Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O objetivo do presente trabalho é comparar, do ponto de vista elétrico, a membrana do neurônio ganglionar com a da célula de neuroblastoma, analisando os efeitos das cargas fixas sobre o potencial elétrico nas superfícies da bicamada lipídica e também sobre o comportamento do perfil de potencial através da membrana, considerando as condiçõesfísico-químicas do estado de repouso e do estado de potencial de ação. As condições para a ocorrência dos referidos estados foram baseadas em valores numéricos de parâmetros elétricos e químicos, característicos dessas células, obtidos na literatura. O neurônio ganglionar exemplifica um neurônio sadio, e a célula de neuroblastoma, que é uma célula tumoral, exemplifica um neurônio patológico, alterado por esta condição. O neuroblastoma é um tumor que se origina das células da crista neural (neuroblastos), que é uma estrutura embrionária que dá origem a muitas partes do sistema nervoso, podendo surgir em diversos locais do organismo, desde a região do crânio até a área mais inferior da coluna. O modelo adotado para simular a membrana de neurônio inclui: (a) as distribuições espaciais de cargas elétricas fixas no glicocálix e na rede de proteínas citoplasmáticas; (b) as distribuições de cargas na solução eletrolítica dos meios externo e interno; e (c) as cargas superficiais da bicamada lipídica. Os resultados que obtivemos mostraram que, nos estados de repouso e de ação, os potenciais superficiais da bicamada interno (ÁSbc) e externo (ÁSgb) da célula de neuroblastoma não sofrem alteração mensurável, quando a densidade de carga na superfície interna (QSbc) torna-se 50 vezes mais negativa, tanto para uma densidade de carga na superfície externa da bicamada nula (QSgb = 0), como para um valor de QSgb 6= 0. Porém, no estado de repouso, uma leve queda em ÁSbc do neur^onio ganglionar pode ser observada com este nível de variação de carga, sendo que ÁSgb do neurônio ganglionar é mais negativo quando QSgb = 1=1100 e/A2. No estado de ação, para QSgb = 0, o aumento da negatividade de QSbc não provoca alteração detectável de ÁSbc e ÁSgb para os dois neurônios. Quando consideramos QSgb = 1=1100 e/A2, ÁSgb do neurônio ganglionar se torna mais negativo, não se observando variações detectáveis nos potenciais superficiais da célula de neuroblastoma. Tanto no repouso quanto no estado de ação, ÁSgb das duas células não sofre variação sensível com o aumento da negatividade da carga fixa distribuída espacialmente no citoplasma. Já a ÁSbc sofre uma queda gradativa nos dois tipos celulares; porém, no estado de ação, esta queda é mais rápida. Descobrimos diferenças importantes nos perfis de potencial das duas células, especialmente na região do glicocálix. / The aim of our work is to compare, from the electrical point of view, the ganglion neuron membrane with the neuroblastoma cell's membrane, analyzing the effects of fixed charges on the electric potential of the surfaces of the lipidic bilayer and on the behavior of the potential profile across the membrane, considering the physicochemical conditions of the resting state and of the action potential state. The conditions for the occurrence of these states were defined, based on numerical values of electrical and chemical parameters of these cells, obtained in the literature. The ganglion neuron portrays a healthy neuron,and the neuroblastoma cell, which is a tumor cell, represents a pathologic neuron, different from the ganglion cell, due to this condition. A neuroblastoma is a tumor, originated from neural crest cells (neuroblasts), which is an embryonic structure that gives rise to many parts of the nervous system and can arise in various body sites, from the region of the skull all the way to the lower spinal column area.The model used to simulate the neuron membrane includes: (a) the spatial distribution of the fixed electric charges on the glycocalyx and on the network of cytoplasmic proteins; (b) the distribution of the charges in the electrolytic solution of outer and inner resources; and (c) the surface charges of the lipidic bilayer. The results we obtained show that, in the resting and action states, the inner (ÁSbc) and outer (ÁSgb) surface potential of neuroblastoma cells do not change measurably, when the charge density on the inner surface (QSbc) becomes 50 times more