Trends and patterns of reproductive behaviour in Germany, Austria and Switzerland Abstract The main goal of this diploma thesis is to analyse fertility trends in the (former) German Democratic Republic, the (former) Federal Republic of Germany, Austria and Switzerland after Second World War to 2010 and attitudes of population of the countries above towards parenthood and the changing roles of men and women. German-speaking countries belong to countries with long-term low fertility level, however each country has its own specific reproductive behavior due to historical development. Analysis of fertility is focused on describing the trends of the number of live births and the proportion of children born outside marriage, total fertility rate, cohort fertility, fertility rates by age and the mean age of women at childbirth. Attitudes of respondents towards parenthood and the changing roles of men and women were analyzed based on international survey, European Values Study 2008, by statistical methods - chi-square test and factor analysis. Further, the thesis deals with family policy in German-speaking countries with a focus on current measures. The main findings of this thesis are summarized in the final chapter.

Introdução: Trabalhar e estudar têm sido frequentemente observadas entre jovens universitários. Um dos resultados dessa dupla jornada esta população é a restrição aos horários de dormir e acordar, especialmente nos dias de trabalho. Como conseqüência da privação de sono, relatos de sonolência excessiva diurna e queda no desempenho nos estudos e no trabalho são frequentes. Em relação às diferenças entre os sexos, poucos são estudos que abordam as características dos padrões do ciclo vigília-sono e sonolência de universitários trabalhadores, homens e mulheres. Objetivo: Analisar o ciclo vigília-sono e sonolência de homens e mulheres que trabalham e estudam no turno noturno. Metodologia: Participaram deste projeto 82 estudantes universitários trabalhadores, de 21 a 26 anos de idade, que freqüentavam as aulas no período noturno. Na primeira etapa, os participantes preencheram o questionário de caracterização das condições de vida, saúde e trabalho. Na segunda etapa, os participantes utilizaram um actímetro durante 7 dias consecutivos para obtenção de dados de sono e vigília, preencheram a escala de sonolência Karolinska (KSS) e realizaram um teste de vigilância psicomotora (PVT) em diversos momentos do dia. Além disso, os estudantes preencheram um protocolo diário de atividades para obter dados referentes ao tempo dedicado ao trabalho, trabalho doméstico, atividades físicas, atividades extracurriculares, transporte, aulas na faculdade, folga e sono. Neste protocolo também foram incluídas questões relacionadas ao consumo de cafeína, teobromina e bebidas alcoólicas. As análises das variáveis do ciclo vigília sono, sonolência e médias dos tempos de reação foram feitas utilizando a ANOVA para medidas repetidas. As análises das atividades diárias entre os sexos foram realizadas análises de variância (ANOVA) de 2 fatores (sexo e dia da semana) ou teste t-student. As análises das variáveis dependentes relatos de sonolência excessiva nas aulas e tempo dedicado as aulas foram realizadas através, respectivamente, das análises de regressão logística e linear multivariadas. Em todas as análises utilizou-se como nível de significância =5 por cento . Resultados: Os resultados mostraram que nos dias de trabalho as mulheres apresentaram maiores durações de sono que os homens. Também, observou-se que as mulheres apresentaram um inicio de sono e meio da fase do sono mais adiantado e maior eficiência do sono comparadas aos homens. Além disso, nos dias de trabalho as mulheres estavam mais sonolentas e apresentaram tempos de reação mais lentos do que os homens. Aos domingos os estudantes (homens e mulheres) relataram níveis de sonolência menores do que aos sábados. O resultado da análise de regressão logística multivariada mostrou associação entre relatos de sonolência excessiva durante as aulas e: maiores jornadas de trabalho, meio da fase do sono >3:30hs, relatos de fadiga