Στην παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία θα μελετηθεί η συμπεριφορά των γραμμών Μέσης Τάσης (Διανομής), όταν αυτές πλήττονται από κεραυνούς είτε άμεσα είτε έμμεσα. Οι κεραυνοί είναι ένα φυσικό φαινόμενο με επικίνδυνες συνέπειες για την ασφάλεια των ανθρώπων, κτιρίων και ηλεκτρικών εγκαταστάσεων. Οι γραμμές του ηλεκτρικού δικτύου (είτε Υψηλής είτε Μέσης είτε Χαμηλής Τάσης) είναι ευάλωτες σε πλήγματα κεραυνών. Όταν ένας κεραυνός πλήξει άμεσα μια γραμμή ή το γειτονικό της έδαφος, τότε θα εμφανισθούν σφάλματα στο ηλεκτρικό δίκτυο υπό μορφή επικίνδυνων υπερτάσεων. Οι υπερτάσεις αυτές σε πολλές περιπτώσεις μπορεί να υπερβαίνουν την κρουστική τάση αντοχής της μόνωσης του δικτύου με αποτέλεσμα,αν δεν υπάρχουν διατάξεις προστασίας, να διασπαστεί το διάκενο προκαλώντας ανεπανόρθωτη ζημιά στον εξοπλισμό μας. Η μελέτη για τη συμπεριφορά των εναέριων γραμμών διανομής εμπεριέχει αρκετές προσεγγίσεις. Μερικές από αυτές αφορούν κάποιες βασικές παραμέτρους όπως, η πυκνότητα των κεραυνών στο έδαφος (GFD) και το πλήθος των άμεσων πληγμάτων στη γραμμή. Προκειμένου να εξάγουμε ασφαλή δεδομένα συμβουλευόμαστε τους αντίστοιχους μετεωρολογικούς πίνακες-χάρτες ( π.χ Ισοκεραυνικοί χάρτες). Στο πρώτο κεφάλαιο της εργασίας παρουσιάζεται το φυσικό φαινόμενο του κεραυνού καθώς και τα βασικά χαρακτηριστικά αυτού. Εξετάζονται τα είδη των κεραυνών και η εξομοίωση του σε εργαστηριακές συνθήκες μέσω κρουστικής τάσης για δοκιμές της αντοχής των μονώσεων. Στο δεύτερο κεφάλαιο γίνεται παρουσίαση της μορφής των συστημάτων ηλεκτρικής ενέργειας με ιδιαίτερη έμφαση στο σύστημα διανομής. Παρουσιάζεται η δομή του συστήματος διανομής , τα επιμέρους μέρη και εξαρτήματα από τα οποία αποτελείται καθώς και τα χαρακτηριστικά τους. Στο τέλος του κεφαλαίου παρουσιάζονται δεδομένα και στατιστικά του ελληνικού συστήματος διανομής. Στο τρίτο κεφάλαιο, γίνεται μια σντομη παρουσίαση των σφαλμάτων και υπερτάσεων που παρουσιάζονται στο σύστημα διανομής καθώς και των μέσω προστασίας που χρησιμοποιούμε προκειμένου να εξασφαλίσουμε την αδιάλειπτη λειτουργία και ακεραιότητα του συστήματος μας. Στο τέταρτο κεφάλαιο, αναφέρεται η οδηγία της IEEE για τη συμπεριφορά των εναέριων γραμμών διανομής ηλεκτρικής ενέργειας έναντι κεραυνών. Σκοπός είναι να παρουσιάσει εναλλακτικές λύσεις για τη μείωση των βραχυκυκλωμάτων που προκαλούνται από κεραυνό στις εναέριες γραμμές. Συγκεκριμένα θα προσδιορισθεί η συμπεριφορά των εναέριων γραμμών διανομής σε περίπτωση πτώσης κεραυνού (πλήγματα κεραυνών και βραχυκυκλώματα από επαγόμενη τάση), το επίπεδο μόνωσης των γραμμών διανομής, η προστασία των γραμμών διανομής με προστατευτικό αγωγό καθώς και η προστασία των γραμμών με αλεξικέραυνα. Στο πέμπτο κεφάλαιο της εργασίας, θα αναπτυχθεί η καταγραφή σφαλμάτων και βλαβών λόγω πτώσεως κεραυνών στο δίκτυο Μέσης Τάσης, σε μετασχηματιστές καθώς και στις γραμμές διανομής Μ.Τ. τα τελευταία 6 χρόνια τουλάχιστον (2007-2012) στο νησί της Ρόδου. Θα υπολογισθεί αναλυτικά ο θεωρητικός αριθμός σφαλμάτων σύμφωνα με την οδηγία της IEEE και έπειτα θα συγκριθούν με τα πραγματικά σφάλματα που έχουμε προμηθευτεί από τη ΔΕΗ της Ρόδου με σκοπό την εξαγωγή των συμπερασμάτων μας. / This thesis studies the behavior of Medium Voltage (Distribution) lines, after direct or indirect lightning strokes. Lightning is a natural phenomenon with dangerous impacts for the safety of humans, buildings and electricity premises. The electricity network lines (either High, Medium or Low Voltage) are prone to lightning strikes. When a lightning directly strikes a line or its nearby ground, then faults occur at the power network in the form of risky overvoltage. Such overvoltage in many cases may exceed the shock impulse of the network's insulation resistance. In the event no safety arrangements are in place, this could lead to the gap breakdown, causing irreparable damage to our equipment. The study of the behavior of air distribution lines encompasses several approaches. Some concern the basic parameters, such as the ground flash density (GFD) and the number of direct strikes on the line. In order to reach safe data, we refer to the corresponding meteorological tables-maps (e.g. Lightning maps). The first section of the paper presents the natural phenomenon of the lightning and its main features. The types of lightning are reviewed and its simulation under laboratory conditions through shock impulse for the testing of the insulation resistance. The second section contains the presentation of the form of electric power systems, with special emphasis