negative, for both null charge density on the outer surface (QSgb = 0) and for QSgb 6= 0. However, a slight drop in ÁSbc of a ganglion neuron can be observed with this level of charge variation, but ÁSgb of ganglion neuron is more negative when QSgb = 1=1100 e/A2. At action potential state, for QSgb = 0, the negative increase of QSbc does not measurably change ÁSbc and ÁSgb , for both neurons. When we consider QSgb = 1=1100 e/A2, for the ganglion neuron ÁSgb becomes more negative, with no significant detectable changes in the neuroblastoma cell's surface potentials. At the resting and action states, ÁSgb of both cells does not undergo substantial changes with the negative increasing of fixed charges uniformly distributed in the cytoplasm. However,ÁSbc undergoes a gradual decrease in both cell types, although for the action state, this fall is faster. We discovered important dierences among the potential profile of the two cells, especially in the glicocalyx region.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O objetivo do presente trabalho é comparar, do ponto de vista elétrico, a membrana do neurônio ganglionar com a da célula de neuroblastoma, analisando os efeitos das cargas fixas sobre o potencial elétrico nas superfícies da bicamada lipídica e também sobre o comportamento do perfil de potencial através da membrana, considerando as condiçõesfísico-químicas do estado de repouso e do estado de potencial de ação. As condições para a ocorrência dos referidos estados foram baseadas em valores numéricos de parâmetros elétricos e químicos, característicos dessas células, obtidos na literatura. O neurônio ganglionar exemplifica um neurônio sadio, e a célula de neuroblastoma, que é uma célula tumoral, exemplifica um neurônio patológico, alterado por esta condição. O neuroblastoma é um tumor que se origina das células da crista neural (neuroblastos), que é uma estrutura embrionária que dá origem a muitas partes do sistema nervoso, podendo surgir em diversos locais do organismo, desde a região do crânio até a área mais inferior da coluna. O modelo adotado para simular a membrana de neurônio inclui: (a) as distribuições espaciais de cargas elétricas fixas no glicocálix e na rede de proteínas citoplasmáticas; (b) as distribuições de cargas na solução eletrolítica dos meios externo e interno; e (c) as cargas superficiais da bicamada lipídica. Os resultados que obtivemos mostraram que, nos estados de repouso e de ação, os potenciais superficiais da bicamada interno (ÁSbc) e externo (ÁSgb) da célula de neuroblastoma não sofrem alteração mensurável, quando a densidade de carga na superfície interna (QSbc) torna-se 50 vezes mais negativa, tanto para uma densidade de carga na superfície externa da bicamada nula (QSgb = 0), como para um valor de QSgb 6= 0. Porém, no estado de repouso, uma leve queda em ÁSbc do neur^onio ganglionar pode ser observada com este nível de variação de carga, sendo que ÁSgb do neurônio ganglionar é mais negativo quando QSgb = 1=1100 e/A2. No estado de ação, para QSgb = 0, o aumento da negatividade de QSbc não provoca alteração detectável de ÁSbc e ÁSgb para os dois neurônios. Quando consideramos QSgb = 1=1100 e/A2, ÁSgb do neurônio ganglionar se torna mais negativo, não se observando variações detectáveis nos potenciais superficiais da célula de neuroblastoma. Tanto no repouso quanto no estado de ação, ÁSgb das duas células não sofre variação sensível com o aumento da negatividade da carga fixa distribuída espacialmente no citoplasma. Já a ÁSbc sofre uma queda gradativa nos dois tipos celulares; porém, no estado de ação, esta queda é mais rápida. Descobrimos diferenças importantes nos perfis de potencial das duas células, especialmente na região do glicocálix. / The aim of our work is to compare, from the electrical point of view, the ganglion neuron membrane with the neuroblastoma cell's membrane, analyzing the effects of fixed charges on the electric potential of the surfaces of the lipidic bilayer and on the behavior of the potential profile across the membrane, considering the physicochemical conditions of the resting state and of the action potential state. The conditions for the occurrence of these states were defined, based on numerical values of electrical and chemical parameters of these cells, obtained in the literature. The ganglion neuron portrays a healthy neuron,and