmosphérique ALADIN-Climat afin de pouvoir comprendre les processus liés aux aérosols à l'échelle quotidienne. On montre ici la capacité de ce schéma de simuler de manière réaliste les aérosols présents en Méditerranée, notamment dans le cas des intrusions de poussières désertiques observées pendant la campagne de mesures ChArMEx/TRAQA. Un exercice d'intercomparaison avec d'autres modèles intégrant les aérosols désertiques confirme la performance du nouveau schéma. De plus, utiliser un schéma prognostique d'aérosols au lieu d'une climatologie mensuelle permet de mieux reproduire les variations quotidiennes et en particulier les extrêmes de rayonnement et de température en surface. Cela induit aussi une modification du climat moyen, dans la mesure où les variations des aérosols et de leurs effets dépendent des régimes de temps et de la nébulosité. Cette thèse conclut ainsi à la nécessité pour les systèmes climatiques de modélisation régionale en Méditerranée de bien prendre en compte les effets radiatifs des aérosols et leur variabilité spatiotemporelle, y compris à haute fréquence. / The Mediterranean basin is affected by numerous and various aerosols which have a high spatiotemporal variability. These aerosols directly interact with solar and thermal radiation, and indirectly with clouds and atmospheric dynamics. Therefore they can have an important impact on the regional climate. This work, located at the boundary between the ChArMEx and HyMeX programs, considers a coupled regional modeling approach in order to address the questions of the aerosol-radiation-cloud interactions with regards to the climate variability over the Mediterranean. In order to improve the characterization of Mediterranean aerosols, a new interannual monthly climatology of aerosol optical depth has been developed from a blended product based on both satellitederived and model-simulated datasets. This dataset, available for every regional climate model over the Mediterranean for the 1979-2012 period, has been built to obtain the best possible estimate of the atmospheric aerosol content for the five species at stake (sulfate, black carbon, organic matter, desert dust and sea salt particles). Simulation ensembles, which have been carried out over the 2003-2009 period with and without aerosols, show a major impact on the regional climate. This impact is characterized by a negative surface radiative forcing (due to the absorption and the scattering of the solar incident radiation) of -15 W.m−2 on annual average over the Mediterranean Sea, an induced surface cooling both over land and sea of about -0.5◦C on annual average, a decrease in precipitation as well as cloud cover changes. The seasonal cycle and the spatial patterns of the Mediterranean climate are significantly modified, as well as some specific situations such as the heat wave in July 2006 strengthened by the presence of desert dust particles. The essential role of the Mediterranean sea surface temperature is highlighted, and enables to understand the induced changes on air-sea fluxes (notably the decrease in the latent heat loss) and the consequences on regional climate. Oceanic convection is also strengthened by aerosols. In addition, the decrease in anthropogenic aerosols observed for more than thirty years is shown to significantly contribute to the observed Euro-Mediterranean climatic trends in terms of surface radiation (representing 81 ± 15 % of the brightening) and temperature (representing 23 ± 5 % of the warming). Besides, an interactive aerosol scheme has been developed in the atmospheric model ALADINClimate in order to better understand aerosol processes at the daily scale. This scheme shows its ability to represent correctly the aerosol patterns over the Mediterranean, especially with regards to dust outbreaks that were measured during the ChArMEx/TRAQA field campaign. An intercomparison exercise with several dust models confirms the performance of the new scheme. Moreover, the use of a prognostic aerosol scheme instead of a monthly climatology enables to better reproduce the daily variations of surface radiation and temperature and related extremes. This also leads to changes in the mean climate, insofar as aerosol variations and their effects depend on weather regimes and cloud cover. Finally this study concludes with the need for regional climate system models over the Mediterranean to take into account the radiative aerosol effects and their spatio-temporal variability, including at high frequency. The impacts of these radiative effects on numerous parameters (radiation, temperature, humidity, ocean-atmosphere fluxes, oceanic circulation, etc.) are indeed shown and understood at different space and time scales (daily variability, seasonal cycle, climate trends, spatial structures). This work has also shown the importance of the coupling between the atmosphere and the Mediterranean Sea for aerosol-climate studies in this region.

