The purpose of the study The Holocaust and Crimes Against Humanity by Communist Regimes in Swedish Education: A Content Analysis of Swedish Textbooks Intended for High School History Courses is to investigate how the changes in the swedish curriculum regarding genocide have affected the content of history textbooks aimed at highschool. The essay therefore investigates how and why the textbooks have remained the same or changed. Both a qualitative and quantitative method is used to answer the study’s purpose. The quantitative method aims to count the amount of words and characters, to gain a broad picture of which crimes against humanity the textbooks focuses on. The qualitative method has two parts, a content analysis on six textbooks and a connection of the textbooks and the study’s theory, Hayden Whites theory Metahistory. The study's analysis showed that the publisher of the textbooks was a large factor in what influenced which crimes against humanity would be given the most space. Regarding White's categories, the presentation of the crimes against humanity was similar, consisting mostly of tragedy and formism. The Holocaust had a larger space in most of the books that were examined than the communist crimes against humanity.

This study examines Okudzhava’s depiction of the process of documentalization of the past as a defining feature of the novel Puteshestvie diletantov, giving reason to consider it a form of metahistory, or an artistic statement on the subject of historical knowledge. The image of the document plays a central role in the novel Puteshestvie diletantov. Through it, Okudzhava depicts the process of knowing and (re)creating the past, as well as the process of its deformation, supplementation and modification. In the form of a document, the past finds existence in time and space, finds its author and addressee, and becomes submerged in a constantly changing context. Okudzhava does not contest the truth of the past, but rather problematizes it, immersing the reader in its real element – the narrative one, permeated by the creative will of the individual. Within this element, two juxtaposed narrative streams stand out clearly: the fictional and the documentary, each shaping the picture of the past in different ways. By thematicizing the issue of documents as evidence, Okudzhava at the same time thematicizes the influence of narrativity on the process of our recreation of past events, as well as on the course of these same events. The act of compiling a document and the act of narration appear in the novel as the driving force of the action and are treated by the author of Puteshestvie diletantov as a fully fledged manifestation of human will in History. In this way, the metafictionality of the novel (its thematicization and problematization of various narrative forms) becomes the key to its metahistoricality (the thematicization and problematization of knowledge of the past, the composition of History), inasmuch as History itself is represented here in the form of a narrative stream.

Il presente lavoro vuole indagare le teorie di quegli autori che, negli ultimi ottant’anni, hanno studiato e approfondito il rapporto che lega la storia e la narrazione. Nonostante si possa parlare di narrativismo, inteso come filone di studio, solo a partire dalla seconda metà del ‘900, tutta la storia e tutti gli storici di ogni epoca, più o meno volontariamente, hanno ragionato sul concetto di storia e sul modo di raccontarla. La mia tesi quindi, se da un lato si concentrerà sugli esponenti del narrativismo novecentesco, dall’altro partirà dai greci, per ripercorrere, seppur brevemente, i contributi degli autori più significativi. / This paper aims to investigate the theories of those authors who, in the last eighty years, have studied and explored the relationship between history and its narration. Although we can talk about narrativism, considered as branch of study, only from the second half of XX century, all the history and all the historians of all time, more or less voluntarily, have reasoned about the concept of the story and how to tell it. My thesis, on the one hand, while it will focus on members of narrativism of the last century, on the other hand it will start by the Greeks, to analyse the contributions of the most significant authors of each age.

