Thesis (M.A.)--University of Sydney, 1979. / Includes bibliographical references (p. [177]-190) and index.

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Sydney, 1979. / Includes bibliographical references (p. [177]-190) and index.

No abstract available / Biblical and Ancient Studies / M. A. (Biblical Archaeology)

This thesis examines the lives of women in Classical Greece in the context of war. War is often regarded as the domain of men but actually it is a social phenomenon where everybody is involved. Scholarship has begun to be interested in issues of women and war in Classical Greece, while they are insightful and demonstrate portions of women’s experience, studies to date have not attempted to create a holistic view. In such studies, women are generally depicted as a single homogeneous group, their involvement in war is viewed as limited and exceptional, and they are only seen as the marginal victims of war. This thesis, by contrast, strongly argues for diversity in women’s experiences during war. It demonstrates the centrality of war to women’s lives in Classical Greece, as well as how women’s experience might vary according to (for example) their social and economic circumstances. By analysing both written sources and archaeological material across the Classical period, this thesis intends to produce a broader perspective. By providing the first full-length study on the subject, this thesis, thus, contributes to the disciplines of both gender studies and warfare studies. This thesis begins by investigating the way in which ancient sources outlined wartime boundaries for women. While there were no formal ‘rules of war’, ancient writers nonetheless suggest that there were certain social conventions particular to the treatment of women in Classical Greece at times of war. As chapter 1 shows, perhaps surprisingly, women were not always evacuated from their communities as is commonly thought, they were not supposed to be maltreated, nor killed in Classical Greek warfare. Chapter 2 then examines ancient authors’ positive and negative evaluations on the behaviour of women in war. By analysing the way in which different sources rationalized women’s wartime behaviour, this thesis shows that there existed boundaries for women in war. Having established women’s potential involvement in war, an exploration follows of their contributions to the war effort, both in the city and abroad. Two observations emerge from chapter 3. First, women were heavily involved in crucial wartime activities such as defending the city, distribution of food and missiles, giving military advice, among others. However, they also participated in negative and traitorous wartime behaviour such as facilitating enemy soldiers to escape a city under conflict. Second, their wartime contributions were not perceived to be ‘breaking social norms’ as is commonly maintained in much scholarly discussion. In chapter 4, the analyses of the different social and economic impacts of war on women reveals that war affected them directly through their experience of evacuations and their necessity to find employment due to wartime poverty, but war also affected women in more insidious ways, especially in their family life and relationships. Finally, chapter 5 then analyses the impact of war with special reference to women’s experiences in post-war contexts such as captivity, slavery, and rape and sexual violence. By showing the variety of experiences and how there existed selection processes with regards to women, this chapter demonstrates that not all women were going to experience the same fates after war. The result is the emergence of a rounded picture of the wartime lives of women in Classical Greece.

La leishmaniose viscérale (LV) est la forme la plus sévère de la leishmaniose humaine. Elle est transmise par la piqûre d'un phlébme. La leishmaniose viscérale est mortelle en l'absence de traitement. Les options thérapeutiques courantes contre la leishmaniose viscérale sont limitées. En région méditerranéenne, la LV est due à Leishmania infantum, zoonose dont le chien est le principal réservoir. A côté de quelques cas d'infection systémique, un nombre important d'humains porteurs asymptomatiques a été mis en evidence. En première partie, nous avons étudié l'intérêt du MultiLocus Microsatellite Genotyping (MLMT) pour l'identification des souches de Leishmania du sud de la France. Par MLMT nous avons étudié la variabilité génétique de différentes souches et recherché une association avec les différentes formes cliniques, la résistance aux médicaments et les phénomènes de rechutes. Nous avons observé une hétérogénéité génétique entre les différentes souches de L. infantum MON-1. Si l'association de certains génotypes avec les différentes expressions cliniques de la leishmaniose n'a pu être démontrée, nous avons par contre observé une répartition préférentielle géographique de certains génotypes. En deuxième partie, nous avons mis au point un protocole expérimental destiné au criblage de nouveaux agents anti-Leishmania infantum ayant pour cible la machinerie cellulaire mise en route par la cellule hôte pour l'élimination du parasite intracellulaire. Nos résultats ont montré que les altérations du système de trafic intracellulaire de la cellule-hôte induites par certains composés étaient corrélées à la mort du parasite et à son élimination. / Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is the most severe form of Human Leishmaniases, which occurs when protozoan parasites Leishmania donovani or L. infantum, given by phlebotomine sandfly bites. The disease is fatal when untreated. Current treatment options against VL are very limited with few drug molecules, often expensive, not always safe and able to induce resistance phenomenon.In this report, we have characterized on one hand, different genetic variants of Leishmania infantum strains isolated in different geographical areas from southern France and on the other hand have identified new potential anti-Leishmania infantum compounds and characterized their molecular mechanism of action.In the first part, we studied the interest of Multilocus Microsatellite Genotyping (MLMT) for the identification of Leishmania strains from southern France. By genotyping technique MLMT, we studied the genetic variability of different strains and sought an association with different clinical forms of leishmaniasis, resistance to drugs and relapse. We observed genetic heterogeneity among different strains of L. infantum-MON-1. we observed a preferential geographic distribution of certain genotypes.In the second part, we have developed an experimental protocol for the screening of new anti-Leishmania infantum compounds that target the host cell machinery responsible for the intracellular parasite killing, we studied the different steps of endocytic pathways potentially targeted by these compounds. Our results showed that with some compounds, modifications of the intracellular trafficking of the host cell were correlated with parasite death and its elimination.

