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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
21

Prevalência e fatores associados ao estado de portador de Neisseria spp. em núcleos familiares: estudo de base populacional / Prevalence and factors associated with Neisseria spp. carrier state in family households: population-based study

Jaqueline Costa Lima 24 January 2019 (has links)
Introdução - O estado de portador assintomático ocorre quando o hospedeiro alberga o agente etiológico sem apresentar doença. Os fatores associados ao estado de portador de Neisseria não patogênica (NNP) e Neisseria meningitidis (Nm) diferem entre si, no entanto, as características epidemiológicas de ambas ainda são pouco exploradas. Objetivos - Estimar a prevalência, analisar possíveis diferenças em distintos estratos sociais, identificar o genótipo das cepas isoladas, assim como, investigar fatores associados ao estado de portador de Nm e de NNP em núcleos familiares residentes em Cuiabá-MT. Método - Estudo transversal de base populacional, desenvolvido de 07/2016 a 07/2017, incluindo todos os moradores de uma amostra probabilística estratificada composta de 243 núcleos familiares (domicílios) de área urbana, em bairros de alta e baixa renda do município de Cuiabá. Foram incluídos os domicílios com ao menos uma criança de 12 e 60 meses de idade. Todos os residentes nos domicílios selecionados foram submetidos a coleta de swab de orofaringe para o isolamento de Neisseria spp. Para a comparação de proporções utilizou-se o teste do qui-quadrado. Foram estimadas as razões de prevalências (RP) com seus respectivos intervalos de confiança 95% (IC95%) e para a investigação de fatores associados ao estado de portador de Nm e de NNP foram utilizados modelos de regressão de Poisson. O ajuste das variáveis no modelo final foi avaliado pelo teste de Hosmer e Lemeshow. Resultados: Foram estudados 1.050 indivíduos residentes em 233 núcleos familiares. A prevalência de portadores de Neisseria spp. foi de 10,6% (111/1.050), a de Nm de 2,4% (25/1.050) e de NNP de 8,2% (86/1.050). Dentre 111 portadores, 62 (56,0%) foram por N. lactamica, 25 (22,0%) por Nm, 21 (19,0%) por N. subflava., duas (2,0%) por N. mucosa e uma (1,0%) por N. polysaccharea. Das Nm, 76% (19/25) eram não grupáveis, 16% (4/25) eram do sorogrupo B, 4% (1/25) do sorogrupo C e 4% (1/25) do sorogrupo W. A prevalência de Nm em bairros de baixa renda foi de 2,8% (23/816) e nos de alta renda de 0,8% (2/234) (p=0,058), com uma razão de prevalência (RP) de 3,3 (IC95%:0,8-13,9). A prevalência de NNP em bairros de baixa renda foi de 8,2% (67/816) e em bairros de alta renda de 8,1% (19/234), com uma RP de 1,0 (IC95%:0,6-1,6). Permaneceram independentemente associados ao estado de portador de Nm após ajuste para conviver com tabagista no domicílio e por número de pessoas por dormitório: i) residir em bairro de baixa renda (RPajustada=2,6); ii) faixa etária de 5 a 14 anos (RPajustada=2,7); iii) faixa etária de 15 a 29 anos (RPajustada=2,4) e faixa etária de 30 e anos e mais (RPajustada=1,4). Após o ajuste para a infecção respiratória nos últimos cinco dias, apresentar asma, três ou mais pessoas por dormitório e sexo masculino, mostraram-se independentemente associados ao estado de portador de NNP: i) pertencer a faixa etária de cinco a 14 anos de idade (RPajustada=2,8) e de menores de cinco anos de idade (RPajustada=7,2); ii) residir em casa precária/quitinete (RPajustada=2,1). Conclusões - O contexto social influencia o estado de portador