<p>In the autumn of 2007, the Swedish Chancellor of Justice rejected a claim for damages by an individual against the Swedish state on the grounds that the breach was not to be regarded as sufficiently serious. The claim for damages was based on the Swedish custom authority’s confiscation of alcoholic beverages imported to Sweden by individuals, an act that the ECJ had found contrary to Community law.</p><p>This study is evaluating the compatibility of the Chancellor of Justice´s decision with Community law. An analysis of the guidelines given by the ECJ concerning state liability in general, and the sufficiently serious criterion in particular, are also presented in order to make this evaluation. This analysis illustrates that there are some conditions which are crucial when a national court is to make the assessment whether a breach is considered sufficiently serious to warrant restitution to an individual. Most importantly, the clarity of the infringed Community provision and the margin of discretion awarded to the Member State when committing the breach are factors that, according to the ECJ, are decisive when making this assessment.</p><p>The Swedish Chancellor of Justice´s decision to deny the claim for damages is, when comparing it to the guidelines given by the ECJ, definitely questionable.</p>

In the autumn of 2007, the Swedish Chancellor of Justice rejected a claim for damages by an individual against the Swedish state on the grounds that the breach was not to be regarded as sufficiently serious. The claim for damages was based on the Swedish custom authority’s confiscation of alcoholic beverages imported to Sweden by individuals, an act that the ECJ had found contrary to Community law. This study is evaluating the compatibility of the Chancellor of Justice´s decision with Community law. An analysis of the guidelines given by the ECJ concerning state liability in general, and the sufficiently serious criterion in particular, are also presented in order to make this evaluation. This analysis illustrates that there are some conditions which are crucial when a national court is to make the assessment whether a breach is considered sufficiently serious to warrant restitution to an individual. Most importantly, the clarity of the infringed Community provision and the margin of discretion awarded to the Member State when committing the breach are factors that, according to the ECJ, are decisive when making this assessment. The Swedish Chancellor of Justice´s decision to deny the claim for damages is, when comparing it to the guidelines given by the ECJ, definitely questionable.

<p>This paper studies the structural issues concerning possible human rights violations found in the Dublin Regulation; An EU regulation aiming to allocate a responsible member state to a third-country-nationals asylum application. It is one of the criticized legal documents within the scholarly field of human rights. Hence, this study aims to study the details of the regulation to find out the elements of the regulation that are prone to human rights violations. Asking the question: What are some details of the Dublin Regulation that could potentially result in human rights violation of the third-country nationals seeking international protection within the territory of member states? Hence, exploring the gap found between the regulation and human rights of the asylum seekers. This was done by a normative legal analysis study of the law, studying the text of the regulation, relevant human rights law, and jurisprudence from two courts of law: ECHR and ECJ. The findings of the study highlights, first, the regulation upholds only the superficial elements of human rights law. Second, the regulation assumes that every member state is a safe country. Third, there is an imbalance of responsibility on either of the two or more member states involved. These are the details of the regulation highlighted in this study that is potentially the result of possible human rights violations and the criticism of the topic. </p>

L’État membre de l’Union européenne a longtemps été occulté des études de droit communautaire, devenu droit de l’Union européenne. Seule l’adaptation interne de l’État était étudiée. Le « retour de l’État » marqué par le traité de Lisbonne invite cependant à penser la place que ce droit accorde à l’État membre. Ce dernier s’intègre en effet dans un ensemble normatif qui comprend un panel de droits et d’obligations réglant les modalités de son appartenance et de sa participation à l’Union européenne. L’étude de cet ensemble normatif, du point de vue de l’ordre juridique de l’Union, permet alors d’identifier deux sous-ensembles, l’un concernant l’appartenance de l’État à l’Union principalement maîtrisé par ce dernier, l’autre concernant sa participation institutionnelle à la production et l’exécution du droit de l’Union, par lequel l’Union instrumentalise l’État membre afin d’assurer l’effectivité de son droit et d’affirmer l’autonomie de son ordre juridique. / Until recently, European studies did not consider the Member State of the European Union. It has mainly been studied from a national point of view. However, the Lisbon treaty suggests that the Member State is not as neglected by European Union law as one could think. The European Union legal order includes a diversity of rights and duties concerning the membership and the participation of the Member State to the European Union. The norms concerning its membership are controlled by the Member State, while the norms concerning its participation are used by the European Union in order to ensure the effectivity and the autonomy of the European legal order.