the neuroblastoma cell, which is a tumor cell, represents a pathologic neuron, different from the ganglion cell, due to this condition. A neuroblastoma is a tumor, originated from neural crest cells (neuroblasts), which is an embryonic structure that gives rise to many parts of the nervous system and can arise in various body sites, from the region of the skull all the way to the lower spinal column area.The model used to simulate the neuron membrane includes: (a) the spatial distribution of the fixed electric charges on the glycocalyx and on the network of cytoplasmic proteins; (b) the distribution of the charges in the electrolytic solution of outer and inner resources; and (c) the surface charges of the lipidic bilayer. The results we obtained show that, in the resting and action states, the inner (ÁSbc) and outer (ÁSgb) surface potential of neuroblastoma cells do not change measurably, when the charge density on the inner surface (QSbc) becomes 50 times more negative, for both null charge density on the outer surface (QSgb = 0) and for QSgb 6= 0. However, a slight drop in ÁSbc of a ganglion neuron can be observed with this level of charge variation, but ÁSgb of ganglion neuron is more negative when QSgb = 1=1100 e/A2. At action potential state, for QSgb = 0, the negative increase of QSbc does not measurably change ÁSbc and ÁSgb , for both neurons. When we consider QSgb = 1=1100 e/A2, for the ganglion neuron ÁSgb becomes more negative, with no significant detectable changes in the neuroblastoma cell's surface potentials. At the resting and action states, ÁSgb of both cells does not undergo substantial changes with the negative increasing of fixed charges uniformly distributed in the cytoplasm. However,ÁSbc undergoes a gradual decrease in both cell types, although for the action state, this fall is faster. We discovered important dierences among the potential profile of the two cells, especially in the glicocalyx region.

Die Rasterionenleitfähigkeitsmikroskopie (scanning ion conductance microscopy, SICM) stellt eine kontaktfreie Methode zur Ermittlung sowohl der Topographie als auch lokalen Ionenleitfähigkeit einer Oberfläche dar. Besonders vorteilhaft ist die Vermeidung mechanischer Beeinflussung bei der Untersuchung flexibler Strukturen, z.B. Lipiddoppelschichten wie Zellen oder künstlich erzeugter Lipidmembranen. Porenüberspannende Membranen (pore-suspending membranes, PSMs) verbinden als ein Beispiel für Modellsysteme eine hohe Stabilität mit lateraler Mobilität und dem Vorhandensein wässriger Kompartimente ober- und unterhalb der Doppelschicht, wie sie auch in der Natur gefunden werden. Ein wichtiges Forschungsgebiet stellt die Untersuchung der Wechselwirkung von Peptiden, besonders zellpenetrierenden Peptiden (cell penetrating peptides, CPPs), mit Lipiden und anderen Membranbestandteilen dar. Häufig untersuchte Beispiele sind Melittin, Hauptbestandteil des Giftes der Honigbiene Apis mellifera, sowie Penetratin, dritte Helix der Antennapedia Homöodomäne von Drosophila melanogaster. Generalisierte Protokolle zur Herstellung lösungsmittelfreier PSMs werden vorgestellt. Riesige unilamellare Vesikel (giant unilamellar vesicles, GUVs) unterschiedlicher Lipidzusammensetzung wurden hierzu auf porösem Siliziumnitrid (Si3N4), welches mit Cholesterylpolyethylenoxythiol (CPEO3, hydrophob) bzw. Mercaptoethanol (ME, hydrophil) funktionalisiert worden war, gespreitet. Verwendet wurden GUVs aus reinen Phosphatidylcholin (PC)-Lipiden sowie aus Mischungen von PC-Lipiden mit Cholesterol und PC-Lipiden mit Phosphatidylserin (PS)-Lipiden. Der Erfolg des Spreitvorgangs wurde durch Abbilden mittels konfokaler Rasterlasermikroskopie (confocal laser scanning microscopy, CLSM) und SICM verifiziert. Der Hauptteil dieser Arbeit behandelte die Entwicklung und Anwendung CLSM- und SICM-basierter CPP-Titrationsassays zur Aufklärung des Einflusses der Substratfunktionalisierung und der Lipidzusammensetzung der Membranen auf die Wechselwirkung zwischen Melittin bzw. Penetratin und den Lipiddoppelschichten. CLSM-Experimente wurden mit Melittin auf allen zur Verfügung stehenden PSMs sowohl auf hydrophob als auch hydrophil funktiona-lisierten Substraten durchgeführt, während Penetratin auf den drei unterschiedlichen PSMs auf hydrophil funktionalisierten Substraten verwendet wurde. Ein Reißen der Membranen wurde im Fall