e menor consumo de cafeína nos dias de trabalho. O resultado da análise de regressão linear multivariada mostrou associação entre maior tempo dedicado às aulas na faculdade e: ser do sexo feminino, menores jornadas de trabalho semanal, menores durações de sono nos dias de trabalho, relatos de sonolência excessiva aos sábados e não consumir bebidas alcoólicas. Conclusões: A dupla jornada de trabalho e estudo interfere negativamente no tempo dedicado às aulas e também em outras atividades diárias, podendo comprometer o desempenho acadêmico e o tempo livre dos estudantes, para se dedicar em atividades extracurriculares e atividades físicas. São necessários outros estudos para melhor esclarecer as diferenças entre os sexos relativas aos padrões de sono. Particularmente, as causas da maior sonolência entre as mulheres jovens solteiras e sem filhos comparadas com homens com características sóciodemográficas semelhantes / Introduction: Working and studying are often observed among college students. One of the results of this double journey is the restricted bed and wake up time, especially among work days. This might have as a consequence excessive daytime sleepiness and reduced performance at school and at work. There a few number of studies discussing the sleep-wake patterns and sleepiness patterns of working college students, males and females. Objective: to assess sleep wake patterns among working college students, males and females. Methodology: Eighty-two evening working college students, from 21 to 26 years old participated in this study. Initially, all participants answered a comphreensive questionnaire on living, health and working conditions. Then, students worn for 7 consecutive days an actigraph, to obtain data on sleep-wake patterns. During the same days, they answered the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale and performed a Psychomotor Vigilance Task along the day. Also, participants answered a daily activity protocol to obtain data on time spent doing the following activities: work, domestic work, physical activities, commuting and leisure times, extracurricular activities, college classes, and sleep. Students answered questions about caffeine, theobromine and alcohol beverages consumption. The analyses of the sleep wake patterns, sleepiness and means of reaction time were performed using the ANOVA for repeated measures. To detect sex differences in daily activities a 2 way-ANOVA or a t-student test were performed. Multivariate linear and logistic regression analyses were used to detect the associated variables with time spent in college classes and excessive sleepiness during classes, respectively. In all analyses were considered the level of significance =5 per cent . Results: The results showed that during work days women showed longer sleep length compared to men. Women also showed an advanced sleep onset and midsleep, and higher sleep efficiency compared to men. Beside this, on work days, females were sleepier and showed slower reaction time than men. On Sundays students (males and females) reported to be more alert than on Saturdays. The results of the multivariate logistic regression analyses showed significant association between reported excessive sleepiness during classes and: longer working times, mid sleep >3:30hs, reported fatigue and fewer caffeine intake during work days. The results of the multivariate linear regression analyses showed significant association between more time spent in classes and: sex (females), shorter weekly working hours, shorter sleep length, reported excessive sleepiness on Saturdays and no alcohol consumption. Conclusions: The double burden of studying and working can interfere negatively on time attending classes and other daily activities. Thus, academic performance, and time spent on physical and extracurricular activities might be compromised. Further studies are necessary in order to clarify sex differences on sleep. These studies may explain the causes of higher sleepiness showed by single women with no children compared to male colleagues with similar socio demographic features

