Le profilage métabolomique global de matrices biologiques dans de larges séries d'échantillon est un enjeu majeur. Dans ce contexte, notre travail vise à développer des approches LC-HRMS et outils bioinformatiques pour les analyses métabolomique et lipidomique de larges cohortes. Dans un premier temps, nous avons développé puis évalué la pertinence de 4 méthodes LC-HRMS dans l'annotation du métabolome/lipidome sérique humain. Ainsi, une base de données spectrales a été implémentée à l'aide de spectres MS, MS/MS et les temps de rétention de composés de référence afin d'assurer l'annotation de jeux de données. La combinaison de méthodes RP, HILIC et PFPP-HRMS a permis l'identification de 266 métabolites et 706 espèces lipidiques sériques répartis sur 20 et 24 classes chimiques respectivement dont 27% d'espèces isomères. Ces outils ont été appliqués, dans un second temps, à la stratification de 78 patients diabétiques. Outre le syndrome métabolique marqué (perturbation du métabolisme énergétique), nos analyses ont montré l'impact délétère de facteurs physiologiques confondants -âge et IMC-. Nous en avons évalué l'influence sur une cohorte de 227 salariés du CEA. Les empreintes lipidomiques sont robustes, néanmoins l'impact de l'IMC est marqué pour les lipides neutres. L'effet du genre démontre un catabolisme masculin important. L'effet de l'âge se manifeste par des activités enzymatiques altérées. Ces études combinent une analyse globale métabolomique et lipidomique des mêmes échantillons humains. Elles visent à construire une base de données relationnelle incluant données spectrales et biologiques servant à la caractérisation de biomarqueurs dans le cas d'études cliniques. / Global metabolomic profiling of biological media in large sample sets is a major challenge. In this context, our work aims to develop LC-HRMS approaches and data mining tools for metabolomics and lipidomics analysis of large cohorts. We have first developed and evaluated the reliability of four LC-HRMS methods in the annotation of human serum metabolome and lipidome. Thus, spectral database was implemented using MS spectra, MS/MS and retention times of reference compounds to further ensure datasets annotation. The combination of RP, PFPP and HILIC-HRMS methods allowed identification of 266 metabolites and 706 lipid species in human serum over 20 to 24 chemical classes respectively including 27% of isomeric species. These analytical tools were then applied for the stratification of 78 diabetic patients. Unsurprisingly, we highlighted a metabolic syndrome (energy metabolism disruption), moreover our analyses have shown the deleterious impact of confounding physiological factors on diabetes biomarker discovery –age and BMI-. We finally evaluated their influence on a cohort of 227 CEA employees. Lipidomic fingerprints are robust, however BMI impact is marked for neutral lipids. Gender effect shows significant male catabolism and age altered enzyme activities. These studies combine an overall metabolomics and lipidomics analyses of the same human samples. They aim to build up a relational database including spectral and biological data for biomarker characterization in clinical studies.

L’athérosclérose est un phénomène inflammatoire caractérisé par un dépôt sur les artères de macrophages gorgés de cholestérol également appelés cellules spumeuses. Actuellement, trois principales molécules membranaires sont décrites comme assurant la sortie du cholestérol libre, dont l’ABCA1 (ATP Binding Cassette A1) qui joue un rôle physiologique important. Le but de ce travail est d’étudier l’impact de l’incorporation d’acides gras ω3 et celui de LDL modifiées sur la composition des phospholipides membranaires et d’établir des liens entre la modification de composition des phospholipides et l’altération du fonctionnement de l’ABCA1. Une étude lipidomique a été menée, en utilisant des méthodes de chromatographie couplées à la spectrométrie de masse. Les analyses ont été réalisées au moyen d’un système de chromatographie liquide en phase normale (NP-LC) permettant la séparation des différents phospholipides. La détection a été réalisée à l’aide de spectromètres de masse (MS) basse et ultra-haute résolution, ainsi que d’un détecteur à aérosol chargé. La chromatographie en phase gazeuse permet de connaître les