de Nm e NNP. As vacinas conjugadas meningocócicas podem prevenir doenças direta e indiretamente e tais resultados podem subsidiar a elaboração de estratégias de intervenção, especialmente para a identificação de grupos alvo de programas de vacinação. / Introduction - The asymptomatic carrier state occurs when the host harbors the etiologic agent without presenting disease. The associated factors with the carrier state of non-pathogenic Neisseria (NNP) and Neisseria meningitidis (Nm) differ among them, however, the epidemiological characteristics of both are still poorly explored. Objectives - To estimate the prevalence, to analyze possible differences in different social strata, to identify the genotype of the isolated strains, as well as to investigate associated factors with the Nm and NNP carrier state in family\'s households living in Cuiabá-MT. Methods - A cross-sectional study was conducted in 07/2016 a 07/2017, in the city of Cuiabá, including all residents of a stratified probabilistic sample which was composed by 243 urban households (families nucleus) with high and low income neighborhoods of the city of Cuiabá. Households with at least one child between 12 and 60 months age were included. All residents in the selected households were submitted to oropharynx swab collection for the isolation of Neisseria spp. To compare proportions the chi-square test was used. For the estimates of prevalence ratios (PR) and the respective 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs), for the analysis of the associated factors with Nm and NNP carrier state Poisson regression models were used. The adjustment of the variables in the final model was evaluated by the Hosmer e Lemeshow test. Results - A total of 1,050 individuals residing in 233 families nucleus were studied. The prevalence of Neisseria spp. was of 10.6% (111/1,050), Nm of 2.4% (25/1,050) and NNP of 8.2% (86/1,050). Among 111 carriers, 62 (56.0%) were by N. lactamica, 25 (22.0%) by Nm, 21 (19.0%) by N. subflava, two (2.0%) by N. mucosa and one (1.0%) by N. polysaccharea. Of the Nm, 76% (19/25) were non-grouping, 16% (4/25) were serogroup B, 4% (1/25) serogroup C and 4% (1/25) serogroup W. Prevalence of Nm in low-income neighborhoods was 2.8% (23/816) and high-income (0.8%) (2/234) (p=0.058), with a prevalence ratio of 3.3 (95% CI:0.8-13.9). The prevalence of NNP in low-income neighborhoods was 8.2% (67/816) and in high-income neighborhoods of 8.1% (19/234), with a PR of 1.0 (95% CI:0,6-1,6). They remained independently associated with Nm state after adjusting to live with a smoker at home and by number of people per dormitory: i) living in a low-income neighborhood (PRadjusted=2.6); ii) age group of 5 to 14 years (PRadjusted=2.7); iii) age range of 15 to 29 years (PRadjusted=2.4) and age group of 30 years and over (PRadjusted=1.4). After adjusting for respiratory infection in the last five days, presenting asthma, three or more people per dormitory and male sex, were independently associated with NNP status: i) belonging to the age group of five to 14 years of age (PRadjusted=2.8) and of children under five years of age (RPadjusted=7.2); ii) residing in a precarious home/kitchenette (PRadjusted= 2.1). Conclusions - The social context influences the carrier state of Nm and NNP. Meningococcal conjugate vaccines can prevent diseases directly and indirectly and such results may support the development of intervention strategies, especially for the identification of target groups of vaccination programs.
22

