O uso da cocaína e do crack tornou-se um problema de saúde pública importante no Brasil por conta de prejuízos significativos do ponto de vista médico, psicológico e social que ele acarreta. Estudos de gêmeos e, em famílias, sugerem que a dependência de cocaína é uma doença complexa, com participação importante de fatores genéticos. Os estudos genéticos sobre usuários de cocaína são poucos e padecem de problemas metodológicos, tais como, amostras pequenas, com alto grau de miscigenação populacional e um número limitado de marcadores genéticos pesquisados. Além disto, há pouco sendo feito no sentido de verificar como os genes já associados à dependência de cocaína interagem entre si, ou seja, de investigações sobre a epistasia genética. Com o intuito de aprofundar a investigação dos aspectos biológicos da dependência de cocaína, nós estudamos, através de um estudo casocontrole, uma amostra de inicial de 746 pacientes dependentes de crack/cocaína hospitalizados em clínicas especializadas para o tratamento de dependência química na cidade de São Paulo, que foram comparados a 891 controles normais, sem história prévia de abuso ilegal de substâncias. Os objetivos desta tese foram: 1) verificar a associação de três polimorfismos (rs1803274, rs4263329, rs4680662) para o gene da butirilcolinesterase (BCHE), uma enzima envolvida na metabolização da cocaína no desenho do tipo gene candidato; 2) testar a hipótese de interação entre o marcador funcional Val158Met do gene para a enzima catecol-O-metiltransferase (COMT) e os marcadores do tipo VNTR das regiões 3´UTR e Intron8 do gene do transportador da dopamina (DAT1) e; 3) numa análise de caráter exploratório, verificar a interação gene-gene de 40 polimorfismos em 12 genes com plausibilidade biológica para a dependência da cocaína. A análise estatística fez uso de modelos de regressão logística para a interação de marcadores nos dois genes, COMT e DAT1 e, do programa Multifactor Dimensionality Reduction (MDR) para a análise multivariada. A análise envolvendo os marcadores para o gene BCHE não se mostraram associados ao fenótipo da dependência de cocaína porém, encontrou-se uma associação do marcador funcional rs1803274 (p=0,001; OR=5,83; IC95%=2,10 - 16,16) nos usuários exclusivos de crack, a forma cheirada da cocaína quando comparados aos grupos de uso exclusivo da cocaína na forma cheirada ou, de uso das duas formas de administração. Os marcadores do tipo VNTR da DAT1 não interagiram em um modelo de regressão logística com o marcador Val158Met da COMT. Finalmente, os modelos construídos pelo programa MDR não forneceram interações gene-gene que tivessem uma previsibilidade além do acaso. Dentro de uma perspectiva genética, os estudos futuros para a dependência de cocaína devem aprimorar a caracterização fenotípica, por meio de subgrupos divididos por sintomas clínicos e pelo uso de fenótipos intermediários, fazer um rastreio minucioso dos marcadores ao longo dos genes de interesse e, usar de métodos analíticos para as interações gene-gene e gene-ambiente / The use of crack/cocaine has become a major public health problem in Brazil due to its manifold problems in the medical, psychological and social realms. Twin and family studies have documented the role played by genetic factors and environment in cocaine addiction. Genetic association studies in cocaine addiction are few and have methodological problems: small sample size, population stratification and a paucity of genetic markers have been studied so far. There is also a lack of knowledge on how the genes already shown to be associated with cocaine addiction interact, that is, genetic epistasis. In order to advance the knowledge of biological factors in cocaine addiction we investigated, by means of a case-control study, 746 patients with crack/cocaine dependence admitted to specialized clinics for the treatment of drug addiction in the city of São Paulo. They were compared to 891 control subjects with no previous history of illegal drug abuse. The objectives of this thesis were: 1) investigate the association of three SNPs (rs1803274, rs4263329, rs4680662) in the butirilcholinesterase gene (BCHE) that encodes an enzyme involved in cocaine metabolism; 2) test the hypothesis of an interaction between the functional marker Val158Met of the catechol-o-metiltransferase enzyme (COMT) gene and two VNTRs markers, 3´UTR and Intron8, of the dopamine transporter gene (DAT1) and, 3) in an exploratory analysis, investigate the gene-gene interaction of 40 polymorphisms in 12 genes with a biological plausibility for cocaine addiction. Logistic regression was used to assess COMT*DAT1 gene-gene interaction and, the Multifactor Dimensionality Reduction (MDR) program was used for the other multivariate analysis. Genetic variants for the BCHE gene were not associated with cocaine addiction but, an association was found between the functional marker rs1803274 (p=0,001; OR=5,83; IC95%=2,10 - 16,16) and crack users compared to those that snorted cocaine or used both forms of administration. The DAT1 VNTRs did not interact with the COMT Val158Met marker. Finally, the models generated by the MDR program did not provided any predictive gene-gene interaction better than chance. Future studies investigating genetic risk factors for cocaine dependence should improve phenotype characterization (clinically derived subgroups and use of endophenotypes) and should also make a thorough scan of the genetic markers along the genes of interest including gene-gene and gene-environment analysis

