No description available.

Helical membrane proteins comprise one third of the expressed proteins encoded in a typical genome. Other membrane proteins are typically beta sheets. Their function varies from pore formation, signaling to antimicrobial activity. They are also capable of transporting large cargo such as proteins or nucleic acids across the cell membrane. Recently, peptides have emerged as promising tools in drug delivery. Membrane proteins can be synthesized chemically or expressed and isotopically labeled in bacteria, isolated, purified and reconstituted into fully hydrated lipid bilayers. The bilayer orientation is kept mechanically by putting them between glass plates. While interacting with these bilayers they exhibit a variety of configurations depending on the lipids composition and thickness. Solid-state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) on oriented bilayers is one way to access the topology of peptides associated with phospholipid membranes. Oriented membrane protein are difficult to study with analytical techniques because of their poor solubility outside the lipid membrane, difficulty of expression in bacteria in big quantities, difficulty to crystallize, and they are too large for solution NMR study. The intensity of an NMR signal depends on several factors such as polarization P and magnetic field magnitude B0. One of the major drawbacks of NMR spectroscopy is low sensitivity. This is caused by the small magnetic moment of the nuclear spins which results in a modest Zeeman splitting of the nuclear spin energy levels and therefore in a limited Boltzmann Polarization. The aim of this project is to obtain a better signal from membrane proteins. Thus a Low temperature (LT) solid state NMR with Dynamic Nuclear Polarization (DNP) probe head was created. DNP is an ingenious technique that is used to transfer polarization from highly polarized targets to less polarized nuclei using microwave irradiation. Microwaves will excite selectively the electron spins which will transfer their polarization to the pool of proton nuclei, the proton NMR signal can be enhanced by 660 times. A probe head for DNP enhanced solid state NMR at 100 K and 9.4 T is described. A probe head includes the mechanical piece that holds the sample in the magnetic center of the NMR magnet. It is a tunable antenna that irradiates and detects the rf fields used in NMR. The centerpiece of the probe is the solenoidal or saddle coil surrounding the sample. The feasibility of such a DNP experiment is proven on magic angle oriented sample spinning. These experiments are conducted on oriented samples wrapped into a rotor. Through their orientation with regards to B0 is lost, enhancement values as high as 17 are obtained. [...]

Diss. (sammanfattning) Linköping : Linköpings universitet, 2008. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Umeå universitet, 2008. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Umeå universitet, 2010.

L'apparition croissante de bactéries pathogènes multi-résistantes à la plupart des antibiotiques disponibles apparaît comme un problème mondial de santé publique. Malheureusement, un usage excessif à la fois en médecine humaine et animale a conduit à l’apparition de souches multi-résistantes à la plupart des antibiotiques disponibles sur le marché. Il est donc urgent de mieux comprendre les mécanismes mis en place par les bactéries pour résister aux antibiotiques afin de trouver des solutions pour combattre les souches multi-résistances.Dans ce contexte, le projet de la thèse vise à mieux comprendre les bases moléculaires de l’efflux actif de drogues chez Pseudomonas aeruginosa, qui est un des plus importants mécanismes utilisés par la bactérie pour lutter contre l’action de plusieurs antibiotiques. Les systèmes d’efflux forment des complexes protéiques situés dans la paroi de la bactérie et expulsent de manière active les antibiotiques avant même qu’ils aient pu atteindre leur cible intracellulaire, les rendant ainsi inactif.L’étude structurale se focalise sur le système RND (Resistance-Nodulation and cell Division) MexA-MexB-OprM qui est constitutivement exprimé chez la bactérie sauvage et est surexprimé chez les souches résistantes. Ce complexe tripartite est composé d'un transporteur inséré dans la membrane interne, d'une protéine canal insérée dans la membrane externe et d’une protéine adaptatrice périplasmique qui relie les deux autres protéines pour former un conduit étanche traversant le périplasme. En l’absence de la connaissance de la structure du complexe tripartite, l’objectif de la thèse a été de développer une stratégie originale pour reconstituer in vitro le complexe entier dans un environnement lipidique à partir des trois composants natifs produits séparément.L’assemblage du complexe tripartite est réalisé en mélangeant MexB et OprM en Nanodisque avec MexA mimant les deux bicouches lipidiques. La structure de ce complexe tripartite a été obtenu en combinant la cryo microscopie électronique et à l’approche dite ‘des particules isolées’. La structure tridimensionnelle du complexe calculée à une résolution inférieure à 4 Å a permis