Doença meningocócica: indicadores de gravidade e sua importância para vigilância e assistência médico-hospitalar / Meningococcal disease: indicators of severity and its importance for surveillance and hospital medical care

Masuda, Eliana Tiemi 15 September 2009 (has links)
Objetivos: Descrever o comportamento da Doença Meningocócica (DM) focalizando aspectos clínicos e seus desfechos, analisar o possível impacto da descentralização da assistência hospitalar, investigando também fatores associados à sua gravidade no município de São Paulo (SP), de 1986 a 2004. Metodologia: Trata-se de um estudo de corte transversal com componente descritivo e analítico, abrangendo o período de 1986 a 2004. A população de estudo abrange pacientes de DM, residentes no município de SP, notificados à vigilância. Os dados foram obtidos junto à vigilância passiva da DM e ao Instituto Adolfo Lutz de São Paulo. A descrição da doença foi efetuada segundo aspectos relativos ao tempo, espaço e pessoa. Para a investigação dos fatores associados à gravidade da DM tomou-se como variável dependente o óbito por DM e como variável independente, as exposições de interesse. Elas foram investigadas por meio das estimativas das odds ratio não ajustadas e ajustadas pela regressão logística não condicional, com os respectivos intervalos de confiança de 95 por cento. Resultados: Foram confirmados 10.087 casos de DM no município de São Paulo, durante o período de interesse. No pico epidêmico de 1995, a taxa de incidência média da DM foi de 8,1 casos/100.000 habitantes (hab), a mortalidade de 1,8 casos/hab/ano e letalidade média de 22 por cento. Crianças menores de quatro anos foram as mais atingidas, constituindo 54 por cento dos casos, principalmente entre os menores de um ano, com taxa de incidência média de 60,1/100000 casos/hab. Em 1986, o Hospital Especializado atendia 83 por cento dos casos e os Assistenciais apenas 12 por cento. No final do período estudado (2004), com a descentralização do serviço, o Hospital Especializado passou a atendeu 22 por cento dos casos e 71 por cento dos casos os Assistenciais. O Hospital Especializado manteve a letalidade anual dos casos de DM constante durante todo período, em torno de 11 por cento. A letalidade 15 dos Hospitais Assistenciais foi diminuindo gradativamente ao longo do período, inicialmente com 60 por cento e terminando com 16 por cento. Conclusão: A identificação de fatores associados à gravidade da DM e a repercussão da assistência hospital podem contribuir na melhoria das condutas clínicas, e subsidiar políticas públicas e intervenções de saúde pública / Objectives: To describe the behavior of meningococcal disease (MD) focusing on clinical features and outcomes, analyze the potential impacts of decentralization of hospital care, also investigating factors associated with the severity of MD in São Paulo (SP) city, from 1986 to 2004. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study with descriptive and analytical component covering the period 1986 to 2004. The population of the study was inhabitants in SP city, registered in the surveillance system. The data were obtained from the surveillance system of the DM MD and the Adolfo Lutz Institute of São Paulo. The descriptive analysis was presented by aspects of the time, space and person. The investigation of factors associated with the severity of the MD, it was considered as dependent variable death, and as independent variable, the exposure of interest. They were investigated by unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios by unconditional logistic regression, with their confidence intervals of 95 per cent. Results: There were 10,087 confirmed cases of MD in SP city, from 1986 to 2004. In epidemic peak (1995), the average rate of incidence of MD was 8.1 cases/100000 inhabitants (inhabit), the mortality rate was 1.8 cases/inhab/year and average case fatality rate (CFR) was of 22 per cent. Children under four years were the highest risk, representing 54 per cent of cases, especially among children under one year with average incidence rate of 60.1/100000 cases/inhab. In 1986, the specialized hospital cared 83 per cent of cases and non-specialized hospital only 12 per cent. At the end of the period studied (2004), with the decentralization of service, the specialized hospital has attended 22 per cent and 71 per cent of cases by the non-specialized. The referential hospital represented an annual CFR of MD constant in over time, around 11 per cent. The CFR of non-specialized hospital has been decreasing gradually 17 over the period, initially with 60 per cent and ending with 16 per cent. Conclusion: The identification of factors associated with the severity of DM and the impact of decentralization of the hospitals care can help in improving the clinical procedures, and support public policies and public health interventions
23

Efetividade da vacina meningocócica C conjugada e caracterização da Neisseria meningitidis em Salvador, Bahia