proportions relatives d’acides gras. Ces techniques ont été utilisées pour réaliser une étude sur les paramètres de prétraitement (en amont du traitement des signaux analytiques), de décrire le lipidome de différents types de macrophages et d’établir les modifications de composition des phospholipides lors d’ajout chronique d’acides gras ω3 et/ou de LDL modifiées. Les résultats obtenus ont permis de définir une méthode de prétraitement de données LC-MS, d’évaluer la composition de trois types de macrophages et de modéliser les variations de l’efflux du cholestérol avec les modifications phospholipidiques observées pour les macrophages non spumeux. A partir de ces éléments, des thématiques communes, chimie biologie, ont pu aussi être identifiées comme l’analyse de «l’oxylipidome». / Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease characterized by a deposit on the arteries of macrophages full of cholesterol also called foam cells. Currently, three main membrane molecules are described as ensuring the release of free cholesterol, of which ABCA1 (ATP Binding Cassette A1) plays an important physiological role. The purpose of this work is to study the impact of the incorporation of ω3 fatty acids and modified LDL on membrane phospholipids composition and to establish the relationship between modification of the phospholipid composition and functionality of ABCA1. A lipidomic study was conducted using chromatographic methods coupled with mass spectrometry. Analyzes were carried out using normal phase liquid chromatography (NP-LC) allowing the separation of the different phospholipid classes. Detection was performed using low and ultra-high resolution mass spectrometers (MS) and a charged aerosol detector. Gas chromatography is used to determine fatty acids proportions. These techniques were used to study pretreatment parameters, to describe different macrophages lipidome and to establish phospholipid modifications during ω3 fatty acids chronic addition and / or modified LDL. The results obtained made it possible to define a method for LC-MS data pretreatment, to evaluate the composition of three types of macrophages, to model the variations of cholesterol efflux with the phospholipid modifications observed for non-foamy macrophages. From these elements, common themes, chemistry biology, could also be identified as the analysis of "oxylipidome".

No description available.

Atualmente, os estudos Ômicos, principalmente no campo da metabolômica, têm tido grandes avanços contribuindo para a descoberta de novos biomarcadores e consequentemente aumentando a eficiência do tratamento do câncer. A lipidômica é um novo ramo da metabolômica que visa o estudo abrangente dos lipídeos presentes em um determinado organismo dando ênfase ao metabolismo dos lipídeos e como estão relacionados à progressão da doença. A utilização da espectrometria de massas aliada a abordagens bionalíticas tem progredido rapidamente nos últimos anos, possibilitando a análise e compreensão de pequenas moléculas no contexto biológico e de desenvolvimento do câncer. Dessa forma, para a obtenção de uma boa cobertura lipídica, o preparo de amostra, os parâmetros cromatográficos e o processamento de dados são de suma importância. Nesse trabalho foi avaliado o perfil lipídico de amostras de plasma advindas do modelo animal de Ehrlich, um adenocarcinoma mamário em camundongos fêmeas. Na primeira parte do estudo foi utilizado o método de extração de lipídeos por Bligh-Dyer e realizadas comparações entre plasma de camundongo com tumor de Ehrlich induzido e plasma de camundongo controle, além da comparação entre plasma de camundongo com tumor de Ehrlich e fluido tumoral ascítico de Ehrlich. Através dos modelos obtidos foi observado que no modo negativo de ionização foram obtidos ácidos graxos significativamente diferentes entre os grupos, através do modelo de PLS-DA, dando ênfase ao perfil de ácidos graxos saturados, que mostraram-se em maior quantidade no plasma de Ehrlich. No modo positivo, alterações nos níveis de fosfatidilcolinas (PCs) foram obtidos, indicando a fosfocolina como potencial biomarcador para o câncer de mama, destacando-se as vias metabólicas mais afetadas: metabolismo do ácido linoléico e dos glicerofosfolipídeos. Já a comparação entre fluido tumoral e plasma de Ehrlich foi obtido, através