on the distribution system. It is a presentation of the distribution system structure, the individual parts and devices as well as their features. Data and statistics of the Greek distribution system are presented at the end of the section. The third section is a brief presentation of the faults and overvoltage occurring at the distribution system as well as of the protection measures we use in order to ensure the uninterrupted operation and the integrity of our system. The fourth section is a reference to the directive of the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) on the behaviour of air power distribution lines against lightning. The purpose is to present alternative solutions for the decrease of short-circuit occurrences caused by lightning on overhead lines. More specifically, the behaviour of the overhead distribution lines is determined in the event of lightning strike (lightning strikes and short-circuits arising from the induced voltage), the level of insulation of the distribution lines, the protection of the distribution lines by employing a protective tube, as well as the protection of the lines using lightning rods. The fifth chapter of the paper is an elaboration of the faults recorded and the damages caused due to lightning strikes on the Medium Voltage network, on transformers as well as on M.V. distribution lines over the past 6 years at least (2007-2012) on Rhodes Island. The theoretical number of faults will be calculated in detail, based on the IEEE directive and then these faults will be compared to the real faults provided by Rhodes' DEI [Greek Public Power Corporation], in order to reach our conclusions.

Distribution system plays a significant role in the overall electrical power system due to its impact on electricity costs, reliability as well as security of supplied energy. Optimal development planning of modern distribution system is mainly required to satisfy continuous change in customer demands and generations in a cost-effective manner, utilizing the available smart solutions. All these aspects need to be addressed in modern distribution planning methodology that can be applied today in real-life. Review has shown that there are no distributions planning models that adequately model security of supply of radially operated networks. Moreover, the optimal development planning models still do not consider multiple operating regimes, which has become a necessity due to connection of low carbon technologies. Numerous techniques published on this subject tend to ignore the regulations and planning standards that must be complied during system development, resulting in methodology that is not in-tuned with business practices. Furthermore, a comprehensive model that integrates all major components of today’s real-life distribution planning is still lacking, even though many of them have been addressed individually. In this thesis, integrated planning methodology for development of distribution system is proposed, incorporating utility practices in the UK. The overall methodology built on two independent stages, investment stage and operation stage. The operation stage is further cast into two sub-stages, quality of supply planning and minimization of operation costs planning. The overall planning methodology incorporates the novel probabilistic decision tree concept for distribution system planning to consider probable network uncertainties. The first model which is the investment stage determines the new construction and reinforcement of circuits and switchgear, along with circuit decommissioning. Multiple operating regimes due to fluctuation in generation and load profiles are considered, in addition to explicit modelling of N-1 security constraint according to P2/6 planning standards. The quality of supply planning determines the allocation of switchgear and its automation to maximise the reliability benefits from the regulatory incentive regime. Finally, the operation model determines the optimal network configuration that minimises the total operation costs of distribution system. The final outputs are list of cables and switchgear for construction, reinforcement, and decommission, benefits harvested due to quality of supply investments on switchgear, optimal network running arrangement, etc. These studies have proven to be important in formulating effective strategies for development of distribution system, in compliance to the planning standards and resulted in higher network operation capabilities.