hydrophil funktionalisierter Substrate für beide Peptide im Bereich von 1–3 µM beobachtet. Bei hydrophob funktionalisierten Substraten induzierte eine dreifach geringere Melittinkonzentration die Zerstörung der Membranen. Sowohl auf hydrophob als auch auf hydrophil funktionalisierten Substraten wurde bei einem Cholesterolanteil von 10% eine Erhöhung der zum Reißen notwendigen Melittinkonzentratin erhalten, während bei 20% PS-Anteil eine Verschiebung zu geringeren Konzentrationen evident wurde. SICM-Experimente wurden mit Melittin auf PC/Cholesterol-PSMs auf hydrophob und hydrophil funktionalisierten Substraten und mit reinen PC-PSMs auf hydrophil funktionalisierten Membranen durchgeführt. Es wurden keine signifikanten Konzentrationsunterschiede beobachtet; die gefundenen Konzentrationsbereiche jedoch stimmten mit denen der CLSM-Experimente überein. Darüberhinaus wurde vor dem Reißen der Membranen ein Ansteigen der Porentiefe gefunden, das mit einer erhöhten Membranpermeabilität korrespondiert.

La photothérapie dynamique (PDT) consiste à injecter un photosensibilisateur (PSr) au patient, puis à illuminer sa tumeur. En présence d’oxygène, le PSr activé entraîne la formation d’oxygène singulet cytotoxique. Nos collaborateurs à l’Institut Curie ont synthétisé des dérivés porphyriniques glycoconjugués(TPP) pour traiter le rétinoblastome par PDT.Des études de caractérisation de ces TPP in vitro ont montré une internalisation dans la cellule par voie passive. C’est dans ce contexte que nous avons analysé l’interaction de certaines TPP avec les lipides membranaires.Dans un premier temps, cette interaction a été étudiée par une approche chromatographique sur des colonnes C18/C8, PolarTec, HILIC et IAM. Nous avons démontré une variation de l’interaction selon la structure des TPP. Par la suite, nous avons mis en évidence par DSC, les changements d’organisation de bicouches phospholipidiques produits par deux TPP d’intérêt, et déterminé par FTIR-ATR, la localisation de la perturbation au niveau des têtespolaires ou des chaines aliphatiques des lipides.Cette approche a été poursuivie par l’évaluation de la localisation des TPP à l’échelle cellulaire,par microspectroscopie IR couplée au rayonnement synchrotron. Une discrimination des TPP a été mise en évidence par des outils chimiométriques pour les cellules Y79, mais pas pour les lignées WERI-Rb1 ni ARPE-19. Afin de développer un modèle membranaire artificielde rétinoblastome, nous avons réalisé par spectrométrie de masse (Orbitrap) une analyse lipidomique approfondie des phospholipides des membranes plasmiques et mitochondriales des lignées Y79 et ARPE-19,. Nous avons analysé les propriétés visco-élastiques des extraits membranaires et proposé un modèle artificiel complexe mimant au moins partiellement ces propriétés. Ce modèle pourrait permettre le criblage in vitro des TPP. / Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is atreatment modality in which a photosensitizer(PSr) is injected to a patient. Then the tumor isilluminated with a laser. The excited PSrinduces the production of cytoxic singletoxygen. Our collaborators at the Institut Curiehave synthesized glycoconjugated tetraphenylporphyrins(TPP) for the treatment ofretinoblastoma by PDT. These compoundswere characterized in vitro and studies showedthat the most promising porphyrin crossed thecell membrane by passive transport. It is in thiscontext that this research was developed: theobjective was to study the interaction of aseries of porphyrins with membrane lipids.Firstly, porphyrin interaction with lipids wasstudied by a chromatographic approach onC18/C8, PolarTec, HILIC and IAM columns.Results showed a variation in the interactionaccording to porphyrin structures.Then, we demonstrated the effect of two TPPson phospholipid bilayers organization by DSC,and determined the localization of thisinteraction (polar heads or lipid aliphaticchains) by FTIR-ATR. The effect of TPPs onlipids and proteins was studied at the cellularlevel by IR microspectroscopy coupled withsynchrotron radiation. A discrimination ofporphyrins could be made by chemometrictools for Y79 cells but not for WERI-Rb1 norARPE-19 ones. In order to develop an artificialmembrane model, we performed lipidomicanalysis by mass spectrometry (Orbitrap) ofplasma and mitochondrial lipid membranes ofY79 and ARPE-19 cells. We determined theviscoelastic properties of lipid extracts andproposed an artificial lipid model partiallymimicking these viscoelastic properties. Thismodel could allow TPP screening in vitro.