dos dados no modo negativo de ionização e pelo modelo de PLS-DA, que informações lipídicas do tumor podem ser refletidas no plasma, em especial para o conteúdo de ácidos graxos, fosfotidilcolinas e fosfatidiletanolaminas (PEs). Uma segunda abordagem utilizada nessa tese foi a utilização da amostragem in vivo por microextração em fase sólida (SPME) para avaliação metabólica. Os principais parâmetros de SPME que podem afetar a eficiência da extração foram avaliados: tempo de extração e tempo de dessorção. Por meio de um planejamento experimental foram obtidos 10 min e 20 min, respectivamente, para cada variável. Após processamento dos dados foram obtidos 142 e 78 features no modo positivo e negativo, respectivamente. Através dos dados obtidos no modo negativo, e do modelo de PLS-DA construído foi possível avaliar possíveis biomarcadores responsáveis pela diferenciação do fluido tumoral e do fluido presente no camundongo controle, destacando ácidos graxos saturados, o ácido lisofosfatídico (LPA 18:0), fosfatidilinositol (PI 36:0) e derivados de colesterol. O presente estudo apresentou resultados que devem ser melhor explorados e correlacionados com dados a partir de amostras de humanos, podendo ser um indicador para o desenvolvimento de novos agentes terapêuticos para câncer de mama. / Currently, the \"omics\" studies mainly in the field of metabolomics, have increasinly contributed to the discovery of new biomarkers and consequently increasing the efficiency of cancer therapy. Lipidomics is a new approach of the metabolomics that aims the comprehensive study of the lipids present in a given organism, emphasizing the metabolism of lipids and how they are associated to the progression of the disease. Mass spectrometry coupled to bionalytical tools has progressed rapidly in recent years, making it possible to analyze and to understand small molecules in the biological context in the development of cancer. Thus, to obtain a good lipid coverage, sample preparation, chromatographic parameters, and the data processing are important. In this work, the lipid profile of plasma samples from the Ehrlich animal model, a mammary adenocarcinoma in female mice, was evaluated. In the first part of the study the method of lipid extraction by Bligh-Dyer was used and comparisons were performed between mouse plasma with induced Ehrlich tumor and control mouse plasma. In addition, comparison between mouse plasma with Ehrlich tumor and Ehrlich ascitic tumor fluid was performed. Through multivariate models PLS-DA was observed that in the negative ionization mode fatty acids were significantly different between the groups, emphasizing the profile of saturated fatty acids in higher levels in the plasma of Ehrlich. In the positive mode of ionization changes in phosphatidylcholine (PCs) levels were obtained, indicating the phosphocholine group as potential biomarker for breast cancer, with metabolic pathways of the linoleic acid and glycerophospholipids metabolism the most affected. The comparison between tumor fluid and Ehrlich plasma was obtained through the negative mode dataset using the PLS-DA model, showing that the lipid information of tumor can be reflected in the plasma, especially for the fatty acid, phosphotidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). A second approach used in this thesis was the using of the in vivo sampling by solid phase microextraction (SPME). Times of extraction and desorption were the main parameters of SPME assessed using experimental design since they can affect the efficiency of extraction, where 10 and 20 min were the better times of extraction and desorption obtained, respectively. After processing the dataset, 142 and 78 features were obtained in the positive and negative modes of ionization, respectively. Through the data obtained in the negative mode, PLS-DA model was able to evaluate possible biomarkers responsible for the differentiation between tumor fluid and that fluid present in the control mouses, highlighting saturated fatty acids, lysophosphatidic acid (LPA 18:0), phosphatidylinositol (PI 36:0) and cholesterol derivatives. The present study showed results that should be better explored and correlated with data from human samples, and may be an indicator for the development of new therapeutic agents for breast cancer.