Στην παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία πραγματοποιείται μελέτη της επίδρασης ενός συστήματος διασύνδεσης ανεμογεννήτριας με το δίκτυο μέσης τάσης, όσον αφορά την έγχυση αρμονικών από την ανεμογεννήτρια προς το δίκτυο. Η μελέτη περιλαμβάνει τη μοντελοποίηση κάθε τμήματος ενός δικτύου μέσης τάσης με πραγματικά στοιχεία που πάρθηκαν από τη ΔΕΗ. Επιπλέον, μοντελοποιείται μια ανεμογεννήτρια τύπου σύγχρονης μόνιμων μαγνητών, καθώς και όλοι οι ηλεκτρονικοί μετατροπείς ισχύος που απαιτούνται για τη διασύνδεση αυτής με το δίκτυο μέσης τάσης. Όλα τα επιμέρους μοντέλα διασυνδέονται μεταξύ τους ώστε να αποτελέσουν το συνολικό μοντέλο που περιλαμβάνει το δίκτυο μέσης τάσης με τις γραμμές μεταφοράς, τους μετασχηματιστές, τα φορτία και τους πυκνωτές αντιστάθμισης που διαθέτει και την ανεμογεννήτρια μαζί με τους μετατροπείς συνδεδεμένη σε ένα ζυγό του δικτύου. Από το μοντέλο αυτό εξάγεται το αρμονικό περιεχόμενο τόσο στο ζυγό της ανεμογεννήτριας όσο και σε διπλανούς ζυγούς και συγκρίνεται κάθε φορά με το πρότυπο IEC 61000-3-6 που θέτει τα όρια για την έγχυση αρμονικών στο δίκτυο μέσης τάσης. Αρχικά, γίνεται μια αναφορά στα πλεονεκτήματα της αιολικής ενέργειας έναντι των άλλων συμβατικών μορφών ενέργειας. Επιπλέον, αναφέρονται τα προβλήματα που δημιουργούνται από την παρουσία ανώτερων αρμονικών στο δίκτυο. Έπειτα, πραγματοποιείται θεωρητική ανάλυση κάθε τμήματος του δικτύου μέσης τάσης. Για κάθε τμήμα δημιουργείται, επίσης, ένα μοντέλο στο Matlab/Simulink που βασίζεται σε στοιχεία από τη ΔΕΗ και εξισώσεις που αφορούν το εκάστοτε τμήμα. Στη συνέχεια, αναλύεται και μοντελοποιείται στο Matlab/Simulink και κάθε τμήμα του συστήματος διασύνδεσης της ανεμογεννήτριας με το δίκτυο μέσης τάσης που περιλαμβάνει την ανεμογεννήτρια τύπου σύγχρονης μόνιμων μαγνητών, ανορθωτική διάταξη, μετατροπέα συνεχούς τάσης σε συνεχή, τριφασικό αντιστροφέα, φίλτρο και μετασχηματιστή. Για κάθε μετατροπέα αναλύεται και μοντελοποιείται και έλεγχος κλειστού βρόχου. Τέλος, τα επιμέρους μοντέλα συγκροτούνται σε ένα συνολικό μοντέλο. Μεταβάλλοντας το συντελεστή φόρτισης των μετασχηματιστών του δικτύου, το συντελεστή ισχύος και το πλήθος των ανεμογεννητριών που συνδέονται στον ίδιο ζυγό, εξάγεται το αρμονικό περιεχόμενο για διάφορους ζυγούς και ελέγχεται αν αυτό συμφωνεί με το πρότυπο IEC 61000-3-6. Επιπλέον, εξετάζεται το αρμονικό περιεχόμενο της τάσης, όταν ο ζυγός διασύνδεσης αλλάζει θέση μέσα στο υπό μελέτη δίκτυο, καθώς και όταν αλλάζει η ταχύτητα του ανέμου. / In the present diploma thesis a study of the effect of a wind turbine system interconnection with medium voltage grid is conducted, in terms of harmonic injection of the turbine to the grid. The study includes the modeling of each part of a medium voltage grid with actual data taken from the Public Power Corporation of Greece. Furthermore, a synchronous wind turbine with permanent magnets is modeled along with all the electronic power converters that are required for the interconnection with the medium voltage grid. All the individual models are connected together to form the overall model, including the medium voltage transmission lines, transformers, loads and their compensation capacitors, along with the wind turbine and the power converters. The wind turbine is connected in a bus of the medium voltage grid. Then, the harmonic content in both the bus of the wind turbine and in other buses of the grid is extracted and compared with the standard IEC 61000-3-6 that sets the limits for harmonic injection in medium voltage grid. Initially, the advantages of use of wind energy are mentioned compared to other conventional forms of energy. Furthermore, the problems caused by the presence of harmonics in the grid are discussed. A theoretical analysis of each section of the medium voltage grid is conducted. For each section, a model in Matlab / Simulink is also created, based on data from the Public Power Corporation of Greece and on equations related to each section. Then, every part of the system connecting the wind turbine to the medium voltage grid is analyzed and modeled in Matlab/Simulink. This system consists of a synchronous wind turbine with permanent magnets, DC-to-DC