<p>The main aim of this thesis was to characterize membrane-solute interactions using artificial membranes in immobilized liposome chromatography or capillary electrophoresis. The partitioning of a solute into a cell membrane is an essential step in diffusion across the membrane. It is a valid parameter in drug research and can be linked to the permeability as well as the absorption of drugs. Immobilized liposome chromatography was also used to study partitioning of lignin precursor models. Lignin precursors are synthesized within plant cells and need to pass the membrane to be incorporated into lignin in the cell wall.</p><p>In immobilized liposome chromatography, liposomes or lipid bilayer disks were immobilized in gel beads and the partitioning of solutes was determined. Capillary electrophoresis using disks as a pseudostationary phase was introduced as a new approach in drug partitioning studies. In addition, octanol/water partitioning was used to determine the hydrophobicity of the lignin precursor models.</p><p>Electrostatic interactions occurred between bilayers and charged drugs, whereas neutral drugs were less affected. However, neutral lignin precursor models exhibited polar interactions. Moreover, upon changing the buffer ionic strength or the buffer ions, the interactions between charged drugs and neutral liposomes were affected. Hydrophobic interactions were also revealed by including a fatty acid or a neutral detergent into the bilayer or by using a buffer with a high salt concentration. The bilayer manipulation had only a moderate effect on drug partitioning, but the high salt concentration had a large impact on partitioning of lignin precursor models.</p><p>Upon comparing the partitioning into liposomes and disks, the latter showed a more pronounced partitioning due to the larger fraction of lipids readily available for interaction. Finally, bilayer disk capillary electrophoresis was successfully introduced for partitioning studies of charged drugs. This application will be evaluated further as an analytical partitioning method and separation technique.</p>

The main aim of this thesis was to characterize membrane-solute interactions using artificial membranes in immobilized liposome chromatography or capillary electrophoresis. The partitioning of a solute into a cell membrane is an essential step in diffusion across the membrane. It is a valid parameter in drug research and can be linked to the permeability as well as the absorption of drugs. Immobilized liposome chromatography was also used to study partitioning of lignin precursor models. Lignin precursors are synthesized within plant cells and need to pass the membrane to be incorporated into lignin in the cell wall. In immobilized liposome chromatography, liposomes or lipid bilayer disks were immobilized in gel beads and the partitioning of solutes was determined. Capillary electrophoresis using disks as a pseudostationary phase was introduced as a new approach in drug partitioning studies. In addition, octanol/water partitioning was used to determine the hydrophobicity of the lignin precursor models. Electrostatic interactions occurred between bilayers and charged drugs, whereas neutral drugs were less affected. However, neutral lignin precursor models exhibited polar interactions. Moreover, upon changing the buffer ionic strength or the buffer ions, the interactions between charged drugs and neutral liposomes were affected. Hydrophobic interactions were also revealed by including a fatty acid or a neutral detergent into the bilayer or by using a buffer with a high salt concentration. The bilayer manipulation had only a moderate effect on drug partitioning, but the high salt concentration had a large impact on partitioning of lignin precursor models. Upon comparing the partitioning into liposomes and disks, the latter showed a more pronounced partitioning due to the larger fraction of lipids readily available for interaction. Finally, bilayer disk capillary electrophoresis was successfully introduced for partitioning studies of charged drugs. This application will be evaluated further as an analytical partitioning method and separation technique.