Cardoso, Cristiane Wanderley January 2014 (has links)
Submitted by Ana Maria Fiscina Sampaio (fiscina@bahia.fiocruz.br) on 2014-12-04T17:14:15Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Cristiane Wanderley Cardoso.2014.pdf: 6973850 bytes, checksum: 2b778663b6a0d8b4c10a7a53b6fa3e4d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-04T17:14:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cristiane Wanderley Cardoso.2014.pdf: 6973850 bytes, checksum: 2b778663b6a0d8b4c10a7a53b6fa3e4d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz. Salvador, BA, Brasil / Introdução: A doença meningocócica (DM) é causada pela bactéria Neisseria meningitidis, sendo um importante problema de saúde pública no mundo. Atualmente, a Neisseria meningitidis sorogrupo C (NmC) tem sido o principal agente da DM na Bahia. Em 2010 ocorreu uma epidemia de DM pela NmC em Salvador, e a fim de contê-la, a Secretaria Estadual de Saúde introduziu em fevereiro de 2010, a vacina meningocócica C conjugada (MenC) para crianças menores de cinco anos, incluindo campanhas de vacinação para indivíduos de 10 a 24 anos. Objetivos: Descrever a incidência da DM, avaliar a efetividade da vacina MenC e caracterizar os fenótipos e genótipos das cepas circulantes da N. meningitidis nos períodos pré e pós-introdução da vacina MenC. Metodologia: Realizamos um estudo descritivo-analítico, comparando incidências nas coortes de vacinados e não vacinados nos períodos pré e pós-introdução da vacina MenC. Analisamos a efetividade da vacina MenC utilizando o método “screening” e um estudo tipo caso-controle. A efetividade da vacina MenC foi baseada no odds-ratio (IC 95%; pvalor <0,05). Para caracterização molecular da NmC, utilizamos a técnica de Eletroforese em Campo Pulsátil (PFGE) e da Tipagem de Sequências Multilocus (MLST). Resultados: Entre crianças <5 anos, a incidência da DM (2,00 p/100.000 hab.) no período pós-vacina foi significativamente menor (RR 0,27; IC 95%, 0,09-0,75) do que as taxas médias (7,49 p/100.000 hab.) no período pré-vacina. Em ambos estudos, a efetividade de uma única dose da vacina MenC foi elevada, variando entre 79-100% e 89-100% (IC 95%), respectivamente. O fenótipo C:23:P1.14-6 foi o mais prevalente entre os isolados e os casos atribuídos à NmC foram associados ao tipo de sequências 3779 e 3780, ambas pertencentes ao complexo clonal 103. Conclusão: Os resultados dos estudos demonstraram elevada efetividade (100%) da vacina MenC introduzida em Salvador através de campanhas. No ano seguinte à introdução da vacina MenC, houve redução de 50% na incidência da DM em Salvador. Em 2010, a epidemia da DM em Salvador deveuse à expansão do fenótipo C:23:P1.14-6, pertencente ao complexo clonal ST103, o qual já circulava em Salvador desde 1996. / Introduction: Meningococcal disease (MD) is caused by bacterium Neisseria meningitidis and is a major public health problem worldwide. Currently the Neisseria meningitidis serogroup C (NmC) has been the main cause of MD in Bahia, Brazil. In order to contain the 2010 epidemic of MD caused by NmC that occurred in the city of Salvador, the State Department of Health introduced in February 2010 the meningococcal C conjugate vaccine (MenC) to <5 year-old children, including vaccination campaigns for individuals from 10-24 years. Objectives: Describe trends in incidence of MD, estimate the effectiveness of MenC vaccine, and characterize the phenotypes and genotypes of the circulating strains of N. meningitidis in the pre and post-introduction of the MenC vaccine. Methods: A descriptiveanalytical study was realized comparing incidences in cohorts vaccinated and unvaccinated pre and post introduction of the MenC vaccine. We analyze the effectiveness of MenC vaccine using the screening method and a case-control study. The effectiveness of MenC vaccine was based on the odds-ratio (CI 95%). We performed molecular analyses by pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and by multi-locus sequencing typing (MLST). Results: Among children <5 years, the incidence of DM in the post-vaccine period (2.00 p/ 100,000 inhabitants) was significantly lower (RR 0.27, 95% CI 0.09 to 0.75) than the rates averages in the pre-vaccine period (7.49 p/ 100,000 inhab.). In both studies the effectiveness of a single dose of MenC vaccine was 100%, CI ranging from 79-100% and 89-100% (CI 95%), respectively. The phenotype C:23:P1.14-6 was the most prevalent among isolates and cases assigned to NmC were associated with the sequences types 3779 and 3780, both belonging to the clonal complex 103 which has been circulating in Salvador since 1996. Conclusions: The results of the studies showed high effectiveness (100%) of MenC vaccine introduced in Salvador through campaigns. In following the introduction of the MenC vaccine, there was a 50% reduction in the incidence of DM in Salvador. In 2010, the epidemic of DM in Salvador was due to the expansion of the phenotype C: 23: P1.14-6 belonging to the ST103 clonal complex, which was circulating in Salvador since 1996.
24

Clinical Presentation of Invasive Meningococcal Disease caused by Serogroup W and Y- a Systematic Review