Si l'histoire de la construction européenne a été marquée, à partir des années 1970, par les tensions entre la Communauté puis l'Union, d'une part, imposant la primauté absolue de son droit, et les États membres, d'autre part, revendiquant la suprématie de leur droit constitutionnel, cette problématique tend à se cristalliser depuis quelques années autour d'une notion : celle d'identité constitutionnelle de l'État membre. Pourtant la vertu fédératrice qu'on pourrait lui prêter contraste avec la polysémie de la notion. C'est précisément l'objet de cette étude de droit constitutionnel européen que de tenter de dégager des données du droit positif des États membres et de l'Union un concept empirique viable de la notion d'identité constitutionnelle de l'État membre, inspiré par une grille d'analyse issue des sciences sociales.La fondamentalité, dont l'objectivation passe par la référence à l'histoire de l'État, constitue un critère de définition nécessaire, quoiqu'insuffisant, de l'identité constitutionnelle, quelle que soit la façon dont celle-ci est conçue. Ecartées les formes contingentes de l'identité constitutionnelle qui conduisent à terme au dépérissement de la notion, selon des processus variables, que l'identité soit envisagée à partir de ce qu'il y a d'identique entre les États membres ou de spécifique à chaque État membre vis-à-vis de l'Union (et en dernière analyse vis-à-vis de ses pairs), c'est une conception de l'identité constitutionnelle inhérente à l'État membre qui s'imposera finalement. Ainsi conçue à partir de ce qui est ontologiquement commun aux États membres et irréductiblement spécifique vis-à-vis de l'Union, l'identité constitutionnelle assure en définitive la pérennité de l'étaticité des membres de l'Union et de l'origine stato-nationale de toute puissance publique, étatique ou européenne, en Europe. / If the history of European integration has been marked, from the 1970s, by the tensions between, on one hand, the Community and the Union, imposing the absolute primacy of its law and, on the other hand, the Member States, claiming the supremacy of their constitutional right, this problem aims to crystallize in recent years around the notion of the constitutional identity of the Member State. Yet, the unifying virtue which we could lend it contrasts with the polysemy of the notion. This is precisely the purpose of this study of European constitutional law to try to extract from the data of the positive law of the Member States and the Union an empirically viable concept of the notion of constitutional identity of the Member State, inspired by an analytical framework from the social sciences. The fundamentality, objectified by reference to the history of the state, is a necessary but insufficient defining criterion of constitutional identity, regardless of how it is conceived. Put apart the contingent forms of constitutional identity that lead ultimately to the decline of the notion, according to variable processes – that identity is seen as identical between Member States or as specific to each Member States towards the Union (and ultimately toward its peers) – it's a conception of inherent constitutional identity to the Member State which will finally be stand out. Based on what is ontologically common to the Member States and irreducibly specific towards the Union, the constitutional identity ultimately ensures the continuity of the statehood of the Members of the Union and the nation-state origin of any public authority, state or European, in Europe.

Right of a member state to leave the EU in context of the Brexit Abstract One year has passed since the United Kingdom officially announced its intention to withdraw from the European Union membership. Brexit as this withdrawal is often called means the turning point not only for the view of the concept of the ever closer European integration, but it also presents feasibility of a new option for the EU Member States. It is astonishing that in spite of popular attention to this topic there is an absence of serious academic research dealing with the right of a Member State to withdraw in all its wide aspects. Therefore, this thesis aims at the goal of describing the problem of the withdrawal in the most complex way and not only in the light of the recent Brexit. For understanding the present situation, it seems to be necessary, at least in the limited way, to introduce the right of withdrawal as the external aspect of the sovereignty ultima ratio which even in the historical period before the explicit incorporation in the Lisbon Treaty had to exist. In a retrospective view, it is also crucial to mention cases which were in a strict sense not examples of a withdrawal of Member States, but that proved the practical accommodation of national instruments and procedures to termination of EU law application. On...

Lorsqu’il devient membre de l’Union, l’État accepte de se soumettre à un ensemble de règles venant limiter son autonomie extérieure. Si cet ensemble peut être analysé en termes d’effets juridiques-types agissant d’une manière unilatérale sur cet État membre, notre travail a tenté d’examiner ce que nous croyons être une chaîne dynamique d’actions, de réactions et de rétroactions qui est, à ce titre, complexe. En effet, au cours de nos travaux, nous nous sommes rendus compte que loin d’être unilatérale, la manière dont le droit de l’Union marque les compétences externes des États membres prend en réalité la forme d’interactions permanentes entre l’État membre intégré et l’Union, entre l’Union et l’État membre global, ou encore entre l’État membre intégré et l’État global. Si l’État intégré s’efface pour laisser l’Union agir à sa place ou s’il agit conjointement avec elle, cet effacement ne concerne pas son aspect global, son alter ego, qui revient ou simplement reste sur la scène afin de compléter et concurrencer l’action de l’Union, ou encore pour rechercher l’appui de cette dernière dans sa relation avec les tiers. L’État membre qui apparaissait initialement passif, s’érige alors en contributeur actif de ce dynamisme tissé dans les rapports juridiques entre l’ensemble européen et les tiers, par la rétroaction de ses compétences souveraines ou par l’exercice concurrent de ces dernières. Ceci montre qu’une étude des relations extérieures de l’Union ne peut pas être complète sans une étude simultanée des effets que le droit de l’Union produits sur les États membres intégrés et que ce dernier subit à son tour par les États membres globaux. Elle ne peut pas être non plus être complète sans un examen des effets que le droit international produit sur les États membres globaux et que ce dernier subit, à son tour, du fait des États membres intégrés. / In its capacity of a member of the European Union, the State agrees to submit to a set of rules framing its autonomy in the field of external relations. While this set of rules can be assessed in terms of categories of legal effects acting unilaterally upon the EU Member State, the present study attempts to go further by examining what we believe to be a dynamic chain of complexity, composed of actions, reactions, and retroactions of the actors involved. During our research, we indeed found that the manner in which the Union affects the EU Member States’ external relations is far from being a one-way process, but rather constitutes permanent and circular dynamics of interaction between what we shall call an integrated Member State and the Union, between the Union and what we shall call a global Member State, and between the respective Member State’s global and integrated faces. The integrated Member State may step aside to let the Union act in its stead, or act in conjunction with the Union, but ʽtaking the back seatʼ in this manner does not engage its global face, its alter ego, which will return to take center stage (if it did not simply stay there to begin with) to complete (or to compete with) the actions of the Union, or even to solicit the Unionʼs support with respect to the relations it established vis-à-vis third parties. As we proceed, we find that the Member State, who initially appeared to be a mere passive object of our research, is in fact an active agent, contributing, whether through retroaction or through the competing exercise of its sovereign competencies, to the face of the Unionʼs external relations. Accordingly, no research into the external relations of the EU can be complete without taking into account the impact of EU law on the integrated Member States, and the impact felt in turn by the EU as the result of the Member Statesʼ global actions. In the same way, such research should consider the impact of international law on the global Member States and the impact felt in turn by international law as a result of the actions of the integrated face of these same Member States.