Introdução: Trabalhar e estudar têm sido frequentemente observadas entre jovens universitários. Um dos resultados dessa dupla jornada esta população é a restrição aos horários de dormir e acordar, especialmente nos dias de trabalho. Como conseqüência da privação de sono, relatos de sonolência excessiva diurna e queda no desempenho nos estudos e no trabalho são frequentes. Em relação às diferenças entre os sexos, poucos são estudos que abordam as características dos padrões do ciclo vigília-sono e sonolência de universitários trabalhadores, homens e mulheres. Objetivo: Analisar o ciclo vigília-sono e sonolência de homens e mulheres que trabalham e estudam no turno noturno. Metodologia: Participaram deste projeto 82 estudantes universitários trabalhadores, de 21 a 26 anos de idade, que freqüentavam as aulas no período noturno. Na primeira etapa, os participantes preencheram o questionário de caracterização das condições de vida, saúde e trabalho. Na segunda etapa, os participantes utilizaram um actímetro durante 7 dias consecutivos para obtenção de dados de sono e vigília, preencheram a escala de sonolência Karolinska (KSS) e realizaram um teste de vigilância psicomotora (PVT) em diversos momentos do dia. Além disso, os estudantes preencheram um protocolo diário de atividades para obter dados referentes ao tempo dedicado ao trabalho, trabalho doméstico, atividades físicas, atividades extracurriculares, transporte, aulas na faculdade, folga e sono. Neste protocolo também foram incluídas questões relacionadas ao consumo de cafeína, teobromina e bebidas alcoólicas. As análises das variáveis do ciclo vigília sono, sonolência e médias dos tempos de reação foram feitas utilizando a ANOVA para medidas repetidas. As análises das atividades diárias entre os sexos foram realizadas análises de variância (ANOVA) de 2 fatores (sexo e dia da semana) ou teste t-student. As análises das variáveis dependentes relatos de sonolência excessiva nas aulas e tempo dedicado as aulas foram realizadas através, respectivamente, das análises de regressão logística e linear multivariadas. Em todas as análises utilizou-se como nível de significância =5 por cento . Resultados: Os resultados mostraram que nos dias de trabalho as mulheres apresentaram maiores durações de sono que os homens. Também, observou-se que as mulheres apresentaram um inicio de sono e meio da fase do sono mais adiantado e maior eficiência do sono comparadas aos homens. Além disso, nos dias de trabalho as mulheres estavam mais sonolentas e apresentaram tempos de reação mais lentos do que os homens. Aos domingos os estudantes (homens e mulheres) relataram níveis de sonolência menores do que aos sábados. O resultado da análise de regressão logística multivariada mostrou associação entre relatos de sonolência excessiva durante as aulas e: maiores jornadas de trabalho, meio da fase do sono >3:30hs, relatos de fadiga e menor consumo de cafeína nos dias de trabalho. O resultado da análise de regressão linear multivariada mostrou associação entre maior tempo dedicado às aulas na faculdade e: ser do sexo feminino, menores jornadas de trabalho semanal, menores durações de sono nos dias de trabalho, relatos de sonolência excessiva aos sábados e não consumir bebidas alcoólicas. Conclusões: A dupla jornada de trabalho e estudo interfere negativamente no tempo dedicado às aulas e também em outras atividades diárias, podendo comprometer o desempenho acadêmico e o tempo livre dos estudantes, para se dedicar em atividades extracurriculares e atividades físicas. São necessários outros estudos para melhor esclarecer as diferenças entre os sexos relativas aos padrões de sono. Particularmente, as causas da maior sonolência entre as mulheres jovens solteiras e sem filhos comparadas com homens com características sóciodemográficas semelhantes / Introduction: Working and studying are often observed among college students. One of the results of this double journey is the restricted bed and wake up time, especially among work days. This might have as a consequence excessive daytime sleepiness and reduced performance at school and at work. There a few number of studies discussing the sleep-wake patterns and sleepiness patterns of working college students, males and females. Objective: to assess sleep wake patterns among working college students, males and females. Methodology: Eighty-two evening working college students, from 21 to 26 years old participated in this study. Initially, all participants answered a comphreensive questionnaire on living, health and working conditions. Then, students worn for 7 consecutive days an actigraph, to obtain data on sleep-wake patterns. During the same days, they answered the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale and performed a Psychomotor Vigilance Task along the day. Also, participants answered a daily activity protocol to obtain data on time spent doing the following activities: work, domestic work, physical activities, commuting and leisure times, extracurricular activities, college classes, and sleep. Students answered questions about caffeine, theobromine and alcohol beverages consumption. The analyses of the sleep wake patterns, sleepiness and means of reaction time were performed using the ANOVA for repeated measures. To detect sex differences in daily activities a 2 way-ANOVA or a t-student test were performed. Multivariate linear and logistic regression analyses were used to detect the associated variables with time spent in college classes and excessive sleepiness during classes, respectively. In all analyses were considered the level of significance =5 per cent . Results: The results showed that during work days women showed longer sleep length compared to men. Women also showed an advanced sleep onset and midsleep, and higher sleep efficiency compared to men. Beside this, on work days, females were sleepier and showed slower reaction time than men. On Sundays students (males and females) reported to be more alert than on Saturdays. The results of the multivariate logistic regression analyses showed significant association between reported excessive sleepiness during classes and: longer working times, mid sleep >3:30hs, reported fatigue and fewer caffeine intake during work days. The results of the multivariate linear regression analyses showed significant association between more time spent in classes and: sex (females), shorter weekly working hours, shorter sleep length, reported excessive sleepiness on Saturdays and no alcohol consumption. Conclusions: The double burden of studying and working can interfere negatively on time attending classes and other daily activities. Thus, academic performance, and time spent on physical and extracurricular activities might be compromised. Further studies are necessary in order to clarify sex differences on sleep. These studies may explain the causes of higher sleepiness showed by single women with no children compared to male colleagues with similar socio demographic features