La thérapie photodynamique (PDT) constitue une approche prometteuse pour le traitement de tumeurs cancéreuses accessibles à la lumière, en particulier pour la réduction des effets indésirables comparés à la chimiothérapie classique. Particulièrement intéressante pour le traitement du rétinoblastome, cancer le plus fréquent chez le jeune enfant, elle nécessite le développement de nouveaux photosensibilisateurs dont la structure est mieux adaptée aux spécificités des cellules ciblées. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, nous avons étudié des dérivés porphyriniques à structure dendrimérique pour amplifier leur caractère amphiphile et créer un cluster de sucres. Cette structure pourrait favoriser la reconnaissance de ces molécules par des récepteurs membranaires, interactions déjà mises en évidence grâce à des modèles membranaires artificiels. L'objectif de cette thèse était de déterminer les mécanismes d'interactions spécifiques et non spécifiques de ces molécules avec la membrane plasmique et de valider la pertinence des modèles artificiels. Si la culture cellulaire s'est avérée inadaptée pour cette détermination, une approche innovante utilisant une microbalance à cristal de quartz et des expériences de cytométrie en flux ont confirmé la capacité des porphyrines dendrimériques à interagir avec un ou plusieurs récepteurs spécifiques. Une analyse de la composition lipidique des membranes cellulaires de la lignée Y79 et de deux xénogreffes a été également entreprise afin de mieux caractériser ces membranes et de contribuer à l'élaboration d'un modèle lipidique artificiel davantage biomimétique du rétinoblastome. / Photo Dynamic Therapy (PDT) is a promising alternative treatment against solid tumors reachable to light with less side-effects than classical chemotherapies. Its efficacy mainly relies on the physicochemical properties of a photosensitizer (PS), and its penetration into tumour cells. PDT is particularly interisting for the treatment of retinoblastoma, a malignant intraocular tumor affecting young children. Consequently, new photosensitizers need to be created. Since PS uptake may be ease by the over-expression of a mannose receptor at the surface of retinoblastoma cells, amphiphilic dendrimeric porphyrins grafted with mannose groups have been synthetised. Model membranes allow the identification of structural parameters controlling the passive penetration of porphyrins into cells. Specific interactions have been previously shown between these porphyrins and a model membrane grafted with a lectin (Concanavalin A) mimicking the mannose receptor on the retinoblastoma cell membrane. In this work we aimed at i) assessing the relevance of the membrane model with biological studies (cell culture and flow cytometry) and ii) improve the model with a lipidomic analysis of retinoblastoma cells and xenografts. Cell culture revealed to be unsuitable for our studies. To overcome this, we used an innovative approach in which retinoblastoma cells were immobilized onto the sensor of a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM-D). We fully confirmed the results achieved with the artificial membrane model. Since the composition of a membrane plays a crucial role, a lipidomic analysis of Y79 cell and xenografts membranes has been performed. Phospholipids and cholesterol have been identified and quantified with LC-DEDL and GC-MS. The feedback from these experiments not only provided useful information about the differences in lipidic composition of these membranes, but also allowed us to refine the lipidic composition of our models.