de construire un modèle atomique du complexe tripartite assemblé entre deux Nanodisques.Le complexe tripartite est composé d’un trimère d’OprM, d’un trimère de MexB et d’un hexamère de MexA entourant MexB et en interaction avec OprM. Ces données ont permis de résoudre la structure complète de MexA dans le complexe dont la partie N-terminale jusqu’alors inconnue car trop flexible et décrivent pour la première fois l’ancrage de MexA dans une membrane lipidique. Les changements conformationnels sont observés sur OprM et MexB lorsqu’ils sont engagés dans le complexe avec l’ouverture de l’extrémité périplasmique d’OprM et le basculement d’une boucle de MexB permettant d’établir un contact supplémentaire avec MexA.Pour replacer cette structure tripartite dans le cycle d’efflux de l’antibiotique, celle-ci décrit un état qui s’apparente probablement à un état au repos, sachant qu’aucun ligand spécifique n’a été ajouté au cours de l’assemblage. De plus, le complexe forme un canal ouvert à son extrémité extracellulaire, fournissant le conduit pour évacuer les drogues transportées par MexB qui utilise la force protomotrice comme source d’énergie.Ce travail ouvre la perspective à des études structurales d’autres états conformationnels du système d’efflux en condition « énergisé » pour compléter la compréhension du mécanisme du cycle d’efflux. Par ailleurs, la connaissance de cette première structure du complexe natif tripartite constitue le premier pas vers le développement de molécules capables de bloquer l’assemblage du complexe à des fins thérapeutiques. En effet, de telles molécules inhiberaient l’efflux actif et restauraient l’efficacité perdue des antibiotiques actuels. / The increasing appearance of multi-drug-resistant pathogenic bacteria to most available antibiotics is emerging as a global public health problem. Unfortunately, excessive use in both human and animal medicine has led to the emergence of multi-drug-resistant strains for most antibiotics available on the market. It is therefore urgent to better understand the underlying mechanisms by which bacteria resist to antibiotics to combat multi-resistance strains. In this context, this work aims at better understanding the molecular basis of active drug efflux in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which is one of the most important mechanisms used by the bacterium to resist to several antibiotics. Efflux systems form protein complexes in the bacterial wall and actively expel antibiotics even before they reach their intracellular target, rendering them inactive. The structural study focuses on the MexA-MexB-OprM RND (Resistance-Nodulation and cell Division) system that is constitutively expressed in wild-type bacteria and is over-expressed in resistant strains. This tripartite complex is composed of a transporter inserted into the inner membrane, a channel protein inserted in the outer membrane and a periplasmic adapter protein that connects the other two proteins to form a sealed conduit through the periplasm. In the absence of knowledge of the structure of the tripartite complex, the aim of the thesis was to develop an original strategy to reconstitute the whole complex in vitro in a lipid environment from the three native components produced separately.The assembly of the tripartite complex is made by mixing MexA with MexB and OprM in Nanodisc mimicking the two lipid bilayers. The structure of this tripartite complex was obtained by combining cryo electron microscopy and the so-called 'isolated particles' approach. The three-dimensional structure of the complex, calculated at a resolution of less than 4 Å, was used to build an atomic model of the tripartite complex assembled between two Nanodiscs. The tripartite complex is composed of an OprM trimer, a MexB trimer and a MexA hexamer surrounding MexB and interacting with OprM. We solve the complete structure of MexA whose N-terminal part hitherto unknown because of a high flexibility and describe for the first time the anchoring of MexA in a lipid membrane. The conformational changes are observed on OprM and MexB when they are assembled in the complex with the opening of the periplasmic end of OprM and the spatial re-orientation of a MexB loop to establish additional contact with MexA.To integrate this tripartite structure into the antibiotic efflux cycle, it describes a state that is probably a resting state, knowing that no specific ligand was added during assembly. In addition, the complex forms an open channel at its extracellular end, providing the conduit to evacuate the drugs carried by MexB that uses the proton motive force as a source of energy. This work opens new perspective for structural studies of other conformational states of the efflux system in "energized" conditions to fulfill our understanding of the efflux cycle mechanism. Moreover, the knowledge of this first tripartite native complex structure constitutes the first step towards the development of molecules capable of blocking the assembly of the complex for therapeutic uses. Indeed, such molecules would inhibit active efflux and restore the lost efficiency of current antibiotics.