O uso da cocaína e do crack tornou-se um problema de saúde pública importante no Brasil por conta de prejuízos significativos do ponto de vista médico, psicológico e social que ele acarreta. Estudos de gêmeos e, em famílias, sugerem que a dependência de cocaína é uma doença complexa, com participação importante de fatores genéticos. Os estudos genéticos sobre usuários de cocaína são poucos e padecem de problemas metodológicos, tais como, amostras pequenas, com alto grau de miscigenação populacional e um número limitado de marcadores genéticos pesquisados. Além disto, há pouco sendo feito no sentido de verificar como os genes já associados à dependência de cocaína interagem entre si, ou seja, de investigações sobre a epistasia genética. Com o intuito de aprofundar a investigação dos aspectos biológicos da dependência de cocaína, nós estudamos, através de um estudo casocontrole, uma amostra de inicial de 746 pacientes dependentes de crack/cocaína hospitalizados em clínicas especializadas para o tratamento de dependência química na cidade de São Paulo, que foram comparados a 891 controles normais, sem história prévia de abuso ilegal de substâncias. Os objetivos desta tese foram: 1) verificar a associação de três polimorfismos (rs1803274, rs4263329, rs4680662) para o gene da butirilcolinesterase (BCHE), uma enzima envolvida na metabolização da cocaína no desenho do tipo gene candidato; 2) testar a hipótese de interação entre o marcador funcional Val158Met do gene para a enzima catecol-O-metiltransferase (COMT) e os marcadores do tipo VNTR das regiões 3´UTR e Intron8 do gene do transportador da dopamina (DAT1) e; 3) numa análise de caráter exploratório, verificar a interação gene-gene de 40 polimorfismos em 12 genes com plausibilidade biológica para a dependência da cocaína. A análise estatística fez uso de modelos de regressão logística para a interação de marcadores nos dois genes, COMT e DAT1 e, do programa Multifactor Dimensionality Reduction (MDR) para a análise multivariada. A análise envolvendo os marcadores para o gene BCHE não se mostraram associados ao fenótipo da dependência de cocaína porém, encontrou-se uma associação do marcador funcional rs1803274 (p=0,001; OR=5,83; IC95%=2,10 - 16,16) nos usuários exclusivos de crack, a forma cheirada da cocaína quando comparados aos grupos de uso exclusivo da cocaína na forma cheirada ou, de uso das duas formas de administração. Os marcadores do tipo VNTR da DAT1 não interagiram em um modelo de regressão logística com o marcador Val158Met da COMT. Finalmente, os modelos construídos pelo programa MDR não forneceram interações gene-gene que tivessem uma previsibilidade além do acaso. Dentro de uma perspectiva genética, os estudos futuros para a dependência de cocaína devem aprimorar a caracterização fenotípica, por meio de subgrupos divididos por sintomas clínicos e pelo uso de fenótipos intermediários, fazer um rastreio minucioso dos marcadores ao longo dos genes de interesse e, usar de métodos analíticos para as interações gene-gene e gene-ambiente / The use of crack/cocaine has become a major public health problem in Brazil due to its manifold problems in the medical, psychological and social realms. Twin and family studies have documented the role played by genetic factors and environment in cocaine addiction. Genetic association studies in cocaine addiction are few and have methodological problems: small sample size, population stratification and a paucity of genetic markers have been studied so far. There is also a lack of knowledge on how the genes already shown to be associated with cocaine addiction interact, that is, genetic epistasis. In order to advance the knowledge of biological factors in cocaine addiction we investigated, by means of a case-control study, 746 patients with crack/cocaine dependence admitted to specialized clinics for the treatment of drug addiction in the city of São Paulo. They were compared to 891 control subjects with no previous history of illegal drug abuse. The objectives of this thesis were: 1) investigate the association of three SNPs (rs1803274, rs4263329, rs4680662) in the butirilcholinesterase gene (BCHE) that encodes an enzyme involved in cocaine metabolism; 2) test the hypothesis of an interaction between the functional marker Val158Met of the catechol-o-metiltransferase enzyme (COMT) gene and two VNTRs markers, 3´UTR and Intron8, of the dopamine transporter gene (DAT1) and, 3) in an exploratory analysis, investigate the gene-gene interaction of 40 polymorphisms in 12 genes with a biological plausibility for cocaine addiction. Logistic regression was used to assess COMT*DAT1 gene-gene interaction and, the Multifactor Dimensionality Reduction (MDR) program was used for the other multivariate analysis. Genetic variants for the BCHE gene were not associated with cocaine addiction but, an association was found between the functional marker rs1803274 (p=0,001; OR=5,83; IC95%=2,10 - 16,16) and crack users compared to those that snorted cocaine or used both forms of administration. The DAT1 VNTRs did not interact with the COMT Val158Met marker. Finally, the models generated by the MDR program did not provided any predictive gene-gene interaction better than chance. Future studies investigating genetic risk factors for cocaine dependence should improve phenotype characterization (clinically derived subgroups and use of endophenotypes) and should also make a thorough scan of the genetic markers along the genes of interest including gene-gene and gene-environment analysis