近年來，越來越多單身男女希望能夠透過網路交友平台找到自己的另一半。本論文考慮一個網路交友平台的經營，期望能夠讓每位參與者都找到適合彼此的另一半。我們使用工作指派問題的數學模型整合配對問題及穩定室友問題的概念建構男女配對問題的數學模型。並且考慮多位交友對象、拒絕對象與分級制度等問題，分別提出不同的數學模型。最後，我們使用隨機產生的資料模擬參與者的雙向配度，以GAMS軟體求解，分析不同的配對結果，亦探討不同模型的難易度及求解所需之運算時間。 / In recent years, more and more single women and men hope that they can find their Mr. or Mrs. Right through the internet dating platform. This paper considers the operation of an internet dating platform which expects each participant to find the other half of each other. We propose mathematical models of the women and men matching problem by using the mathematical model of the assignment problem and integrating the idea of matching problem as well as the stable roommate problem. We also consider the problems of multiple dating objects, matching with rejection, and classification member. Finally, a simulate study will be performed by using the randomly generating data to simulate the two-way matching degree of each pair of participants. We analyze the different matching results obtained by the different models. We also present the difficulty of different models and the solution times.

Diss. Uppsala : Univ., 2003.

The role of the new media in young people’s lives has led to a debate about the potential of the internet as a means of influencing identity formation and youth participation. A growing body of academic research has shown an interest in understanding this influence. This thesis sets out to study political participation as a form of online engagement through the use of the various new media platforms and how it may affect the process of identity development of Arab youth in Britain. Prior to the recent political developments in the Middle East and the so-called ‘Arab Spring’, British Arab youth were suffering identity uncertainty and had expressed little interest in political participation. During the early stages of the Arab Spring, British Arab youth became involved, in one way or another, in political activities, mainly online. This research combines quantitative and qualitative methodologies in order to achieve accurate results. The targeted group for this study is those between 18 and 25 years old, who were born in Britain or have been living continuously in Britain for at least 10 years. Data collected includes a total of 178 questionnaire samples, and forty individual semi-structured interviews. The core argument of this study is that British Arab youth are willing to participate in politics as long as it is meaningful to them and to the people of their countries of origin. This engagement helps them to balance their cultural identity (Arab) with the host culture (British). That may not contradict with the fact that British Arab youth describe Britain as ‘home’ with confidence. In fact, the balance between Arab and British cultures serves as a stabiliser in the process of identity formation and reformation. The thesis also explores how this active political engagement is reflected, in general, on their own identity construction and development. The evidences of this study suggest that, while online media has a role in providing British Arab youth with accessible and effective online tools, the mechanism of participating and debating all issues without reservation, may contradict the cultural heritage of stepping back from political participation. Therefore, this research affirms the importance of online media tools for British Arab youth reaching new horizons. Participating in political activities is one form of negotiating identity formation or reformation, that in one way or another can contribute to a more effective role of the British Arab community in the public, political and cultural spheres of multicultural Britain.

Submitted by Patrícia Way (patriciaway1@gmail.com) on 2018-01-30T17:40:44Z No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertação final PatriciaWay v5, 28122017.pdf: 3340990 bytes, checksum: 66c01a3a92e9a58b0f57e7c22deaaaba (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Janete de Oliveira Feitosa (janete.feitosa@fgv.br) on 2018-01-31T17:54:23Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertação final PatriciaWay v5, 28122017.pdf: 3340990 bytes, checksum: 66c01a3a92e9a58b0f57e7c22deaaaba (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-02-07T19:09:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertação final PatriciaWay v5, 28122017.pdf: 3340990 bytes, checksum: 66c01a3a92e9a58b0f57e7c22deaaaba (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-12-19 / Purpose: The present study addresses the emergence of labor relations between men and women; their diferences, mishaps, trajectory and challenges faced to reach professional development in private and public organizations. Design/Methodology: It seeks to answer, through a comparative study of initiatives in Brazil and in Portugal, how to promote gender equity in a public organization. Findings: The approaches to these experiences will lead to initiatives to promote gender equity at Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), a public administration body in Brazil, to overcome the challenge of reducing historic-cultural inequality between men and women at work, and to leverage their professional development Research limitations: Gender Equity is a controversial subject often little addressed in organizations. Practical implications: It is necessary to know, to analyze, to revise concepts, to exchange information and experiences of best practices to improve knowledge, to discuss and to expand the involvement of people, workers, civil servants, and managers, for a path that provides development conditions for men and women professionally. Social implications: These proposals, if put into effect, can contribute to increase the degree of gender equality in a public organization in Brazil, which confirms Fiocruz as an innovative and an effective organization to tackle gender inequality and its resulting inequities. Originality: To our knowledge, this is the first study comparative study of initiatives in Brazil and in Portugal how to promote gender equity in a public organization. Keywords: gender equity, organizations, public administration, development opportunities for men and women. Paper category: Master’s thesis / Objetivo: O presente estudo aborda o nascedouro das relações laborais entre homens e mulheres; suas diferenças; percalços e trajetória de desafios de ascensão profissional nas organizações privadas e públicas Metodologia: Busca responder por meio de um estudo comporativo das iniciativas ocorridas no Brasil e em Portugal como promover a equidade de gênero em uma organização pública. Resultados: As abordagens dessas experiências conduzirão a possibilidade de realização de iniciativas para promoção da equidade de gênero na Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz, órgão da Administração Pública no Brasil, em resposta ao desafio de reduzir a desigualdade histórica-cultural entre homens e mulheres no trabalho, e de alavancar o desenvolvimento de suas carreiras profissionais. Limitações: A Equidade de Gênero é um assunto polêmico, e, por isso, pouco abordado nas organizações. Contribuições práticas: É necessário conhecer, analisar, rever conceitos, trocar informações e experiências de boas práticas para aprimorar o conhecimento, a discussão, ampliar o envolvimento das pessoas, dos trabalhadores, servidores, gestores, em prol de um caminho que forneça condições e oportunidades de desenvolvimento para homens e mulheres profissionalmente. Contribuições sociais: Essas proposições, se efetivadas, podem contribuir para a elevação do grau de igualdade de gênero em uma organização da Adminsitração Pública no Brasil, ratificando a Fiocruz como uma organização inovadora e eficaz no combate a desigualdade de gênero e as iniquidades dela decorrentes. Originalidade: Pelo nosso conhecimento, essse é o primeiro estudo comparativo de iniciativas no Brasil e em Portugal, de como promover a equidade de gênero em uma organização pública. Palavras-chave: equidade de gênero, organizações, administração pública, oportunidades de desenvolvimento para homens e mulheres. Categoria do artigo: Dissertação de mestrado.