Hereby submitted thesis {\clqq}EC law contravened by member state`` describes duties of member states regarding the harmonization of national rules of law to the communitary one. Thesis shows consequences of correct or incorrect conversion of superordinated communitary rules of law to national legal systems using concrete cases (examples) from Czech legal practice.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:33:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Flavio Luiz Damato Rocha de Souza.pdf: 721554 bytes, checksum: 660c2f52d8a307d1b6909e67f5eecc53 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-09-01 / Fundo Mackenzie de Pesquisa / This dissertation aims at deepening the studies about the distribution system of law competences provided for in 1988 Brazilian Federal Constitution, focusing on consumer protection as a citizenship assertion. The competence degree analyzed in this dissertation concerns the Member States. For this purpose, consumer and citizenship rights are firstly gathered. Then, the general concepts on the theme of constitutional division of law competences are analyzed. In the next step, the limits and possibilities of state law activity in the system in force are studied, specifically on consumer protection. This dissertation further shows the general picture of law activity of the Member States from the promulgation of Brazilian Federal Constitution concerning consumer protection. Finally this dissertation refers to the main decisions of the Brazilian Federal Supreme Court on the matter, as means of reflecting on the state law activity s receptivity level for consumer protection. / Esta dissertação tem por objetivo aprofundar os estudos sobre o sistema de distribuição de competências legislativas previsto na Constituição Federal de 1988, com enfoque na defesa do consumidor como afirmação da cidadania. A esfera de competência analisada neste trabalho é a dos Estados-membros. Para atingir tal objetivo, faz-se primeiro a conjugação entre os direitos do consumidor e os direitos da cidadania. Em seguida, analisam-se os conceitos gerais relacionados ao tema da repartição constitucional de competências legislativas. No passo seguinte, estudam-se os limites e possibilidades da atividade legislativa estadual no sistema vigente, especificamente com relação à defesa do consumidor. A pesquisa apresenta ainda o quadro geral da atividade legislativa dos Estados-membros desde a vigência da Constituição no que se refere à defesa do consumidor. Por fim, a pesquisa trata das principais decisões do Supremo Tribunal Federal sobre a matéria como forma de se refletir sobre o grau de receptividade da atividade legislativa estadual para defesa do consumidor pelo Poder Judiciário.

The study highlights the significance of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) to the Southern African Development Community (SADC) economies. The first objective focuses on analysing the SADC investment policies pertaining to FDI. FDI instruments available at the regional and national levels are analysed. The study takes an in-depth look at the various activities by Investment Promotion Agencies (IPAs) currently existing for SADC member states (MS). The existing policy instruments are key in attracting FDI and the policy architecture will largely determine the extent to which FDI will flow to different countries. The second objective focuses on reconciling the evidence on the determinants and impact of FDI in the SADC region. Through a systematic literature review, various literature reports pertaining to FDI have been analysed. Journal articles were collected from the UNISA library by means of a standard database search criterion through Scopus, Web of Science and EconLit search engines ranging from 1960 to 2019. The database was built based on known published and unpublished empirical papers for FDI in SADC. Out of the 554 journals investigated, 346 were found to be relevant to the study, with 114 journal articles contributing to the qualitative study. Through its quality assessment, descriptive statistics and qualitative synthesis provided a summary of the samples and measures utilized in a study through the measures of central tendency (mean and median) and dispersion - how spread out the data is (standard deviation). The results showed a higher mean value for general case studies reporting 0.53 with a standard deviation of 0.23. The standard deviations of variables indicated less spread or variability in the data collected over the years of the estimation period 1990 to 2019, indicating the results being more reliable. In conclusion, the study highlights the need to address the investment environment by addressing challenges such as political instability and wide differences in tax incentives. / Economics / M.. Com. (Economics)