​This essey focus on the first people in Småland and Östergötland. I investigate how they adapted to a new environment and what changes occurred in their material culture. The purpose is to provide an overview of the first people who arrived there. I describe the settlements, material culture, graves and so on.

This thesis deals with the social dimension in lithic technology during the Mesoltihic in eastern central Sweden. The starting point is the empirical observation of the disappearing bipolar-on-anvil method of reduction around 4500 BC. This method of reduction is often used on quartz and it is the dominant method of reduction at Stone Age sites dated to the period before 4500 BC. It subsequently almost disappears without any sign of technological innovation at the time. Several other changes in the Mesolithic society occur at this time; the large aggregation sites disappear and contact with other areas changes. All this points to that the technological change is only one indication of more profound changes in the organisation and structuring of the society at this time. By looking at technology as a practice, it can be related to the social communications and negotiations that occur between different people. Tool making is seen as an arena where people of different gender and age are engaged. Lithic technology has a strong performative character that is an important part in the constant communications of social identities. This performative character is expressed at the knapping floors. The knapping floors are analyzed spatially and with a fracture analysis. The method of fracture analysis is developed as a result of experimental knapping. The result of the analysis of knapping floors from seven Mesolithic sites indicate that there is a contradiction between on the one hand organizing tool production in different strategies, as a result of different social groups being engaged in the making of quartz tools, and on the other hand, the spatially structuration of knapping floors where all stone working is located in one place. This contradiction is seen as an example of the duality of action and structure. By spatially organising the knapping floors as places where people met, they were given a purpose as a levelling device in an egalitarian structure. The disappearance of the bipolar-on-anvil method of reduction around 4500 BC is only a small symbol of more profound changes in the social structure in the Mesolithic society, changes in the way people percieved their world and themselves.

The aim of this thesis is to study the possibility of the existence of a specialist in bone tools manufacturing during the Mesolithic. The thesis describes the climate during the Mesolithic, argues for an experimental approach, and describes social organization in hunter-gatherer-groups and the processes behind cultural transmission. It also gives some examples of excavation sites in Scandinavia. An experiment simulating a teaching situation is made, in addition to the theoretical information, with the intent to explore how advanced the crafting of bone really is. The physical result is then studied and documented. The outcome is then interpreted and discussed in connection with the theoretical knowledge and observations during the experiment. The end result points to the non-existence of specialists in bone crafting during the Mesolithic. Some reflection on the discussed subjects concludes the thesis.

<p>This paper deals with the early mesolithic sites in Gladö, a part of Hanveden situated south of Stockholm. It tries to explain the big amount of sites, why people came to these islands and what they were doing there. The large shore displacement together with the topography of the mesolithic islands resulted in a rapid change of suitible areas for camping. The prime occupation was sealhunting on the ice of the Ancylus lake in early spring. As the archipelago became larger other activities as fishing and birdhunting got more important and people stayed for longer periods.</p>

This paper deals with the early mesolithic sites in Gladö, a part of Hanveden situated south of Stockholm. It tries to explain the big amount of sites, why people came to these islands and what they were doing there. The large shore displacement together with the topography of the mesolithic islands resulted in a rapid change of suitible areas for camping. The prime occupation was sealhunting on the ice of the Ancylus lake in early spring. As the archipelago became larger other activities as fishing and birdhunting got more important and people stayed for longer periods.

The paper focus on the first people in south-east Sweden. I investigate why they moved to the north, how they adapted to a new environment, and how they used new materials. I study ten locations in my investigation, which starts with Årup in north-east Scania, and ends with Mörby in Östergöland. The survey deals with the research history concerning the Mesolithic Stone Age in southern Scandinavia, and why ethnicity, adaptability, imagination and the will of survive is so important to us human beings.

<p>The paper focus on the first people in south-east Sweden. I investigate why they moved to the north, how they adapted to a new environment, and how they used new materials. I study ten locations in my investigation, which starts with Årup in north-east Scania, and ends with Mörby in Östergöland. The survey deals with the research history concerning the Mesolithic Stone Age in southern Scandinavia, and why ethnicity, adaptability, imagination and the will of survive is so important to us human beings.</p>

Throughout the course of history flint has been used in Sweden. However, flint does not naturally occur in the northern parts of the country. Yet flint has been discovered in the North.This is the result of humans transporting the material from southern most Scandinavia and/or from south-eastern Karelia. This begs the question, which way did the flint travel to northern Sweden? This paper aims to try to answer this question by analyzing the distribution and concentration of flint that has been found in the Swedish counties of Norrbotten,Västerbotten, Västernorrland and Jämtland. To do this it is first necessary to gather information regarding finds of flint. This is the first task of this paper. Its second task is to analyze this information using Qgis, with its associated tools, to create maps showing the distribution and concentration of flint. It has also been assumed that the modes of contact might have changed over time, therefore additional maps were created showing the distribution of flint from two different periods. The paper's third and final task, through theuse of the maps, is to suggest and discuss possible ways of contact that allowed flint to find its way into northern Sweden. It has been observed that the flint is not distributed evenly across the North and that there are certain areas with higher concentrations of flint. It has also been noted that the distribution of flint from two distinct time periods have dissimilar distribution patterns suggesting different modes of contact.

Conflict in Archaeology is a subject which have risen in interest during the last decades. This essay will focus mainly on the conflict which can be seen on individuals found at Kanaljorden in Motala. The site was excavated between 1999 and 2013 and showed ten individuals buried on a stonebed nearby Motala stream. The individuals were seen with a large amount of trauma directed towards the skull and differentiated depending on sex. The way the individuals were buried and the large amount of trauma was unique for Scandinavia and the world. There have been many theories of why the people buried in Kanaljorden was selected and what purpose it had for the people that buried them there. There have been speculations from war trophies to ritual killings. This essay is therefore focused on making comparisons and analogies with other cases of burials and conflicts from Scandinavia and the world to get clues why the people of Kanaljorden was selected for burial. It could be concluded that skull trauma of the buried individuals was common in Mesolithic and Neolithic Scandinavia and world. The difference in injuries depending on sex indicate a structured society were women and men had different roles during war and conflict. Further was it concluded that the individuals found at Kanaljorden could probably have been deposited because of their importance for the tribe, or forefathers’ worship.

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