This Master Theses deals with the changes of the family and marriage in last century. The changes in the character of Czech demographic behaviour, in the field of reproduction, represent consequences of a modern cultural change, whose bearers are contemporary young Czech generation.The low marriage rate and birth rate are inevitable phenomena accompanying these cultural changes. In the 1990´s of the 20th century there was a decrease in the percentage of marrying young people.It brought about higher legitimacy to other types of households such as unmarried cohabitation, single and other alternative kinds of cohabitation. The change is also in division of roles in the family. I focus on the perception, how these changes are reflected by the church in its dogma. I also concentrate on the possibility to compare it with the findings of experts.

The goal of the thesis was to identify the overall life situation of men on parental leave, decisive factors that led them to take the parental leave and at the same time identification of protective and limiting factors influencing mastering the care for the child from the point of view of men on parental leave. The Introduction states reasons that led me to select the topic and describe the issue and direction of my work more closely. The Theoretical Part is comprised of six chapters describing the issue of family, fatherhood and family policy in general, the current situation of men on parental leave in the Czech Republic and in other European countries and legislative problems connected with it. The Research Part comprises eight case studies focused on the research areas set in advance. The Discussion is then comparison of specialist literature speaking on the subject and of results I collected in the Research Part. The Conclusion sums up the whole work and formulates my opinions about results of my studies. Here, I also mention my findings for potential further research. The basic methods used in my qualitative research were half-structured dialogue and open participant observation. The collected data were elaborated in eight case studies. The research sample of eight men was selected by random systematic selection. The men came from Prague and its surroundings and they were between 32 and 55 years old. The research lasted from June 2008 to April 2009. Results of my work can help to make the decision-making in family more objective in view of real benefit of one of the parents taking the parental leave. Further, the work could help overcome common taboos and find at least partial answers to questions that are new to many men.

This thesis is concerned with different incomes of men and women in the professional category of scientists and intellectual workers and aims to describe the reasons and the degree of income inequality between men and women in this category and in the conditions of the Czech Republic. The theoretical resources of the thesis are a compilation of facts and opinions of the authors and scientists who are engaged in the area of (gender) income inequality. The chapters gradually reveal the state of gender inequality in selected regions of the world - the U.S.A, Asia and Europe, including the legislative framework. The following chapter is based on available statistical information reflects the situation in the Czech Republic. The theoretical part ends with a description of the indicators of income inequality. Practical part of this thesis works with SILC2009 data for the category of scientific and intellectual workers in terms of dependent variables affecting the amount of income for both sexes and compares the results against each other. For complete the overall view on the topic of gender income inequality was made research of respondents' awareness of the issue