La protéine BamB est une lipoprotéine de membrane externe appartenant au complexe BAM (β-Barrel Assembly Machinery) et impliquée dans l’assemblage des protéines de membrane externe (PME), la sensibilité aux antibiotiques, le contrôle de l’expression des trois systèmes de sécrétion de type III (T3SS) et la virulence de Salmonella. Chez E. coli, au sein du complexe BAM, elle interagit directement avec la protéine BamA. De plus, chez cette bactérie, BamB présente une activité sérine-thréonine kinase. Afin de mieux caractériser le rôle de BamB, nos objectifs ont été d’étudier (1) l’impact de l’altération de l’interaction de BamB avec le complexe BAM ou de sa séquestration dans le cytoplasme sur l’ensemble des rôles décrits de BamB et (2) l’activité kinase putative de BamB chez Salmonella. Nos résultats montrent que certains rôles de BamB sont dissociables entre eux et que l’interaction BamA/BamB n’est pas requise pour le rôle de BamB dans le contrôle de l’expression des T3SS, la virulence de Salmonella et l’assemblage des PME à la membrane externe. Aucune activité kinase ni aucune activité cytoplasmique de la protéine n’a pu être formellement démontrée. / BamB is an outer-membrane lipoprotein belonging to the BAM complex (β-Barrel Assembly Machinery). In Salmonella, it is involved in the assembly of outer membrane proteins (OMP), in antibiotic susceptibility, in the transcriptional control of the three Type-Three-Secretion-Systems (T3SS) related genes and also in virulence. In E. coli, BamB interacts directly with the BamA protein. Moreover, BamB has been shown to have a serine-threonin kinase activity in this bacterium. In order to better characterize the roles of the BamB protein, our purposes were to study (1) the impact of the alteration of the interaction of BamB with the BAM complex or of its cytoplasmic sequestration and (2) its putative kinase activity in Salmonella. Our results show that some of the BamB roles are dissociable and that the BamA/BamB interaction is not required for T3SS expression, Salmonella virulence or OMP assembly in the outer membrane. Currently, neither a kinase activity nor a cytoplasmic activity has been clearly demonstrated for this protein.

Les protéines membranaires en hélices alpha forment le tiers des protéines codées par notre génome. D’autres protéines membranaires sont formées typiquement de feuillets bêta. Leur fonction varie de la formation de pores, la transmission de signaux à l’activité antibiotique. Elles sont aussi capables de transporter de larges cargos comme les protéines ou les acides nucléiques au travers de la membrane. Récemment, les peptides ont émergé comme un moyen prometteur pour le transport de médicaments vers leurs cibles.Les protéines membranaires peuvent être synthétisées chimiquement ou exprimées et marquées isotopiquement dans les bactéries, isolées, purifiées et reconstituées dans les bicouches lipidiques hydratées. Elles présentent une variété de configurations en interagissant avec ces bicouches lipidiques. Ceci dépend de la composition et de l’épaisseur de ces bicouches. L’orientation des bicouches lipidiques est maintenue mécaniquement en les disposant entre des plaques de verre. La RMN du solide des échantillons orientés est un des moyens possibles pour accéder à la topologie des peptides associés à des membranes phospholipidiques. Les échantillons sont difficiles à exprimer dans les bactéries en grande quantités et possède une solubilité réduite en dehors des membranes. En outre leur taille est trop importante pour la RMN du liquide et il est difficile de les cristalliser. Un des inconvénients majeur de la spectroscopie RMN est sa faible sensibilité. Cela résulte du faible moment magnétique nucléaire qui résulte en un décalage Zeeman faible et donc une polarisation réduite. Par ailleurs, l’intensité du signal RMN dépend de plusieurs facteurs comme la quantité d’échantillon la polarisation et le champ magnétique B0. Et le temps d’acquisition de certaines expériences