This work focuses on the Mediterranean Union project proposed by Nicolas Sarkozy during the French presidential campaign in 2007. It represents a comprehensive portrayal of the Mediterranean region which has been due to its unique characteristics the center of attention of various international parties involved. These have been trying to take advantage of the Mediterranean Sea potential namely since the end of the 20th century and, at the same time, to introduce stability by means of various integration groups and further projects of cooperation. The Barcelona Process was the most complex partnership project within the Mediterranean territory which was launched by the European Union in 1995. The Barcelona Process or the Euro-Mediterranean Partnership nevertheless has not brought any significant achievements, with the Israeli-Palestinian conflict being considered the greatest impediment to its success. The work stresses the significance of the new project of the Mediterranean Union, which should learn a lesson from all the previous and, in many aspects unsuccessful, integration efforts and try to find a different way which would lead to achieving stability and cooperation of the countries within the region. In 2008, the Union for the Mediterranean developed from the Mediterranean Union project, which should reassume within the most possible extent the Barcelona Process. At the same time, the new integration approach should not consist of setting general goals but of formulating specific goals and their gradual implementation, which could lead to the unity of the region in the end. Complex political issues, however, still pose the major threat today.

The research project concerned cultural and economic transfers between the Etruscan world and Attica during the Archaic period and focused on the copy and the adaptation of Etruscan vase shapes by some potters of the Athenian Kerameikos. This being a vast and known subject, it was decided to concentrate on the case study of one shape, the kyathos, for which a large range of aspects were studied: the origins and typology of the shape in Etruria and its variants according to regional tastes. Etruscan black-figure productions are also included. The research then moved on the Attic shores and proposed a study of Attic kyathos shapes (compared to the Etruscan models) and tried to identify workshops and potters’ shaping habits. This approach is close to H. Bloesch and E. A. Mackay studies, but also to C. Orton’s system of “envelopes”. In another chapter of the work, several aspects such as the contexts, distribution, uses, functions and manipulation of the kyathoi (both Etruscan and Attic) have been studied. In another part of the thesis, I drew a synthesis about other Etruscan shapes copied in Athens. Their situation has been compared with the kyathos. In this way, I tried to demonstrate the different aspects and phenomena which lead to these copies of foreign shapes in Athens (and the Etruscan demand for them). The work shows how complex is the system of reception of foreign objects/images/practices by both the Etruscans and the Greeks. / Doctorat en Histoire, art et archéologie / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Le genre Astragalus L. (Fabaceae) est l'un des genres ayant le plus grand nombre de représentants parmi les angiospermes. Son centre d'origine et de diversité est situé dans les zones arides des montagnes de l'Asie centrale et sud-ouest. Au Liban, ce genre est aussi l'un des plus genres représentés dans la flore, avec 62 espèces et sous-espèces et 22 espèces endémiques identifiés. Les différents taxons de ce genre sont difficiles à identifier en se basant uniquement sur les caractères morphologiques et leur statut actuel de la distribution doit être évaluée. Les relations phylogénétiques, les variations dans la taille du génome et le rôle de la polyploïdie dans l'évolution du genre Astragalus dans les chaînes de montagnes du Liban ont été étudiés. Nos données confirment qu'un polymorphisme chromosomique interspécifique significatif existe dans le genre Astragalus du Liban et la polyploïdie et l'évolution subséquente du génome peuvent être d'importants moteurs de l'évolution de ce genre. Le processus de diversification du genre Astragalus qui a eu lieu au Liban a été analysé en utilisant des méthodes de datation phylogénétiques et moléculaires et des analyses des aires ancestrales. Nos résultats confirment que le Liban est le troisième centre de diversité pour les Astragales et doit être considéré comme un «berceau» de la biodiversité. Par conséquent, cette étude est une contribution à une meilleure compréhension de l'évolution et des processus biogéographiques à l'origine de la mise en place de la biodiversité au Liban, avec une finalité appliquée de conservation biogéographique. / The genus Astragalus L. (Fabaceae) is one of the genera with the largest number of representatives among the angiosperms. Its center of origin and diversity is located in the arid mountains of Central and Southwest Asia. In Lebanon, this genus is also one of the most represented genera in the flora, with 62 species and subspecies and 22 endemic species identified. The different taxa of this genus are difficult to identify based only on morphological characters and their current status of distribution must be evaluated. Phylogenetic relationships, changes in genome size and the role of polyploidy in the evolution of Astragalus genus in the Lebanese mountains range were studied. Our data confirm that a significant interspecific chromosomal polymorphism exists in the genus Astragalus of Lebanon and polyploidy and the subsequent evolution of the genome may be important drivers of the evolution of this genus. The diversification process of Astragalus genus that took place in Lebanon was analyzed using phylogenetic and molecular dating methods and analysis of ancestral areas. Our results confirm that Lebanon is the third center of diversity and should be considered as a "cradle" of biodiversity. Therefore, this study is a contribution to a better understanding of evolutionary and biogeographic processes behind the development of biodiversity in Lebanon, with an applied purpose of biogeographic conservation.