Vanderghem Caroline. (2009). La membrane du globule gras du lait : études physico-chimiques et sa valorisation technofonctionnelle dans les babeurres (Thèse de doctorat en Anglais). Gembloux, Belgique, Faculté Universitaire des Sciences Agronomiques de Gembloux. 198p., 14 tabl., 59 fig. Résumé La membrane du globule gras du lait (MGGL) est une structure complexe qui enveloppe, protège et délivre des composants bioactifs et des nutriments dune façon efficace au nouveau-né. Sa structure est unique par rapport à dautres systèmes biologiques de transport de lipides. Lobjectif général de ce travail a été de contribuer à augmenter les connaissances et la compréhension de cet émulsifiant naturel. La première partie de cette thèse concerne létude de la structure de la MGGL. Limportance des protéines membranaires concernant la stabilité et leur disposition dans la MGGL ont été étudiés. Les protéines de la MGGL sont présentes en petite quantité dans le lait et une technique de pré-fractionnement simpose afin de les isoler par rapport aux autres protéines du lait (caséines et protéines du lactosérum). Une technique dextraction qui a été développée dans notre laboratoire a été testée afin disoler la MGGL de la crème laitière. Une analyse détaillée a révélé que cette procédure est très bien adaptée pour lélimination dun maximum de protéines du lait écrémé. Une approche protéomique a été établie et a permis lidentification de protéines majeures de la MFGM ainsi que dautres protéines mineures (GTP-binding proteins, annexins, actin) afin de compléter le protéome. Par la suite, différentes protéases ont été testées en vue dobtenir différents degrés et/ou sélectivité dhydrolyse des protéines de la MGGL. La distribution asymétrique des protéines de la MGGL a été étudiée par une approche basée sur lattaque protéolytique du globule gras natif. Sur base de nos résultats et des données bibliographiques récentes, un nouveau modèle de la structure de la MGGL est proposé. La deuxième partie de cette thèse est consacrée à évaluer les propriétés technofonctionnelles de la MGGL dans les babeurres. Les propriétés interfaciales, moussantes et émulsifiantes du babeurre sont comparées à dautres ingrédients laitiers comme le lait écrémé et le concentré protéique de lactosérum. Nos résultats montrent le bon pouvoir émulsifiant du babeurre en comparaison des autres ingrédients laitiers. Dans les émulsions recombinées, la stabilité envers le crémage a été améliorée et les membranes ont présenté une meilleure résistance face à la coalescence. Les résultats sur la tension interfaciale et les propriétés rhéologiques interfaciales ont été mis en relation avec certaines propriétés des mousses et des émulsions. Vanderghem Caroline. (2009). The milk fat globule membrane: physico-chemical studies and its techno-functional valorisation in buttermilk (Thèse de doctorat). Gembloux, Belgium, Gembloux Agricultural University, 198p., 14 tabl., 59 fig. Summary The milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) is a complex structure that surrounds, protects and delivers bioactive compounds and nutrients in an efficient manner to the neonate. Its structure is unique in relation with any other biological lipid transport system. The overall aim of this work was to contribute to increase the knowledge and comprehension of this natural emulsifier. The first part of this thesis concerned the study of the structure of the MFGM. Membrane proteins were targeted and their importance regarding stability and disposition in the MFGM was studied. MFGM proteins are present at low concentrations in milk and a pre-fractionation of the sample is required in order of MFGM proteins to be visible among other milk proteins (caseins and whey proteins). A mild procedure developed in our laboratory was tested in order to isolate MFGM from cream. Detailed analysis revealed that this procedure is very well suited for the elimination of a maximum of skim milk proteins. A proteomic approach was established and allowed the identification of the most important MFGM proteins and additional minor MFGM proteins for additional completion of the proteome (GTP-binding proteins, annexins, actin). Subsequently, different proteases were screened in an attempt to obtain different degrees and/or selective proteolysis of MFGM proteins. Asymmetric arrangement of MFGM proteins was studied with an approach