L’obésité est à l’origine de la première cause de maladies hépatiques dans les pays occidentaux. Les lésions hépatiques s’étendent de la stéatose isolée et réversible à la stéatohépatite (NASH), la fibrose, la cirrhose jusqu’au carcinome hépatocellulaire. Aucun traitement pharmacologique n’a montré son efficacité pour éviter cette évolution. La compréhension des mécanismes à l’origine du processus inflammatoire est donc un élément clef pour le développement de nouvelles voies thérapeutiques. Nous avons précédemment montré dans un modèle murin d’obésité que la stéatose induit un recrutement accru de lymphocytes par le foie. Les cellules de Kupffer représentent jusqu’à 20% des cellules immunitaires du foie. Elles peuvent présenter différents phénotypes : pro-inflammatoire ou anti-inflammatoire. Un phénotype pro-inflammatoire engendre la sécrétion de cytokines/chimiokines pro-inflammatoires favorisant une réponse immune de type Th1 et un recrutement de cellules immunitaires. Les cellules de Kupffer pourraient ainsi être des acteurs majeurs dans les étapes précoces du développement de la maladie.Le but de ce travail a été d’étudier le phénotype des cellules de Kupffer au stade de la stéatose et le rôle des lipides dans ce phénotype.Nous avons montré que l'accumulation de lipides dans les cellules de Kupffer est due à un dérèglement du métabolisme des lipides et de leur trafic. Les cellules de Kupffer chargées de lipides ont un phénotype pro-inflammatoire qui induit le recrutement des lymphocytes durant les premiers stades du développement de la NASH et qui est réversible par l'inhibition de la lipogenèse. / We have shown lipid accumulation in fat-laden Kupffer cells is due to a dysregulation of lipid metabolism and trafficking. Fat-laden Kupffer cells are "primed" to recruit lymphocytes and exhibit a pro-inflammatory phenotype at the stage of steatosis, which is reversible with inhibition of lipogenesis

Atualmente, os estudos Ômicos, principalmente no campo da metabolômica, têm tido grandes avanços contribuindo para a descoberta de novos biomarcadores e consequentemente aumentando a eficiência do tratamento do câncer. A lipidômica é um novo ramo da metabolômica que visa o estudo abrangente dos lipídeos presentes em um determinado organismo dando ênfase ao metabolismo dos lipídeos e como estão relacionados à progressão da doença. A utilização da espectrometria de massas aliada a abordagens bionalíticas tem progredido rapidamente nos últimos anos, possibilitando a análise e compreensão de pequenas moléculas no contexto biológico e de desenvolvimento do câncer. Dessa forma, para a obtenção de uma boa cobertura lipídica, o preparo de amostra, os parâmetros cromatográficos e o processamento de dados são de suma importância. Nesse trabalho foi avaliado o perfil lipídico de amostras de plasma advindas do modelo animal de Ehrlich, um adenocarcinoma mamário em camundongos fêmeas. Na primeira parte do estudo foi utilizado o método de extração de lipídeos por Bligh-Dyer e realizadas comparações entre plasma de camundongo com tumor de Ehrlich induzido e plasma de camundongo controle, além da comparação entre plasma de camundongo com tumor de Ehrlich e fluido tumoral ascítico de Ehrlich. Através dos modelos obtidos foi observado que no modo negativo de ionização foram obtidos ácidos graxos significativamente diferentes entre os grupos, através do modelo de PLS-DA, dando ênfase ao perfil de ácidos graxos saturados, que mostraram-se em maior quantidade no plasma de Ehrlich. No modo positivo, alterações nos níveis de fosfatidilcolinas (PCs) foram obtidos, indicando a fosfocolina como potencial biomarcador para o câncer de mama, destacando-se as vias metabólicas mais afetadas: metabolismo do ácido linoléico e dos glicerofosfolipídeos. Já a comparação entre fluido tumoral e plasma de Ehrlich foi obtido, através dos dados no modo negativo de ionização e pelo modelo de PLS-DA, que informações lipídicas do tumor podem ser refletidas no plasma, em especial para o conteúdo de ácidos graxos, fosfotidilcolinas e fosfatidiletanolaminas (PEs). Uma segunda abordagem utilizada nessa tese foi a utilização da amostragem in vivo por microextração em fase sólida (SPME) para avaliação metabólica. Os principais parâmetros de SPME que podem afetar a eficiência da extração foram avaliados: tempo de extração e tempo de dessorção. Por meio de um planejamento experimental foram obtidos 10 min e 20 min, respectivamente, para cada variável. Após processamento dos dados foram obtidos 142 e 78 features no modo positivo e negativo, respectivamente. Através dos dados obtidos no modo negativo, e do modelo de PLS-DA construído foi possível avaliar possíveis biomarcadores responsáveis pela diferenciação do fluido tumoral e do fluido presente no camundongo controle, destacando ácidos graxos saturados, o ácido lisofosfatídico (LPA 18:0), fosfatidilinositol (PI 36:0) e derivados de colesterol. O presente estudo apresentou resultados que devem ser melhor explorados e correlacionados com dados a partir de amostras de humanos, podendo ser um indicador para o desenvolvimento de novos agentes terapêuticos para câncer de mama. / Currently, the \"omics\" studies mainly in the field of metabolomics, have increasinly contributed to the discovery of new biomarkers and consequently increasing the efficiency of cancer therapy. Lipidomics is a new approach of the metabolomics that aims the comprehensive study of the lipids present in a given organism, emphasizing the metabolism of lipids and how they are associated to the progression of the disease. Mass spectrometry coupled to bionalytical tools has progressed rapidly in recent years, making it possible to analyze and to understand small molecules in the biological context in the development of cancer. Thus, to obtain a good lipid coverage, sample preparation, chromatographic parameters, and the data processing are important. In this work, the lipid profile of plasma samples from the Ehrlich animal model, a mammary adenocarcinoma in female mice, was evaluated. In the first part of the study the method of lipid extraction by Bligh-Dyer was used and comparisons were performed between mouse plasma with induced Ehrlich tumor and control mouse plasma. In addition, comparison between mouse plasma with Ehrlich tumor and Ehrlich ascitic tumor fluid was performed. Through multivariate models PLS-DA was observed that in the negative ionization mode fatty acids were significantly different between the groups, emphasizing the profile of saturated fatty acids in higher levels in the plasma of Ehrlich. In the positive mode of ionization changes in phosphatidylcholine (PCs) levels were obtained, indicating the phosphocholine group as potential biomarker for breast cancer, with metabolic pathways of the linoleic acid and glycerophospholipids metabolism the most affected. The comparison between tumor fluid and Ehrlich plasma was obtained through the negative mode dataset using the PLS-DA model, showing that the lipid information of tumor can be reflected in the plasma, especially for the fatty acid, phosphotidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). A second approach used in this thesis was the using of the in vivo sampling by solid phase microextraction (SPME). Times of extraction and desorption were the main parameters of SPME assessed using experimental design since they can affect the efficiency of extraction, where 10 and 20 min were the better times of extraction and desorption obtained, respectively. After processing the dataset, 142 and 78 features were obtained in the positive and negative modes of ionization, respectively. Through the data obtained in the negative mode, PLS-DA model was able to evaluate possible biomarkers responsible for the differentiation between tumor fluid and that fluid present in the control mouses, highlighting saturated fatty acids, lysophosphatidic acid (LPA 18:0), phosphatidylinositol (PI 36:0) and cholesterol derivatives. The present study showed results that should be better explored and correlated with data from human samples, and may be an indicator for the development of new therapeutic agents for breast cancer.

Sphingolipids are a complex family of molecules that participate in many aspects of cell structure and function, including an essential cellular process known as autophagy. Autophagy is a degradation and recycling pathway whereby intracellular components are sequestered into double-membrane vesicles, known as autophagosomes, for subsequent fusion with lysosomes and degradation. Autophagy takes part in cell survival, host immune defense against pathogens, and other biological processes, but is also sometimes lethal. Ceramide, sphingosine 1-phosphate, and more recently dihydroceramide have been shown to induce autophagy, which opens an interesting new field of cell regulation by sphingolipids. This dissertation describes two new cases in which sphingolipids participate in the induction of autophagy: a) RAW264.7 cells treated with Kdo2-Lipid A, a lipopolysaccharide sub-structure with endotoxin activity equal to LPS; and b) MCF7 cells treated with fenretinde, a chemotherapeutic agent which has shown success in clinical trials. It also analyzes the structural properties of fenretinide that contribute to its ability to modulate sphingolipid metabolism through inhibition of dihydroceramide desaturase, thereby elevating dihydroceramide and induction of autophagy. Autophagy was monitored by following the redistribution of GFP-LC3 into discrete punctate vesicles in response to the agents and by Western blotting; in parallel, the sphingolipid composition of the cells was monitored by liquid chromatography, electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. These analyses revealed that Kdo2-Lipid A and fenretinide induce profound changes in sphingolipid metabolism in RAW264.7 and MCF7 cells, respectively, and that one of the purposes for increased de novo biosynthesis is to enable the production of autophagosomes, as the autophagic response was inhibited by myriocin. These studies have uncovered a direct link between sphingolipid metabolism and autophagy, which could pave the way for new therapeutic interventions for the treatment of pathogenic infection and be clinically useful in enhancing the efficacy of current cancer treatment strategies.