peut être très long. Le but de ce projet est d’obtenir plus de signal des protéines membranaires. Dès lors, nous avons développé une cryosonde DNP (dynamic nuclear polarization) / RMN du solide. La DNP est une technique ingénieuse qui est utilisée pour le transfert de polarisation des noyaux hautement polarisés à des noyaux moins polarisés par irradiation microonde. Les microondes vont exister sélectivement les électrons qui transfèreront leur polarisation à l’ensemble des protons voisins, le signal proton peut ainsi être augmenté de 660 fois.Pour cela la cryosonde DNP RMN du solide qui opère à 100 K et 9,4 T a été utilisée. Une sonde est la pièce mécanique qui maintient l’échantillon dans le centre magnétique de l’aimant du spectromètre. C’est une antenne modulable qui irradie et détecte des champs radiofréquence. La pièce centrale de la sonde est une bobine solénoïdale ou une bobine en forme de selle enveloppant l’échantillon. La faisabilité de ces expériences DNP a été validée sur les échantillons orientés en rotation à l’angle magique. Ces expériences ont été menées sur des échantillons enroulés dans un rotor. Même si leur orientation par rapport au champ magnétique B0 est perdue, une valeur d’augmentation de 17 a été obtenue.[...] / Helical membrane proteins comprise one third of the expressed proteins encoded in a typical genome. Other membrane proteins are typically beta sheets. Their function varies from pore formation, signaling to antimicrobial activity. They are also capable of transporting large cargo such as proteins or nucleic acids across the cell membrane. Recently, peptides have emerged as promising tools in drug delivery. Membrane proteins can be synthesized chemically or expressed and isotopically labeled in bacteria, isolated, purified and reconstituted into fully hydrated lipid bilayers. The bilayer orientation is kept mechanically by putting them between glass plates. While interacting with these bilayers they exhibit a variety of configurations depending on the lipids composition and thickness. Solid-state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) on oriented bilayers is one way to access the topology of peptides associated with phospholipid membranes. Oriented membrane protein are difficult to study with analytical techniques because of their poor solubility outside the lipid membrane, difficulty of expression in bacteria in big quantities, difficulty to crystallize, and they are too large for solution NMR study. The intensity of an NMR signal depends on several factors such as polarization P and magnetic field magnitude B0. One of the major drawbacks of NMR spectroscopy is low sensitivity. This is caused by the small magnetic moment of the nuclear spins which results in a modest Zeeman splitting of the nuclear spin energy levels and therefore in a limited Boltzmann Polarization. The aim of this project is to obtain a better signal from membrane proteins. Thus a Low temperature (LT) solid state NMR with Dynamic Nuclear Polarization (DNP) probe head was created. DNP is an ingenious technique that is used to transfer polarization from highly polarized targets to less polarized nuclei using microwave irradiation. Microwaves will excite selectively the electron spins which will transfer their polarization to the pool of proton nuclei, the proton NMR signal can be enhanced by 660 times. A probe head for DNP enhanced solid state NMR at 100 K and 9.4 T is described. A probe head includes the mechanical piece that holds the sample in the magnetic center of the NMR magnet. It is a tunable antenna that irradiates and detects the rf fields used in NMR. The centerpiece of the probe is the solenoidal or saddle coil surrounding the sample. The feasibility of such a DNP experiment is proven on magic angle oriented sample spinning. These experiments are conducted on oriented samples wrapped into a rotor. Through their orientation with regards to B0 is lost, enhancement values as high as 17 are obtained. [...]