Palaeoenvironmental investigations from the Lake Plav catchment of the Prokletije Mountains in Montenegro and Albania, allowed primarily climatic change and anthropogenic influences during the Late Holocene and particularly the Little Ice Age (LIA) to be identified. Three sediment cores were analysed, two from Lake Plav (904 m a.s.l., cores LPCA and LPCB) and one from the upper catchment site of Lake C in Buni i Jezerces (1754 m a.s.l., core BJC1). These sediments were analysed for a variety of proxies including pollen, ostracoda, organic content, magnetic susceptibility and particle size. Chronologies for each sediment core were constructed using AMS radiocarbon, 210Pb and 137Cs dating techniques. The lower sites provided a record of past flood events, anthropogenic influences, lake development and infilling that have occurred since c. AD 500. Core BJC1 provided longer-term data since c. 2720 BC, providing complementary records of Pediastrum and thermophilous arboreal types, identified following a catchment vegetation survey. Glacial geomorphological mapping of the Maja e Koljaet glacier in Buni i Jezerces, Albania, enabled a catchment specific palaeotemperature record to be constructed from AD 1859 to the present. Glacial features were dated using lichenometry before degree-day modelling enabled temperature reconstruction. The palaeotemperature reconstruction for the Albanian Little Ice Age glacial maximum (LIAGM) suggests that temperatures were 0.9°C below the 1980-2008 annual temperature mean. This work also provided the first record of glacial extent during the LIA in Albania, indicating that the Albania LIAGM occurred c. AD 1859, around a decade after the European LIAGM and two decades before that of Montenegro. Anthropogenic indicators were used to reconstruct human activity in the catchment, which suggested that arable farming was pursued throughout the Medieval Warm Period (MWP; c. AD 800-1090) and continued during a period of transition to the LIA, between c. AD 1090 and AD 1300. The LIA (c. AD 1300 - 1860) was characterised by an abrupt Alnus decline, thought to be the result of anthropogenic clearance of the floodplain and reduction of both arable and thermophilous types. During the LIA sedimentation rates were up to 1.41 + 0.17 cm yr-1 at Lake Plav causing lake infilling and shallowing allowing wetland expansion c. AD 1570. The result of lake infilling is highlighted during the early 20th century, when the lake extent fell by around 42% as a result of climatic amelioration post-LIA causing lake levels to fall and wetland indicators to decline. The inferred past climatic changes from the Lake Plav catchment are compared to data from around the Mediterranean and Southern Europe. This allows identification of the climatic influences affecting the site during the Late Holocene. Catchment records have provided evidence of cooler and wetter conditions coeval to the occurrence of solar minima such as the Wolf, Spörer and Maunder minima. Overall, the records suggest that continental atmospheric circulation patterns such as the North Sea-Caspian Pattern (NCP) and East Atlantic-West Russia pattern (EA-WR), dominated the site until the late 1800s, when records become more synchronous with the NAO index and Mediterranean/Southern European data.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第22327号 / 医博第4568号 / 新制||医||1041(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 竹内 理, 教授 江藤 浩之, 教授 生田 宏一 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Le suivi scientifique dans les AMPs est la clé pour le recueil information fiable dans les future AMPs de la Tunisie, où des restrictions d’usages et des plans de gestion sont en cours de mise en place. Cette étape cruciale le long des côtes tunisiennes viens avec le besoin en méthodes, métriques et indicateurs appropriés pour le suivi des paramètres utiles pour évaluer leurs efficacités. Le but de ce travail est de sélectionner, adapter, tester et proposer des méthodes et des indicateurs de suivi des assemblages de poissons et des activités de pêche, afin de proposer une stratégie de suivi pour quatre futures AMPs tunisiennes. La sélection des méthodes et des indicateurs de la bibliographie a été réalisée en fonction de leur faisabilité, de leur rentabilité et de leur adéquation avec les objectifs des futures des AMPs. Par conséquent, les données sur l'assemblage de poissons et les activités de pêche ont été recueillies en utilisant cinq méthodes : (1) Transects à largeur variable (TVW); (2) Fish Assemblage Sampling Technique (FAST); (3) Questionnaires et suivi des débarquements; (4) pêche expérimentale; (5) photo-surveillance. Les résultats des suivis réalisées entre 2014 et 2016, ont été pris en compte lors de proposition de la stratégie de suivi, notamment: (1) l'utilité d'adopter des modèles d'échantillonnage appropriés, BACI ("Before After Control Impact"), en utilisant la méthode standard des UVC, pour tester des hypothèses liées à l'efficacité des AMP futures, (2) les valeurs faibles de la biomasse dans toutes les AMPs étudiés par rapport à celles méditerranéennes (3) le potentiel des sciences participatives pour les suivi des assemblages de poissons en utilisant une méthode FAST, après avoir testé sa cohérence avec la méthode standard , (4) un pourcentage élevé de pratique de pêche illégale (pêcheurs récréatifs qui commercialisent leurs captures), (5) la compétition de la pêche récréative et illégale avec la pêche artisanale, sur les espèces vulnérables et de valeurs économiques élevées, et (6) des biomasses faibles, proportions de carnivores, grande proportion de poisson dans la capture des pêcheurs artisanaux, en utilisant la méthode de pêche expérimentale. Par conséquent, la dite stratégie proposée pour le suivi dans les futures AMPs tunisiennes repose sur la collaboration entre les scientifiques, les parties prenantes (pêcheurs, plongeurs récréatifs) et les gestionnaires, ce qui peut être utile pour assurer un certain niveau d'acceptation des AMPs, surtout quand il s’agit de créer un réseau tunisien d'AMPs / Scientific monitoring is the key to reliable information in Tunisian future MPAs, where management plans are being established. This crucial step comes with the need to choose appropriate methods, metrics and indicators for monitoring parameter that are important to assess MPAs effectivness. Therefore, the purpose of this manuscript is to select, adapt, test and propose fish assemblage and fishing monitoring methods and indicators in order to propose a monitoring strategy for four Tunisian future MPAs (locations). Selection of methods and indicators from literature was made according to their feasibility, cost-effectiveness and suitability with future MPAs objectives. Therefore, data on fish assemblage and fishing activities were collected using five methods: (1) Transects with variable width (TVW); (2) Fish Assemblage Sampling Technique (FAST); (3) Questionnaires and landing catch monitoring; (4) Experimental fishing; (5) photo-surveillance method. Results shows some highlights that were considered for proposing the monitoring strategy: (1) the usefulness of adopting appropriate sampling models, BACI ("Before After Control Impact"), using standard TVW, to test hypotheses related to the effectiveness of the future MPAs, (2) the relatively low values of biomass in all studied locations in comparison with other Mediterranean MPAs (3) the high potential of citizen science for fish monitoring in Tunisia using easy-to-use FAST method, after testing its coherence with standard TVW method, (4) a high percentage of illegal fishing practice (recreational fishers that commercialize their catch), in the studied locations, (5) the competition of recreational and illegal fishing with commercial-small scale (CSS) one, on vulnerable and high economic value species, and (6) low biomasses, carnivores proportions, large fish proportion in catch of CSS using experimental fishing method. Therefore, the proposed strategy for fish and fishing monitoring for Tunisian future MPAs is based on the collaboration between scientists, stakeholders (fishermen, recreational divers) and managers, which can be useful to implement high compliance and MPAs acceptance levels, especially when it comes to creating a future MPAs network.