converter, three-phase inverter, filter and transformer. A closed loop control for each converter is also analyzed and modeled. Finally, the aforementioned models are built up into one single model. By varying the load factor of the grid transformers, the power factor and the number of wind turbines connected to the same bus, the harmonic content of various buses is extracted and checked if it complies with the standard IEC 61000-3-6. Moreover, the harmonic content of the voltage is calculated, when the system of wind turbine changes position in the present medium voltage grid, as well as when the wind speed is changed.

I samband med att mellanspänningsnätet kablifieras ökar också kraven vad gäller fellokalisering. För att hålla avbrottstiderna i nätet korta är effektiv felsökning erforderlig. Detta arbete syftar till att kartlägga och redogöra för begränsande faktorer som finns vid fellokalisering med fokus på pulsekometoden. Uppdraget utförs tillsammans med Vattenfall Eldistribution AB. Det har uppdagats problem gällande fellokalisering på mellanspänningskablar med pulsekometoden. Ett flertal faktorer bidrar till denna problematik. Resultatet från studien visar att kabelkonstruktionen är en betydande del i det som begränsar pulsekometodens användningsområden och funktionalitet. Rapporten redogör för grundläggande information kring konstruktion och typer av mellanspänningskablar. Kartläggningen uppvisar hur vattenträd påverkar en kabel negativt. Allmänt redogörs för vad som orsakar vattenträd samt vilka avhjälpande åtgärder som vidtas; trippelextrudering samt mantel- och isolationsprovning. Vidare beskrivs olika feltyper, kabeltyper, kabelgenerationer samt instrument- och metodtyper som alla är påverkande faktorer vid fellokalisering. Dokumentering är i högsta grad väsentligt för en lyckad felsökningsprocedur, vilket klarläggs i rapporten. Utöver dokumentation redogörs för hur kabelns kondition kan påverka felsökningsresultatet. Ett antal mätmetoder och mätinstrument finns till förfogande vid felsökning och provning. Alla har sina egna för- respektive nackdelar. De har även tillhörande användningsområden. Pulsekometerns grundfunktion studeras och förklaras. De övriga mätmetoderna, som används vid fellokalisering och provning, redogörs för endast generellt / As the medium voltage network cables in Sweden is buried down in the earth, the demand of fault localization expertise increases. To keep downtimes in the network short, the importance of effective fault localization is necessary. This work is aimed to map and visualize limiting factors within fault localization with focus on the TDR - Time Domain Reflectometry. This work is a collaboration with Vattenfall Eldistribution AB. Problems with fault localization on medium voltage cables with the TDR have been detected. A multiple factors are contributing to this problem. The results of this study show that the cable construction is a significant part in which extent the TDR can be used. The report are also accounting for basic information about construction and types. The mapping also illustrates water treeing and how it affects cables in a negative way. Visualization of what causes water treeing and several actions such as triple extrusion, jacket testing and insulation testing is included in the essay. Further information about fault types, cable types, cable generations, instrument types and method types is given. All of them are affecting factors within the area of fault localization. Documentation is highly important for a successful fault localization procedure, which is clarified in the report. Besides documentation the cable condition and the influence on it affecting the result of fault localization is stated. A number of measuring methods and instruments are available to use when fault localization and testing are occurring. Every instrument has their own advantages and disadvantages. They also have their own respective area of usage. The basic principle of TDR is studied and explained accordingly. The other measuring methods, which are used in fault localization and testing, are shown more generally