Les Apicomplexa sont des parasites intracellulaires obligatoires. Ils peuvent être responsables d’importantes maladies infectieuses. Toxoplasma gondii par exemple, se développe au sein de la cellule hôte, dans une niche protectrice « la vacuole parasitophore » jusqu’à épuisement des ressources de la cellule hôte ou il provoque sa sortie pour ré envahir à nouveau, c’est la phase aigüe de la toxoplasmose. Afin de répondre à leur besoins nutritifs nécessaires à cette expansion rapide, le parasite combine de manière intéressante et très complexe les voies de synthèse de novo et d’import des nutriments depuis la cellule hôte. Dans le cas des lipides, le parasite en a besoin en une importante quantité pour assurer la ségrégation des organites, la formation des nouvelles membranes filles et l’expansion de la membrane de la vacuole parasitophore pendant la division. La synthèse de novo des lipides a été reportée essentielles pour le parasite tout comme la synthèse de novo des acides gras via la voie procaryote de synthèse des acides gras FASII dans l’apicoplaste.Dans cette étude nous apportant des éléments intéressants qui relient la voie de synthèse FASII et la synthèse des lipides. Nous avons pu démontrer que l’apicoplaste possède une voie de synthèse des précurseurs important voire essentielles à la synthèse de tous les lipides membranaires, qui est principalement le LPA dans le cas de T. gondii. Les enzymes acyltransférase impliquées dans la synthèse de ces précurseurs sont TgATS1 et TgATS2 pour former le LPA et le PA respectivement. Elles sont ortologues aux enzymes précédemment caractérisées chez les bactéries et le chloroplaste des plantes et algues. Les modifications de ces enzymes et les analyses de lipidique et de spectrométrie de masse, ont révélé le rôle l’implication de ces enzymes dans la synthèse des phospholipides membranaires à partir des acides gras néo synthétisés de novo (le C14:0). Cette étude présente aussi des résultats préliminaires sur une voie de synthèse du PA dans le réticulum endoplasmique. La être de TgATS2 n’est pas létale et elle est compensée par augmentation de l’abondance des acides gras C16 :0 et C18 :0 dans la fraction des phospholipides extraits. Ces informations suggèrent une importante collaboration entre l’apicoplaste et le réticulum endoplasmique pour la synthèse des lipides nécessaires pour le développement intracellulaire du parasite. / Apicomplexa phylum includes a large number of obligate intracellular parasites responsible for important human and animal diseases, especially malaria and toxoplasmosis. There is current no efficient vaccine against these parasites. Severe toxoplasmosis caused by Toxoplasma gondii, occurs in immunocompromised individuals and during congenital infection. T. gondii is dependent on large amounts of lipids for its intracellular development within the host cell. These lipids are acquired by a combination of host lipid scavenging and de novo biosynthetic pathways. T. gondii is able to de novo synthesis of fatty acid via a prokaryotic FASII pathway in the apicoplast, a relict non-photosynthetic plastid. Genome mining suggests that the apicoplast can generate phosphatidic acid, central phospholipid precursor. Our recent work confirmed that the apicoplast harbors the first step of PA synthesis via a glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase enzyme called ATS1 by homology to chloroplast enzyme, which generates lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). This essential LPA can be exported from the apicoplast for the de novo bulk synthesis of phospholipids sustaining parasite membrane biogenesis (Amiar et al. Plos Path. 2016). T. gondii genome encodes for two other acyltransferases named sn-acylglycerol 3-Phosphate acyltransferases (AGPAT). AGPATs ensure the second step of PA synthesis using LPA. In this work we showed that these enzymes are localized in the Endoplasmic Reticulum and the apicoplast (named AGPAT and ATS2, respectively). A genetic disruption of ATS2 using CRISPR-Cas9 strategy affects parasite growth and normal cytokinesis. Lipidomic analysis using mass spectrometry combined to stable isotope labelling of ATS2-KO reveals an important reduction of lipids containing apicoplast-generated fatty acid C14:0. However, an increase of lipids containing C16 and C18 fatty acids was observed, suggesting a compensation of ATS2 loss by AGPAT activity in ER. These data indicated an important collaboration between apicoplast and ER for lipid synthesis that involves massive lipid trafficking between the two organelles.