Gobies (Gobiidae, Actinopterygii) are small, predominantly cryptic, marine, brackish and freshwater fishes. They abundantly inhabit coastal waters, although their occurrence is far from being mapped due to their inconspicity, often hidden lifestyle and a lack of commercial use. Information about distribution of many species is therefore still rather poor. Many species are known only from a few locations scattered throughout the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic. This suggests that most species could actually have a relatively continuous distribution area. Comparing the genetic variability of geographically distant populations of the same species can help to detect whether there is some population subdivision and whether populations are genetically isolated from each other. The aim of my thesis was to compare genetic variability of the populations of eight goby species: Corcyrogobius liechtensteini, Gobius cruentatus, Gobius geniporus, Gobius incognitus, Chromogobius quadrivittatus, Chromogobius zebratus, Millerigobius macrocephalus and Zebrus zebrus within Mediterranean Sea and north-eastern Atlantic Ocean. Samples used in this work were collected from two Atlantic (Spain and Portugal) and seven Mediterranean localities (France, Sicily, Croatia, Montenegro, Greece, and Cyprus - northern and...

Diese Dissertation geht um die Validation der deutschen Version des Fragebogen 'Mediterranean Diet Adherence Screener' (MEDAS) im Rahmen der LIBRE (Lebensstilintervention in Frauen mit einer BRCA1 oder BRCA2 Mutation) Studie.:Table of contents Bibliographical description.......................................................................................iii Background.............................................................................................................. 1 1.1. Lifestyle factors and risk of sporadic breast cancer.......................................... 2 1.2. Mediterranean Diet ........................................................................................... 3 1.3. Non-genetic risk factors for disease in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers. 5 1.4. LIBRE trial.......................................................................................................... 6 1.5. Mediterranean Diet Adherence Screener questionnaire.................................... 7 1.5.1. Translation process........................................................................................ 9 1.6. Food Frequency Questionnaire ........................................................................ 9 Aim......................................................................................................................... 10 Publication ............................................................................................................. 11 Summary................................................................................................................ 21 References ............................................................................................................ 25 Abbreviations......................................................................................................... 33 Supplemental Materials ........................................................................................ 35 Statement on own contributions .......................................................................... 46 Erklärung über die eigenständige Abfassung der Arbeit ...................................... 47 Curriculum Vitae ................................................................................................... 49 Acknowledgements .............................................................................................. 53 / This dissertation concerns the validation of the German version of the Mediterranean Adherence Screener (MEDAS), in the context of the LIBRE (Lebensstilintervention in Frauen mit einer BRCA1 oder BRCA2) Mutation clinical trial.:Table of contents Bibliographical description.......................................................................................iii Background.............................................................................................................. 1 1.1. Lifestyle factors and risk of sporadic breast cancer.......................................... 2 1.2. Mediterranean Diet ........................................................................................... 3 1.3. Non-genetic risk factors for disease in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers. 5 1.4. LIBRE trial.......................................................................................................... 6 1.5. Mediterranean Diet Adherence Screener questionnaire.................................... 7 1.5.1. Translation process........................................................................................ 9 1.6. Food Frequency Questionnaire ........................................................................ 9 Aim......................................................................................................................... 10 Publication ............................................................................................................. 11 Summary................................................................................................................ 21 References ............................................................................................................ 25 Abbreviations......................................................................................................... 33 Supplemental Materials ........................................................................................ 35 Statement on own contributions .......................................................................... 46 Erklärung über die eigenständige Abfassung der Arbeit ...................................... 47 Curriculum Vitae ................................................................................................... 49 Acknowledgements .............................................................................................. 53