Detta examensarbete har utförts hos Vattenfall Eldistribution på avdelningen Kontroll och Skydd med målsättningen att utforma och utvärdera en nätmodell avsedd för jordslutningssimuleringar i PSCAD. Ombyggnationen från luftledningar till markkablar har medfört att kapacitansen i distributionsnätet ökat, vilket ställer högre krav på jordfelsutrustning och på nätanalyser för att kunna försäkra att en säkerställd frånkoppling kan ske enligt de myndighetskrav som föreligger. Syftet med arbetet har varit att undersöka hur en nätmodell bör utformas för analys av stationära in-svängningsförlopp och utvärdera hur stor noggrannhet som kan förväntas gentemot verkliga jordfelsprov vid felresistanser på främst 3 kΩ och 5 kΩ. Nätmodellen har ut-formats efter ett verkligt impedansjordat mellanspänningsnät med π-länkar i PSCAD och utifrån de nätuppgifter som förekommer i Vattenfalls näthanteringsprogram Netbas. Simuleringsresultaten har jämförts mot resultat från det verkliga nätets jord-felsprover vid olika inställningar på den centrala kompenseringsutrustningen som är placerad mellan den matande transformatorns nollpunkt och jord. Jordslutningssimuleringarna visar, trots antaganden och en viss osäkerhet omkring de verkliga nollföljdskomponenterna, godtyckliga simuleringsresultat vid avstämt och snedavstämt nät motsvarande ± 30 A gentemot ledningarnas kapacitiva strömmar vid en felresistans på 3 kΩ. Jordslutningssimuleringarnas händelseförlopp överensstäm-mer överlag väl mot det verkliga nätet samtidigt som jordslutningar vid 5 kΩ medför en större procentuell avvikelse. Särskilt framträdande avvikelser kunde urskiljas vid analys av fasvinkeln mellan nollföljdsspänning och nollföljdsström. En analys av nätmodellens resultat och troliga orsaker till uppkomna simulerings-avvikelser gentemot det verkliga nätet indikerar på att nätmodellens tillförlitlighet bör kunna optimeras ytterligare om noggrannare hänsyn tas gällande nollföljdsimpedanser, dc-komponenter och de toleranser som förekommer i det verkliga nätets avstäm-ningsutrustning och mätkretsar. / This thesis has been carried out at Vattenfall Eldistribution at the department Control and Protection with the objective to design and evaluate a network model for ground fault simulations in PSCAD. The reconversion from overhead lines to underground cables has led to increased capacitances in the distribution network and this places greater demands on the feeder protection unit and network analyzes in order to assure that faulted feeders are disconnected according to regulatory requirements. The aim of this work has been to determine how a network model could be designed for analysis of stationary signal characteristics and evaluate how great accuracy the power system model have compared to real earth fault test results. Earth fault simulations are performed with fault resistances of 3 kΩ and 5 kΩ. The power system model have been created to emulate a real impedance grounded network according to the π-model in PSCAD based on system information from Vattenfalls network management program Netbas. Results from the simulations have been compared against results obtained from real earth faults from the physical network with different settings on the central compensation equipment placed between the transformers neutral and ground. Simulations show, despite assumptions and some uncertainty about the actual zero sequence components similar results when fault resistance was 3 kΩ, both when compensation coil are fully tuned and out of tune ± 30 A corresponding to the feeder capacitance. The overall signal sequence conform quite well to the real network but at the same time simulations with 5 kΩ obtains greater deviations when results are represented in percentage. Particularly prominent abnormalities could be identified in the phase angle between zero sequence voltage and zero sequence current. An analysis of deviations from the simulations in the digital network model against the real system indicates that the model probably could be further optimized if zero sequence impedances, dc components, and tolerances that occur in the real systems reactive compensation equipment and measuring circuits are taken into account.