Les amphipoles (APols) sont devenus des outils importants pour la stabilisation, le repliement, et les études structurales et fonctionnelles in vitro des protéines membranaires (MPs). Les MPs sont les unités fonctionnelles des biomembranes et représentent environ un tiers des protéines qui sont codées par le génome. La première partie de mon travail est dédiée à la cristallisation de MPs piégée par des APol. La cristallisation directe de protéines solubilisées en APol sera d'une grande importance pour la biologie structurale. Cependant, malgré des efforts considérables, il n'est pas certain que les complexes MP/APol peuvent être utilisés pour former des cristaux bien ordonnés utilisables en cristallographie des rayons X. Le premier objectif de cette thèse est de montrer que les MPs piégées par des APol peuvent être cristallisées in meso. Pour faire cela, nous avons utilisé des bicouches amphiliques interconnectées qui sont ajustables pour certaines MPs. Cette méthode a été récemment développée dans notre laboratoire. Nous avons utilisé la bactériorhodopsin (BR) piégée avec APol A8-35 comme système modèle pour nos études cristallographiques. Le premier cristal obtenu diffractait à 3 Å, alors qu'une nouvelle méthode de cristallisation en nanovolume, exploitant des précipitants secs, améliore les pics de diffraction aux rayons X observés jusqu'a 2 Å. La structure de BR a été résolue à 2 Å et s'est révélée identique aux autre structures obtenues précédemment à partir de protéine solubilisée en détergents. Nous suggérons que le protocole proposé, de cristallisation in meso, est applicable aux MPs solubilisées avec des APols.La deuxième partie est liée aux applications des APols pour les études de MPs à l'aide de spectroscopie Raman exaltée de surface (SERS). La spectroscopie SERS a énormément évolué depuis sa découverte en 1970. C'est un outil analytique puissant pour sélectionner les molécules qui adsorbent sur des nanoparticules et des nanostructures à base de métaux nobles, possiblement au niveau de la molécule unique. Malheureusement les études de MPs sont loin de l'application courante du SERS à cause de la difficulté résultante de la nature amphiphilique des MPs. La capacité des APols à piéger les MPs et de les garder solubles, stables et fonctionnelles ouvre la voie pour des applications extrêmement intéressantes des études SERS, éventuellement au niveau de la molécule unique. De plus, le deuxième objectif de ce travail de thèse était de démontrer la faisabilité de l'utilisation de SERS avec des MPs piégées par des APols. Le même modèle (BR/A8-35) a été utilisé pour les études cristallographiques et pour les agrégats de NP d'argent. Cette tâche a été réalisée a un niveau suffisant pour commencer des études de MPs avec la méthode SERS.Le premier chapitre de cette thèse commence avec des informations générales à propos de l'importance des études de MPs et les problèmes inhérents à leur manipulation. Plus loin dans le chapitre, un bref résumé des APols, de leurs propriétés et leurs applications est présenté. La majeure partie de l'introduction est dédiée aux points importants des différentes approches de cristallisation de MPs et de spectroscopie Raman, en particulier SERS spectroscopie, et leurs applications aux protéines. La fin de la partie “Introduction” présente les conclusions à propos des applications des APols pour les études de cristallographie aux rayons X et pour les études de spectroscopie SERS sur les MPs, définissant les objectifs principaux pour ce travail. Le chapitre “Materials and methods” consiste en une description détaillée des matériels et des protocoles utilisés dans cette étude. Le résultat des études de cristallisation et de SERS et leurs interprétations sont présentés comme deux différentes parties dans le dernier chapitre “Results and discussions”. Le chapitre “Conclusions and perspectives est présent dans chaque partie. / Amphipols (APols) have become important tools for the stabilization, folding, and in vitro structural and functional studies of membrane proteins (MPs). MPs are the main functional units of biomembranes and represent roughly one-third of the proteins encoded in the genome. The first part of my work was dedicated to crystallization of a MP trapped by APol. Direct crystallization of MPs solubilized in APols would be of high importance for structural biology. However, despite considerable efforts, it is still not clear whether MP/APol complexes can be used to form well-ordered crystals suitable for X-ray crystallography. The first major goal of this PhD thesis work was to show that APol-trapped MP can be crystallized in meso. To perform it we utilized special, flexibly adjustable for a certain MP, interconnected amphiphilic bilayers (IAB) approach which has been recently developed in our laboratory. We used bacteriorhodopsin (BR) trapped with APol A8-35 as