Haylom Berhane,, Luwam January 2018 (has links)
Background: Neisseria meningitidis is a gram-negative bacterium with the potential to cause invasive disease. Invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) can be fatal if delay to antibiotic therapy. There are six serogroups, which are capable of causing invasive disease in humans; A, B, C, W, X and Y. Since 2015, serogroup W and serogroup Y account for the majority of IMD cases reported in Sweden. Aim: To investigate the clinical presentations of IMD caused by Neisseria meningitidis serogroup W and Y. Method: Two databases, PubMed and Cochrane, were used to find articles that described the clinical picture of IMD. Articles with description of clinical features of the studied serogroups and with eight cases or more in every study were included. In addition, only original articles were included. Results: A total of 633 articles were found and 11 fulfilled all the inclusion criteria. Five out of seven articles found meningococcemia as the predominating presentation of serogroup W IMD. Two out of the four articles that studied serogroup Y IMD found meningitis at a higher number. Conclusion: The results of this systematic review suggest meningococcemia as a relatively common presentation of serogroup W IMD while meningitis and pneumonia might occur more frequently in serogroup Y IMD. However, these results should be interpreted carefully because the included articles were mostly retrospective studies and future prospective studies are needed to better identify clinical presentations of serogroup W and Y IMD.
25

Variáveis meteorológicas e a ocorrência de doença meningocócica no município de Manaus de 2007 a 2009 / Meteorological variables and the occurences of meningococcal disease in Manaus from 2007 to 2009

Josildo Severino de Oliveira 02 August 2011 (has links)
A doença meningocócica (DM), uma forma específica de meningite bacteriana, provocada pela Neisseria Meningitidis, bactéria essa que contamina o SNC (Sistema nervoso central), pela corrente sanguínea ou pelas membranas leptomeníngeas, atingindo o cérebro humano. Pode apresentar-se sob três formas diferentes: a meningite meningocócica, a meningococemia ou as duas formas associadas (meningite meningocócica mais meningococemia). O principal reservatório da bactéria é o homem e a transmissão ocorre de indivíduo para indivíduo. No Brasil e, principalmente em Manaus, lugar onde se realizou esta pesquisa, a forma mais comum é a meningococemia, de sorotipo B, umas das mais agressivas que quando não diagnosticada e tratada a tempo, leva o paciente a óbito em menos de vinte e quatro horas ou deixando seqüelas para o resto da vida. As faixas etárias mais acometidas são as crianças de zero a quatro anos, pelo fato de estarem com o sistema imunológico mais enfraquecido, já que tiveram diminuídas as resistências naturais adquiridas da mãe que vão geralmente até os seis meses de idade. A pesquisa comprovou que há também ocorrências em outras faixas etárias, como os adolescentes, os adultos jovens e os idosos. É obrigatória a notificação dos casos confirmados em fichas próprias e específicas do SINAN (Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação) do SVS/MS. A doença meningocócica é de ocorrência mundial, embora seja em países subdesenvolvidos onde ocorram as maiores incidências. A pesquisa procurou investigar o período de maior incidência da DM em Manaus, detectando o período de dezembro a maio. A utilização do programa SatScan permitiu fazer a varredura espacial, temporal e espaço-temporal, mostrando resultados quanto aos bairros de Manaus com ocorrências acima do esperado e as ocorrências em um período curto de tempo. Nas análises meteorológicas, calcularam-se as anomalias de temperatura (média, mínima e máxima) para o município, considerando-se uma série histórica de trinta e sete anos e outra de 2000 a 2009. O mesmo procedimento foi feito para as precipitações e para a umidade relativa do ar. Em seguida, a partir dados de incidência de DM no período de 2000 a 2009, foram verificadas possíveis relações com as médias de anomalias das variáveis climáticas para o período de estudo 2007 a 2009. A pesquisa permitiu verificar que a incidência de DM é mais elevada no primeiro semestre, quando também ocorrem a maior precipitação e umidade relativa do ar e temperaturas do ar mais baixas. No entanto, a análise das anomalias das variáveis mostra que quando se remove o efeito da sazonalidade, as associações entre a incidência de DM e cada uma das variáveis meteorológicas são muito fracas ou até mesmo nulas. Assim, pode-se concluir que a influência climática nesta doença ocorre mais devido às diferenças de hábitos da população nos períodos chuvosos e menos chuvosos. As análises espaciais mostraram que a incidência é maior em bairros onde o padrão sócio-econômico é mais baixo do que a média do município, mas não o mais baixo. / Meningococcal disease (MD), a specific form of bacterial meningitis caused by Neisseria meningitidis, a bacterium that infects the CNS (central nervous system), the bloodstream or the leptomeningeal membranes, reaching the brain. It can present in three different forms: a meningococcal meningitis, meningococcemia or two related forms (meningococcal meningitis and meningococcemia). The main reservoir of the bacteria is the man and its transmission occurs from individual to individual. In Brazil and especially in Manaus, where this work was conducted, the most common is meningococcemia, serotype B, one of the most aggressive, which if not diagnosed and treated in time, can lead the patient to death in less than twenty four hours or leaving serious damage to the rest of his life. The age groups most affected are children aged zero to four years, because they have the most weakened immune system, which had already reduced the natural resistance acquired from the mother who usually go up to six months old. Some researches show that there are instances in other age groups, as adolescents, young adults and the elderly. It is mandatory reporting of confirmed cases, specific forms of SINAN (Information System for Notifiable Diseases) of the SVS/MS. Meningococcal disease is occurring worldwide, although in developing countries where the highest incidences occur. The research sought to investigate the period of highest incidence of MD in Manaus, detecting the period from December to May. The use of the program SatScan allowed scanning the spatial, temporal and spatial-temporal, showing results for the neighborhoods of Manaus with higher than expected occurrences and the occurrences in a short period of time. In meteorological analysis, we calculated the temperature anomalies (average, minimum and maximum) for the municipality, considering a series of thirty-seven years and another from 2000 to 2009. The same procedure was done for the rainfall and the relative humidity. Then, from data on the incidence of MD in the period 2000 to 2009, there were possible links to the mean anomalies of climate variables for the study period - 2007 to 2009. The research showed that the incidence of MD is higher in the first semester; it also occurs at the same period of the heaviest rainfall and relative humidity and air temperatures are lower. However, the analysis of anomalies of the variables shows that when the effect of seasonality is removed, the associations between the incidence of MD and each of the meteorological variables are very weak or even nil. Thus, one can conclude that the climatic influence on this disease occurs more due to differences in habits of the population in rainy and less rainy. The spatial analysis showed that the incidence is higher in neighborhoods where the socio-economic status is lower than the municipal average, but not the lowest.
26