La topologie modulaire multiniveaux est une structure d'électronique de puissance construite par la mise en série de sous-modules identiques, composés chacun d'une cellule de commutation et d'un condensateur. Un tel système de conversion pouvant comporter un grand nombre de cellules permet d'augmenter le rendement global et la qualité des signaux en sortie. De plus, il permet d'utiliser des composants basse tension présentant un meilleur comportement dynamique et un rapport qualité-prix bien supérieur aux composants moyenne tension. Il permet également, par rapport aux structures conventionnelles, une grande souplesse pour la conception et la fabrication du fait de son aspect modulaire, tout en s'affranchissant d'un transformateur volumineux et onéreux en entrée. Comparé aux autres types de topologies, avantageuses avec un nombre limité de niveaux, le convertisseur modulaire multiniveaux semble être mieux adapté aux applications en moyenne et haute tensions, qui sont tributaires de l'association des composants de puissance. Néanmoins, pour la variation de vitesse, un certain nombre de défis technologiques ont été mis en évidence, compte tenu du fonctionnement particulier de l'onduleur modulaire multiniveaux et des contraintes imposées par l'opération en très basse fréquence. En le fonctionnement normal, la forme d'onde des courants internes, contrairement aux autres types de topologies, n'est pas symétrique en raison de la distribution du courant direct dans chaque bras. Cela entraîne une disparité significative en termes de dissipation thermique parmi les interrupteurs constituant un sous-module. Avec le choix d'une technologie de packaging 3D, la possibilité de refroidir les puces semi-conductrices en double-face offre une meilleure capacité de refroidissement et une nouvelle perspective de conception des modules pour cette application. Un nouveau concept de report de puces est présenté et un prototype de tel module a été réalisé, modélisé et caractérisé. Il permet d'équilibrer globalement la chaleur dissipée par les puces sur les deux faces du module, problème inhérent à l'emploi de structure 3D. Conjugué à la mutualisation d'un interrupteur par deux puces en parallèle, la nouvelle architecture a aussi pour objectif d'équilibrer le refroidissement double-face dans le temps. En effet, pour les opérations en basse fréquence, les interrupteurs fonctionnent en régime instationnaire avec de forte variation de température, il n'est donc plus possible de compenser les effets thermomécaniques de chaque composant l'un par l'autre, comme en régime stationnaire et avec un positionnement planaire des puces. D'autre part, d'un point de vu systémique, la stratégie de commande et le dimensionnement des condensateurs flottants de l'onduleur modulaire multiniveaux sont deux aspects intimement liés. En effet, les condensateurs flottants sont le siège d'ondulations de tension de très forte amplitude. Cela a pour effet de déstabiliser l'onduleur, voire de provoquer la destruction des composants en atteignant des niveaux de tension trop élevés. Ainsi, des contrôleurs judicieusement conçus permettent de réduire les ondulations indésirables, et a fortiori, d'embarquer des capacités moins importantes dans le système, tant que ces dernières sont inversement proportionnelles à l'ondulation de la tension. Afin d'avoir une compréhension approfondie sur les dynamiques régissant le convertisseur modulaire multiniveaux, un modèle dynamique global basé sur la représentation d'état a été établi. Bien que cette représentation soit limitée à l'harmonique 2 des grandeurs caractéristiques, elle permet une fidèle interprétation du mécanisme de conversion sans passer par des modèles énergétiques bien plus complexes à exploiter, et de proposer des lois de commande montrant leur efficacité notamment autour de la fréquence nominale. Cela a été vérifié sur une maquette de puissance réalisée dans le cadre de cette thèse. / Multilevel modular topology converts energy between two direct and alternative endings. This structure is constructed by the series connection of identical sub-modules, composed of a switching cell and a floating capacitor, and with arm inductors. Such a conversion system may reach a large number of levels increases the overall efficiency and quality of the output signals. In addition, it allows the use of low voltage components with better dynamics and cost effectiveness above the high voltage components. It also allows flexibility in the work of design and manufacture due to its modularity, while avoiding a bulky and expensive input transformer, regarding the conventional technology. Compared with other types of topologies, advantageous with a limited number of levels, the modular multilevel converter seems to be more suited for medium and high voltage applications, which are dependent on the association of power components. However, for variable speed drive application, a certain number of technological challenges have been highlighted, given the specific functional characteristics of the modular multilevel inverter and the constraints imposed by the very low frequency operation. On the one hand, for the normal operation of a multilevel