a model system for our crystallization studies. The first obtained crystals diffracted to 3 Å, while a new developed type of high throughput nanovolume crystallization, exploiting dry precipitants, shifted the observed X ray diffraction peaks beyond 2 Å. The structure of BR was solved to 2 Å and found to be indistinguishable from previous structures obtained with a detergent-solubilized protein. We suggest that the proposed protocol of in meso crystallization is generally applicable to APol-trapped MPs.The second, to a certain extent, complementary part of the present work was related to application of APols to the surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) studies of MPs. SERS spectroscopy has been developed dramatically since its discovery in the 1970s. It is a powerful analytical tool for selective sensing of molecules adsorbed onto noble metal nanoparticles (NPs) and nanostructures, including at the single molecule (SM) level. Unfortunately, MPs studies are far away from the main stream of SERS applications due to the great handling difficulties resulting from the amphiphilic nature of MPs. The ability of APols to trap MPs and keep them soluble, stable and functional opens the way for highly interesting applications of SERS studies, possibly at the SM level. Thus, the second goal of this PhD thesis work was to prove our concept of feasibility of SERS with MPs trapped by APols. Using the same as in the crystallization studies model BR/A8-35 complexes and silver NP aggregates, the task was fulfilled to a degree enough to start with the SERS studies of MPs.The first chapter of the PhD thesis begins with general information about the importance of MP studies and the problems with their handling. Further in this chapter, a brief overview of APols, their properties and applications is presented. The largest part of the “Introduction” is dedicated to main points of different MP crystallization approaches and Raman spectroscopy, in particular SERS spectroscopy, and their applications to proteins. The end of the “Introduction” part presents the conclusions about APol application for X-ray crystallography and SERS spectroscopy studies of MPs, setting the main goals for the present work. The “Materials and methods” chapter consists of detailed description of the materials and protocols used in this study. The results of crystallization and SERS studies and their interpretations are presented as two different parts in the last “Results and discussions” chapter. The “Conclusions and perspectives” sections accompany each of these parts.

Introdução: Após o surgimento e disseminação das β-lactamases (BL) de amplo espectro em membros da família Enterobacteriaceae, os antibióticos carbapenêmicos (imipenem, meropenem, ertapenem) têm sido considerados a terapia de escolha pela estabilidade apresentada contra estas enzimas. Infelizmente, em 2005, o primeiro caso de infecção fatal por um isolado de Klebsiella pneumoniae resistente aos carbapenêmicos foi relatado em nosso país. A partir deste, novos casos de infecção, inclusive por outros gêneros da família Enterobacteriaceae como Enterobacter, Providencia e Escherichia, começaram a surgir. Como mecanismo de resistência aos carbapenêmicos, a expressão de enzimas carbapenemases tem sido mundialmente relatada, enquanto que, a impermeabilidade associada à produção de enzimas do tipo AmpC ou ESBL tem sido esporádica. Com relação à mobilização dos determinantes genéticos de resistência, elementos móveis como integrons e plasmídios têm sido associados. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo caracterizar os mecanismos de resistência aos carbapenêmicos, sua mobilização genética e disseminação clonal em amostras clínicas de enterobactérias isoladas em diversos hospitais brasileiros. Material e métodos: Foram estudadas 28 cepas recuperadas de oito centros hospitalares descritas como resistentes ao imipenem. A caracterização fenotípica foi realizada por: i) determinação da CIM na presença e ausência de inibidores de BL, ii) bioensaio para produção de BL e iii) SDS-PAGE para investigar a ausência de porinas. A confirmação genotípica da resistência mediada por β-lactamases foi realizada por PCR e seqüenciamento e a sua localização plasmidial foi estudada por transformação. Por último, a tipagem molecular foi realizada pela técnica de ERIC-PCR, sendo confirmada pela técnica de PFGE. Resultados: 25 cepas apresentaram resistência para carbapenêmicos (imipenem MIC 8-128 µg/mL), todas com perfil de multiresistência incluindo cefoxitina (CIM90 ≥32 µg/mL). Foram identificados três determinantes de resistência, entre eles, a produção de carbapenemases de tipo MBL (IMP-1) e a enzima KPC-2, recentemente descrita, sendo emergente no país. O mecanismo mais prevalente nas amostras estudadas foi a impermeabilidade de membrana associada à expressão de enzimas do