based on the proteolytic attack on the native fat globule. Based on our results and recent bibliographic data, an updated model of the MFGM structure was proposed. The second part of this thesis was devoted to assess the techno-functional properties of the MFGM in buttermilks. Interfacial, foaming and emulsifying properties of buttermilk were assessed and compared to classic milk ingredients such as skim milk and whey protein concentrate. Our results highlighted that buttermilk possesses good emulsifying power compared to other milk ingredients. In buttermilk recombined emulsions stability towards creaming was improved and the recombined membrane presented a great resistance to coalescence. Results of the interfacial pressure and the interfacial rheological properties were related to some foams and emulsions properties.

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Cette thèse porte sur l’étude de la relation entre la structure et la fonction chez les cotransporteurs Na+/glucose (SGLTs). Les SGLTs sont des protéines membranaires qui se servent du gradient électrochimique transmembranaire du Na+ afin d’accumuler leurs substrats dans la cellule. Une mise en contexte présentera d’abord un bref résumé des connaissances actuelles dans le domaine, suivi par un survol des différentes techniques expérimentales utilisées dans le cadre de mes travaux. Ces travaux peuvent être divisés en trois projets. Un premier projet a porté sur les bases structurelles de la perméation de l’eau au travers des SGLTs. En utilisant à la fois des techniques de modélisation moléculaire, mais aussi la volumétrie en voltage imposé, nous avons identifié les bases structurelles de cette perméation. Ainsi, nous avons pu identifier in silico la présence d’une voie de perméation passive à l’eau traversant le cotransporteur, pour ensuite corroborer ces résultats à l’aide de mesures faites sur le cotransporteur Na/glucose humain (hSGLT1) exprimé dans les ovocytes. Un second projet a permis d’élucider certaines caractéristiques structurelles de hSGLT1 de par l’utilisation de la dipicrylamine (DPA), un accepteur de fluorescence dont la répartition dans la membrane lipidique dépend du potentiel membranaire. L’utilisation de la DPA, conjuguée aux techniques de fluorescence en voltage imposé et de FRET (fluorescence resonance energy transfer), a permis de démontrer la position extracellulaire d’une partie de la boucle 12-13 et le fait que hSGLT1 forme des dimères dont les sous-unités sont unies par un pont disulfure. Un dernier projet a eu pour but de caractériser les courants stationnaires et pré-stationaires d’un membre de la famille des SGLTs, soit le cotransporteur Na+/myo-inositol humain hSMIT2 afin de proposer un modèle cinétique qui décrit son fonctionnement. Nous avons démontré que la phlorizine inhibe mal les courants préstationnaires suite à une dépolarisation, et la présence de courants de fuite qui varient en fonction du temps, du potentiel membranaire et des substrats. Un algorithme de recuit simulé a été mis au point afin de permettre la détermination objective de la connectivité et des différents paramètres associés à la modélisation cinétique. / This thesis is about the structure/function relationship in Na+/glucose cotransporters (SGLTs). SGLTs are membrane proteins which use the Na+ transmembrane electrochemical gradient to accumulate their substrates within the cell. As an introduction, a short review of the current state of the field will be followed by a presentation of the different technics used in this work. This work can be divided in three main projects. In the first project, we investigated the structural basis of water permeation through SGLTs. By using molecular modeling technics, we have identified, in silico, a passive permeation pathway used by water to go through the cotransporter across the membrane. Using voltage-clamp volumetric measurement, we were able to corroborate these findings for hSGLT1 expressed in oocytes. A second project allowed elucidation of some of hSGLT1 structural characteristics through the use of dipicrylamine (DPA), a fluorescence acceptor whose repartition in the lipid membrane is voltage-dependant. Use of DPA concomitantly with voltage-clamp fluorescence and FRET (fluorescence resonance energy transfer) has clearly demonstrated the extracellular localisation of part of the 12-13 loop which was previously assumed to be intracellular. In addition, we have shown that hSGLT1 forms a dimeric structure where the subunits are linked by a disulfide bridge. A last project aimed at characterizing the steady-state and pre-steadystate currents of a member of the SGLT family named hSMIT2 (human Na/myo-inositol transporter 2). We showed that phlorizin is a poor inhibitor of pre-steady state currents following depolarisation, and the presence of a time, membrane potential and substrate dependent leak current. A simulated annealing algorithm was developed in order to allow objective determination of both the connectivity and the parameters associated with the optimal kinetic model.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 2005. / Typescript (photocopy).