modular converter, the waveform of the internal currents, in contrast to other types of topologies, is not symmetrical due to the distribution of the direct current in each phase leg. This may entail a significant disparity in terms of heat dissipation within the switching devices constituting a sub-module. Therefore, the problem of thermal management of active components is emphasized in the use of a modular multilevel converter. With the choice of a 3D packaging technology, interconnection by bumps, the ability to cool the semiconductor chips through the both sides of a module offers better cooling effects and a new perspective to design the power module for the studied structure. The concept of laying chips on both the two substrates of module without facing each other provides overall balanced dissipation in the space and permit to overcome the unbalanced heat distribution induced by bumps. Combined with the sharing of a switch by two chips in parallel, the proposal of the new architecture for 3D power module also aims to balance the double-sided cooling in the time range. Indeed, for the very low frequency operation, the switches operate in unsteady state where each switch has its own thermal behavior, it is no longer possible to compensate the thermo-mechanical constraints over each component with the help of the others, as in steady state and with a planar chips positioning scheme. On the other hand, from a systemic point of view, the control strategy and the dimensioning of floating capacitors of modular multilevel inverter are two interrelated aspects. Because the floating capacitors, having the role of energy sources, are loaded / unloaded through the modulation period, which causes very high voltage ripples across those capacitors with a very low frequency. This will destabilize the inverter and even provoke the destruction of components by approaching too high voltage levels. Thus, wisely designed controllers reduce unwanted ripples and, furthermore, allow embarking much smaller capacity in the system, as they are inversely proportional to the voltage ripple. In order to have a thorough understanding on the dynamics governing the modular multilevel converter, a comprehensive dynamic model based on state-space representation was established. Although this representation is limited to the second harmonic of characteristic variable, it allows a faithful interpretation of the conversion mechanism without using energy models, more complex to operate, and control laws can also be proposed and their effectiveness around the nominal frequency has been underlined. Concerning the very low frequency operations, another solution has been proposed and is ongoing patent pending.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-04-28T12:35:55Z No. of bitstreams: 1 karinalinomirandadeoliveira.pdf: 2833590 bytes, checksum: ce6010a8e780599c20721f9546fa946f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-06-02T15:19:31Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 karinalinomirandadeoliveira.pdf: 2833590 bytes, checksum: ce6010a8e780599c20721f9546fa946f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T15:19:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 karinalinomirandadeoliveira.pdf: 2833590 bytes, checksum: ce6010a8e780599c20721f9546fa946f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-10 / CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Dentre as diversas fontes de energia renovável, a energia eólica se destaca como uma das mais promissoras. Em meio ao cenário de crise energética em muitos países, crescimento da demanda, maior conscientização ambiental e maior exigência por uma energia de qualidade por parte das sociedades modernas, a energia eólica tem ganhado importância econômica e estratégica. No Brasil, os empreendimentos eólicos são contratados por meio de leilões através dos quais são declarados vencedores aqueles empreendimentos que ofertam o menor preço pela energia gerada. Este modelo vigente é responsável por acirrar a concorrência e, consequentemente, instigar a busca pela otimização das propostas. Considerando este aspecto, é de grande interesse o desenvolvimento de ferramentas computacionais que auxiliem profissionais a desenvolver projetos viáveis técnica e economicamente na fase de planejamento, e de preferência otimizados. Parques eólicos são compostos basicamente por aerogeradores, transformadores responsáveis por elevarem a tensão de saída das turbinas para níveis adequados de distribuição, cabos de média tensão e subestações. A construção da rede coletora de média tensão (rede interna), responsável pela interconexão de todos os aerogeradores e subestações, constitui parcela considerável dos custos globais, o que tem motivado diversos pesquisadores a publicar trabalhos que objetivam encontrar a melhor topologia da rede elétrica que, ao mesmo tempo, minimize os custos e respeite os critérios técnicos estabelecidos, tais como: radialidade, conectividade, variação da tensão nos barramentos, máxima condução de corrente pelo condutor (sobrecarga nos ramos), entre outras. Tendo em vista tais considerações, é proposto nesse trabalho um novo algoritmo de solução para otimização