Antibiotic susceptibility and resistance in Neisseria meningitidis : phenotypic and genotypic characteristics

Thulin Hedberg, Sara January 2009 (has links)
Neisseria meningitidis, also known as the meningococcus, is a globally spread obligate human bacterium causing meningitis and/or septicaemia. It is responsible for epidemics in both developed and developing countries. Untreated invasive meningococcal disease is often fatal, and despite modern intensive care units, the mortality is still remarkably high (approximately 10%). The continuously increasing antibiotic resistance in many bacterial pathogens is a serious public health threat worldwide and there have been numerous reports of emerging resistance in meningococci during the past decades. In paper I, the gene linked to reduced susceptibility to penicillins, the penA gene, was examined. The totally reported variation in all published penA genes was described. The penA gene was highly variable (in total 130 variants were identified). By examination of clinical meningococcal isolates, the association between penA gene sequences and penicillin susceptibility could be determined. Isolates with reduced susceptibility displayed mosaic structures in the penA gene. Two closely positioned nucleotide polymorphisms were identified in all isolates with reduced penicillin susceptibility and mosaic structured penA genes. These alterations were absent in all susceptible isolates and were successfully used to detect reduced penicillin susceptibility by real-time PCR and pyrosequencing in paper II. In papers III and IV, antibiotic susceptibility and characteristics of Swedish and African meningitis belt meningococcal isolates were comprehensively described. Although both populations were mainly susceptible to the antibiotics used for treatment and prophylaxis, the proportion of meningococci with reduced penicillin susceptibility was slightly higher in Sweden. A large proportion of the African isolates was resistant to tetracycline and erythromycin. In paper V, the gene linked to rifampicin resistance, the rpoB gene, was examined in meningococci from 12 mainly European countries. Alterations of three amino acids in the RpoB protein were found to always and directly lead to rifampicin resistance. A new breakpoint for rifampicin resistance in meningococci was suggested. The biological cost of the RpoB alterations was investigated in mice. The pathogenicity/virulence was significantly lower in rifampicin resistant mutants as compared with susceptible wild-type bacteria.

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