Pre-treatment with polyunsaturated fatty acids or bioactive lipid mediators has been shown to reduce neuronal injury in rodent models of focal ischaemia, but the molecular mechanisms underlying this neuroprotection are unclear. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether systemic administration of alpha linolenic acid (ALA) leads to changes in the profile of mouse brain phospholipid and bioactive lipid mediators in both mouse brain and plasma within the previously determined neuroprotection time window. Mass spectrometry (MS) and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) allowed us to detect and identify 47 phospholipids in mouse cerebral cortex, including several phospholipid species not previously reported in brain lipidomic studies. These included a phosphatidylethanolamine species with m/z 720 that has been associated with retinal stem cells. No widespread changes in cerebral cortex phospholipid composition were observed following intravenous ALA. Several significant changes in lipid mediators (P<0.05 with two-way ANOVA and post hoc Dunnett's t test) were detected in ALA-treated animals compared to untreated and vehicle-injected animals. Many of the affected lipid mediators are ligands for prostanoid receptors which have been demonstrated to play a role in the development of brain injury following cerebral ischaemia, implying that changes in bioactive lipid mediators or modulation of prostanoid receptors may occur following ALA pre-treatment in mice. This study illustrates the potential of advanced lipidomic analysis as a novel tool for neurochemists.

Le rétinoblastome est une tumeur maligne de la rétine qui touche essentiellement les nourrissons et jeunes enfants. Sa prise en charge est associée à la survenue d’effets secondaires sévères, certains traitements induisant le développement de tumeurs secondaires. Dans ce contexte, la thérapie photodynamique (PDT) apparaît comme une alternative prometteuse, car elle est non mutagène et génère des effets secondaires moins importants. Elle consiste à injecter un agent photosensibilisateur (PS) - une porphyrine par exemple – puis à illuminer la zone tumorale avec un laser. L'efficacité de la PDT nécessite l'accumulation de PS dans la tumeur. Cependant, la plupart des porphyrines sont hydrophobes et s'agrègent en milieu aqueux. Leur incorporation dans un nano-vecteur peut améliorer leur distribution au cytoplasme. Malheureusement, lorsqu'elles sont encapsulées dans le cœur des nanoparticules, les molécules de PS perdent leur phototoxicité en raison de leur auto-extinction. Dans ce travail, nous avons conçu des lipo-nanoparticules biodégradables (LNP) constituées d'une nanoparticule (NP) de poly (D,L)-lactide (PLA) recouverte d'une bicouche de phospholipides (POPC-DOTAP). Un principe actif anticancéreux, la bêta-lapachone et un agent photosensibilisateur ont ensuite été co-encapsulés dans notre système en vue de favoriser un effet synergique sur le rétinoblastome. Nous avons démontré la formation effective des LNPs et leur internalisation dans les cellules de rétinoblastome en quelques heures.Enfin, nous avons démontré une amélioration de l'activité antitumorale en combinant les deux traitement dans notre système par rapport au traitement simple par PDT ou chimiothérapie. / Retinoblastoma is a malignant tumor of the retina in infants. Conventional therapies are associated to severe side effects and some of them induce secondary tumors. Therefore, photodynamic therapy (PDT) appears as a promising alternative as it is non-mutagenic and generates minimal side effects. It consists in injection of a photosensitizer (PS) like a porphyrin, and then illumination of the tumor area with a laser. The effectiveness of PDT requires the accumulation of the PS in the tumor. However, most porphyrins are hydrophobic and aggregate in aqueous medium. Their incorporation into a nanocarrier may improve their delivery to the cytoplasm. Unfortunately, when incorporated into a nanoparticle core, PS molecules lose their phototoxicity due to self-quenching. In this work, we have designed biodegradable liponanoparticles (LNPs) consisting of a poly(D,L)-lactide (PLA) nanoparticle (NP) coated with a phospholipid (POPC/DOTAP) bilayer. An anticancer drug, beta-lapachone (β-Lap), and a photosensitizer were then co-encapsulated in these LNPs for achieving synergistic effect on retinoblastoma. We have first demonstrated the effective formation of the LNPs and their internalization in retinoblastoma cells within few hours. Then we studied the cyto/phototoxicity of the system.The hybrid nanoparticles showed an improved antitumor activity when the PS and β-Lap were combined, compared to the single treatment by PDT or chemotherapy.