da rede coletora de média tensão de parques eólicos, englobando a determinação da topologia de conexão entre os aerogeradores e subestações e o dimensionamento dos condutores, baseado na utilização de um algoritmo genético modificado como método de otimização. Objetiva-se com esse método minimizar os custos com a aquisição de alguns equipamentos e com as perdas de energia ao longo de um horizonte de planejamento. O método proposto foi testado em parques eólicos fictícios e os resultados obtidos comprovam que o modelo elaborado pode ser utilizado para projetar uma arquitetura otimizada da rede de distribuição interna de parques eólicos. / Among the various sources of renewable energy, wind energy stands out as one of the most promising. Amid the energy crisis scenario in many countries, the demand growth, greater environmental awareness and greater demand for energy quality on the part of modern societies, wind energy has gained economic and strategic importance. In Brazil, wind projects are contracted by means of auctions through which are declared winners those projects that offer the lowest price for energy generated. This current model is responsible for increase competition and consequently instigate the search for optimization of the proposals. Considering this aspect, it is of great interest the development of computational tools to assist professionals to develop technical and economically viable projects in the planning stage, and preferably optimized. Wind farms are basically composed of wind turbines, transformers responsible for raise the output voltage of the turbines for adequate levels of distribution, medium voltage cables and substations. The construction of the medium voltage collector network (internal network), responsible for the interconnection of all wind turbines and substations, constitutes a considerable share of the overall costs, which has motivated many researchers to publish works that aim to find the best grid topology of the electrical network that, at the same time, minimizes costs and respects the technical criteria established, such as: radial configuration, connectivity, voltage variation in bus, current conduction maximum through the cable (overhead in the branches), among others. In view of these considerations, it is proposed in this paper a new solution algorithm to optimization of the medium voltage collector network of wind farms, comprising the determination of topology of connection between the turbines and substations and the sizing of conductors, based on the use of a modified genetic algorithm as optimization method. The objective of this methodology is to minimize the costs of acquisition of some equipment and energy losses over a planning horizon. The proposed method was tested on fictitious wind farms and the results show that the model developed can be used to design the optimized architecture of internal distribution network of wind farms.

The master´s thesis deals with the design of medium voltage power line protection and the calculation of reliability indicators. First, it deals with the possibilities of power system operation. Subsequently, it divides the networks according to the grounding of the transformer node and the switching elements and devices occurring in the MV distribution network are mentioned. It presents the basic classification of power line protection and its use, especially it focuses on overhead and cable MV power lines. It also discusses the reliability of the power supply and lists the basic reliability indicators and their possible calculation. The practical part describes the changes in the considered area of the distribution network, where the reconstruction of the power line VN872 and a new way of powering the village Drnholec will take place. The impact of this change on the reliability of the supplied energy is also calculated. Furthermore, the protection of the power line is designed and the correctness of its setting is then verified on the model in the PSS Sincal software.

Theses focuses on the evaluation of the possible means of active and reactive power control of generating units connected to medium voltage. First part summarizes analysis of Czech Republic medium voltage distribution grid. It summarizes means of autonomous and dispatcher control of generating units with respect to European Comission directive RfG, standard ČSN EN 50549-2 and national implementation PPDS. Following parts provide description of generating unit and distribution grid models used for simulation in PSCAD. Last part focuses on evaluation of results obtained via simulating steady-state scenarios as well as continuous simulation.

This thesis is focused on demonstrating the impact of the implementation of decentralized distributed energy sources (mainly RES) and electromobility technologies to electrical parameters in Czech medium voltage distribution network. Thesis is divided into two main chapters. First one is a brief theoretical summary of this problematic and the second one is a practical software simulation on a real medium voltage network. Proposed implementation scenarios are based on EU and national strategic plans for time period from 2020 to 2040.