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a multi-functional cellular compartment that functions in protein folding, lipid biosynthesis, and calcium homeostasis. Perturbations to ER function lead to the dysregulation of ER homeostasis, causing the accumulation of unfolded and misfolded proteins in the cell. This is a state of ER stress. ER stress elicits a cytoprotective, adaptive signaling cascade to mitigate stress, the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR). As long as the UPR can moderate stress, cells can produce the proper amount of proteins and maintain a state of homeostasis. If the UPR, however, is dysfunctional and fails to achieve this, cells will undergo apoptosis. Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by persistent high blood glucose levels. The pathogenesis of this disease involves pancreatic β-cell dysfunction: an abnormality in the primary function of the β-cell, insulin production and secretion. Activation of the UPR is critical to pancreatic β-cell survival, where a disruption in ER stress signaling can lead to cell death and consequently diabetes. There are several models of ER stress leading to diabetes. Wolcott-Rallison syndrome, for example, occurs when there is a mutation in the gene encoding one of the master regulators of the UPR, PKR-like ER kinase (PERK). In this dissertation, we show that Wolfram Syndrome 1 (WFS1), an ER transmembrane protein, is a component of the UPR and is a downstream target of two of the master regulators of the UPR, Inositol Requiring 1 (IRE1) and PERK. WFS1 mutations lead to Wolfram syndrome, a non-autoimmune form of type 1 diabetes accompanied by optical atrophy and other neurological disorders. It has been shown that patients develop diabetes due to the selective loss of their pancreatic β-cells. Here we define the underlying molecular mechanism of β-cell loss in Wolfram syndrome, and link this cell loss to ER stress and a dysfunction in a component of the UPR, WFS1. We show that WFS1 expression is localized to the β-cell of the pancreas, it is upregulated during insulin secretion and ER stress, and its inactivation leads to chronic ER stress and apoptosis. This dissertation also reveals the previously unknown function of WFS1 in the UPR. Positive regulation of the UPR has been extensively studied, however, the precise mechanisms of negative regulation of this signaling pathway have not. Here we report that WFS1 regulates a key transcription factor of the UPR, activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6), through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. WFS1 expression decreases expression levels of ATF6 target genes and represses ATF6-mediated activation of the ER stress response (ERSE) promoter. WFS1 recruits and stabilizes an E3 ubiquitin ligase, HMG-CoA reductase degradation protein 1 (HRD1), on the ER membrane. The WFS1-HRD1 complex recruits ATF6 to the proteasome and enhances its ubiquitination and proteasome-mediated degradation, leading to suppression of the UPR under non-stress conditions. In response to ER stress, ATF6 is released from WFS1 and activates the UPR to mitigate ER stress. This body of work reveals a novel role for WFS1 in the UPR, and a novel mechanism for regulating ER stress signaling. These findings also indicate that hyperactivation of the UPR can lead to cellular dysfunction and death. This supports the notion that tight regulation of ER stress signaling is crucial to cell survival. This unanticipated role of WFS1 for a feedback loop of the UPR is relevant to diseases caused by chronic hyperactivation of ER stress signaling network such as pancreatic β-cell death in diabetes and neurodegeneration.

No description available.