tipo AmpC (CMY-2 plasmidial para E. coli e AmpC cromossômica no caso de Enterobacter aerogenes), as quais mostraram uma contribuição significativa para a resistência aos carbapenêmicos. Dos 28 isolados, 18 apresentaram a perda da porina de 36 kDa, responsável pela entrada de antimicrobianos na bactéria, como os carbapenêmicos. Tanto os genes blaKPC-2 e blaCMY-2 foram transferidos com êxito para E. coli DH10B, confirmando sua localização plasmidial. A co-produção de carbapenemase ou enzimas do tipo AmpC com ESBL do tipo CTX-M foi confirmada em 68% dos isolados. A tipagem molecular mostrou uma disseminação clonal para os isolados carregando determinantes IMP-1 e as enzimas do tipo AmpC cromossômica e plasmidial. Ao contrário, isolados expressando KPC não foram clonalmente relacionadas. Conclusão: A caracterização de resistência apresentada neste trabalho demonstrou uma mudança no perfil de resistência da família Enterobactériaceae devido à sua versatilidade para a aquisição de novos mecanismos de resistência, como sua adaptação aos ambientes hostis. A perda da porina foi o mecanismo mais freqüente nesta família e a co-produção de BL foi um evento associado. Finalmente, os dados obtidos na tipagem molecular denotaram uma disseminação majoritariamente clonal na cidade de São Paulo, com exceção das cepas produtoras de KPC-2, cuja presença tem sido relatada em outras cidades do país, sugerindo a participação de uma transferência horizontal. / Introduction: After emergence, and dissemination of extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL) in members of the Enterobacteriaceae family, carbapenem antibiotics (imipenem, meropenem, ertapenem) have been the therapy of choice, since they are stable to ESBL hydrolysis. Unfortunately, in 2005, the first fatal case of infection by carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae was related in our country. From this episode, new infection cases, including by other genders of Enterobacteriaceae such as Enterobacter, Providencia and Escherichia, began to appear. Regarding carbapenem resistance mechanisms, expression of carbapenem hydrolyzing enzymes has been worldwide reported, whereas interplay between impermeability and AmpC or ESBL production has been sporadic. Furthermore, integrons and plasmids have been associated with mobilization of genetic determinants. The aim of this study was to characterize the mechanisms of resistance to carbapenems, their genetic mobilization and clonal dissemination in enterobacterial isolates recovered from clinical samples in Brazilian hospitals. Material and methods: 28 imipenem-resistant isolates recovered from 8 hospital centres were studied. Phenotypic profiles were characterized by: i) MIC of carbapenems in the presence/absence of β-lactamase inhibitors; ii) bioassay for β-lactamase production; iii) SDS-PAGE to investigate absence of outer membrane porins (OMPs). Molecular characterization of β-lactamase-mediated resistance was made by PCR and DNA sequencing and their plasmid localization was evaluated by transformation. Finally, epidemiological typing was performed by ERIC-PCR, being confirmed by PFGE. Results: 25 isolates were confirmed as being resistant to imipenem (MIC 8-128 µg/mL), exhibiting a multidrug-resistant profile, including to cefoxitin (MIC90 ≥32 µg/mL). Two main mechanism of resistance were identified: i) hydrolysis of carbapenem by class B (IMP-1-like MBL) and class A (KPC-2) enzymes, (the latter being recently reported in our country), and ii) outer membrane impermeability associated to AmpC enzyme production (plasmid-mediated CMY-2 for E. coli and chromosomal AmpC for E. aerogenes), which was the most prevalent mechanism found. Eighteen of 28 isolates lacked 36kDa OMP, which is responsible for uptake of carbapenem antibiotics. The blaKPC-2 and blaCMY-2 genes were successful transferred to E. coli DH10B, confirming the plasmid location of both genes. Co-production of carbapenemases or AmpC and CTXM enzymes was confirmed in 68% of isolates, and molecular typing showed clonal dissemination of IMP-1-, plasmid AmpC- and chromosomal AmpC-producing isolates. Otherwise, KPC-2-producing isolates were not clonally related. Conclusion: The characterization of resistance mechanisms to carbapenems, in this study, reveals a change in the resistance patterns among Enterobacteriaceae family members in Brazilian hospitals, due to versatility of isolates to acquire new resistance determinants, which it has favoured the adaptation to hostile environments. Lack of 36 kDa OMP was the most frequent resistance mechanism, being associated to co-production of β-lactamases. Finally, molecular typing denote a clonal dissemination of imipenem-resistant isolates in Sao Paulo city, with exception of KPC-2-producing isolates, which have been described in other Brazilian cities, suggesting a horizontal gene transfer.