By 2020, cancer mortality rates are estimated to increase by 180% in Arab countries, where breast cancer is the most common type of cancer. This thesis explores and evaluates the ‘asabiyya-driven structuration (the cohesive force of the group that gives it strength in facing its struggles for progressive reproduction) of cancer agents, government agents, and the World Health Organization agents for breast cancer prevention and early detection in the Arab region. The layers of the philosophical standing from Ibn Khaldûn’s concept of ‘asabiyya and the theoretical foundation of social systems theory, structuration theory, social network analysis, and social capital theory are peeled in order to explore and evaluate the context, constraints, social networks, autopoiesis, and social capital. Utilizing a qualitative research design, this thesis employs content analysis and in-depth interviews, as well as NVivo as a tool for analysis. Data is collected from 122 publications and knowledgeable informants employed by cancer agencies, ministries of health, and World Health Organization offices in Egypt, Jordan, Morocco, and Oman. The findings are divided into the contextual scope of responsibility and resources, the progressive and hierarchal constraining structure, the optimal and weak social networks, the strong and vulnerable shields of autopoiesis, and the presence and absence of social capital momentum, followed by a discussion on the the struggle for structuration against breast cancer. The findings demonstrate that countries with a national cancer control program witness local strengthening ‘asabiyya and ‘asabiyya-driven structuration, while those without a national cancer control program witness weakening local ‘asabiyya. Ultimately, this thesis proposes strategic recommendations to accelerate the regional ‘asabiyya-driven structuration of breast cancer.

By 2020, cancer mortality rates are estimated to increase by 180% in Arab countries, where breast cancer is the most common type of cancer. This thesis explores and evaluates the ‘asabiyya-driven structuration (the cohesive force of the group that gives it strength in facing its struggles for progressive reproduction) of cancer agents, government agents, and the World Health Organization agents for breast cancer prevention and early detection in the Arab region. The layers of the philosophical standing from Ibn Khaldûn’s concept of ‘asabiyya and the theoretical foundation of social systems theory, structuration theory, social network analysis, and social capital theory are peeled in order to explore and evaluate the context, constraints, social networks, autopoiesis, and social capital. Utilizing a qualitative research design, this thesis employs content analysis and in-depth interviews, as well as NVivo as a tool for analysis. Data is collected from 122 publications and knowledgeable informants employed by cancer agencies, ministries of health, and World Health Organization offices in Egypt, Jordan, Morocco, and Oman. The findings are divided into the contextual scope of responsibility and resources, the progressive and hierarchal constraining structure, the optimal and weak social networks, the strong and vulnerable shields of autopoiesis, and the presence and absence of social capital momentum, followed by a discussion on the the struggle for structuration against breast cancer. The findings demonstrate that countries with a national cancer control program witness local strengthening ‘asabiyya and ‘asabiyya-driven structuration, while those without a national cancer control program witness weakening local ‘asabiyya. Ultimately, this thesis proposes strategic recommendations to accelerate the regional ‘asabiyya-driven structuration of breast cancer.