Dans le contexte de la postmodernité, la question de l’écriture de l’histoire est devenue essentielle. « Tournant épistémologique » chez les historiens, « fiction métahistorique » chez les écrivains : cela semble témoigner d’une « conscience métahistorique » qui touche aujourd’hui les sociétés occidentales dans leur ensemble, invitant à penser l’histoire comme un palimpseste d’interprétations subjectives et contradictoires. L’Espagne, traversée par de récents conflits mémoriels, n’est pas en reste. Tout en cherchant à identifier les modalités et les enjeux de cette tendance métahistorique, cette thèse s’interroge sur la place du théâtre espagnol contemporain à l’intérieur de ce phénomène. Après voir retracé les évolutions des notions « métahistoire » et « fiction métahistorique », ce travail s’ouvre sur un premier chapitre proposant une ébauche de l’histoire de la métahistoire en Occident, étendue à l’historiographie, à l’art et au champ sociétal – limitée pour ce dernier à l’époque contemporaine. Si le phénomène métahistorique est loin d’être nouveau, la conscience métahistorique qui lui donne une force et une cohérence inédites semble se cristalliser dans le dernier tiers du xxe siècle. L’Espagne possède ses spécificités, liées notamment à l’héritage de la guerre civile et du franquisme. Ce chapitre s’achève sur un volet théorique où sont précisés des outils d’analyse pour la fiction métahistorique et une typologie (fiction métahistorique métafictionnelle ; fiction métahistorique historiographique), tout en envisageant quelques particularités du genre dramatique.L’examen, dans un second chapitre, d’une dizaine de pièces espagnoles écrites ces trente dernières années ‒ El retablo de Eldorado, Naufragios de Álvar Núñez, Lope de Aguirre, traidor et El sudario de tiza de J. Sanchis Sinisterra, ¡¡¡Tierraaaa… a… laaaa… vistaaa…!!! de M. Martínez Mediero, Yo tengo un tío en América d’A. Boadella, Retrato de gran almirante con perros de L. Riaza, Yo, maldita india… et El arquitecto y el relojero de J. López Mozo, El jardín quemado et La tortuga de Darwin de J. Mayorga, et Homenaje a los Malditos d’E. Calonge ‒ montre que le dispositif métahistorique se manifeste dans des dramaturgies variées. Ce corpus présente néanmoins une réelle unité : en écho à la préoccupation historiographique et sociétale actuelle pour l’écriture de l’histoire, il s’offre comme une manifestation artistique originale de la conscience métahistorique contemporaine, dans les particularités de l’aire espagnole. Ces textes semblent refléter par ailleurs l’affirmation progressive de la fiction métahistorique qui s’affranchit peu à peu de la fiction historique et de la métafiction. À l’heure où Clio est ramenée sur la scène des hommes, déconstruite et démythifiée, ces dramaturges n’en font pas moins acte de mémoire et offrent des espaces d’expression aux mémoires en souffrance. Résolument postmoderne, la fiction métahistorique contemporaine ne verse pas dans le nihilisme : elle démantèle les discours historiques pour mieux les comprendre ; elle les déconstruit pour proposer d’autres évocations du passé. / In the context of postmodernism, history writing has become a crucial issue. Called “epistemological turn” by historians and “metahistorical fiction” by writers, such a tendency is the proof of a “metahistorical awareness” which arises nowadays in Western societies as a whole, inviting to consider history as a palimpsest of subjective and conflicting interpretations. Affected by recent memory conflicts, Spain is primarily concerned. This study wishes to identify the modalities and stakes of such metahistorical tendency while wondering about the place of contemporary Spanish drama within this phenomenon. After retracing the evolution of both notions of “metahistory” and “metahistorical fiction”, this dissertation opens on a first chapter sketching out a history of Western metahistory, extended to the historiographic, artistic and societal fields (choosing to limit the latter to the contemporary period). If the metahistorical phenomenon is not new, metahistorical awareness which provides it with an original strength and coherence seems to crystallize over the last part of the 20th century. Spain has its own specificities ‒ especially due to the legacy of the Spanish Civil War and Franco’s dictatorship. This chapter ends on a theoretical part offering analytic tools for metahistorical fiction and a typology (metafictional metahistorical fiction, historiographic metahistorical fiction), and also considers some particularities of the dramatic genre.The second chapter is the study of around ten Spanish dramas written over the past thirty years: El retablo de Eldorado, Naufragios de Álvar Núñez, Lope de Aguirre, traidor and El sudario de tiza by J. Sanchis Sinisterra, ¡¡¡Tierraaaa… a… laaaa… vistaaa…!!! by M. Martínez Mediero, Yo tengo un tío en América by A. Boadella, Retrato de gran almirante con perros by L. Riaza, Yo, maldita india… and El arquitecto y el relojero by J. López Mozo, El jardín quemado and La tortuga de Darwin by J. Mayorga, and Homenaje a los Malditos by E. Calonge. If it uses the metahistorical device through various dramaturgies, this corpus presents, however, a real unity: reminding of present-day historiographic and societal concerns in history writing, it becomes an original artistic manifestation of contemporary metahistorical awareness, exploring more closely the Spanish particularities. These texts also seem to reflect the progressive affirmation of metahistorical fiction which gradually parts from historical fiction and metafiction. As Clio is brought back to the humans’ stage, deconstructed and demystified, these playwrights do an “act of memory” and offer spaces of expression to traumatic memories. Contemporary metahistorical fiction, though definitely postmodern, is not nihilist: it dismantles historical discourses in order to better understand them; it deconstructs them in order to offer other evocations of the past. / En el contexto de la posmodernidad, el tema de la escritura de la historia se ha vuelto esencial. “Giro epistemológico” para los historiadores, “ficción metahistórica” para los escritores: todo ello parece dar cuenta de una “consciencia metahistórica” que hoy toca a todas las sociedades occidentales, e invita a percibir la historia como un palimpsesto de interpretaciones subjetivas y contradictorias. España, afectada por recientes conflictos de memoria, no escapa a la regla. Esta tesis intenta identificar las modalidades y las implicaciones de esta tendencia metahistórica, analizando asimismo la posición del teatro español dentro de este fenómeno.Después de recordar las evoluciones de las nociones “metahistoria” y “ficción metahistórica”, este trabajo se abre con un primer capítulo que propone un esbozo de la historia de la metahistoria en Occidente, extendida a los campos de la historiografía, el arte y la sociedad –y limitada en este último aspecto a la época contemporánea. Si el fenómeno metahistórico no es nuevo, la consciencia metahistórica que le da una fuerza y una coherencia inéditas parecen cristalizarse en el último tercio del siglo XX. España tiene sus especificidades, estrechamente vinculadas con la herencia de la guerra civil y el franquismo. Este capítulo se cierra con una parte teórica que precisa unas herramientas para el análisis de la ficción metahistórica y una tipología (ficción metahistórica metaficcional; ficción metahistórica historiográfica), y enfoca algunas particularidades del género teatral. El examen, en un segundo capítulo, de doce dramas españoles escritos en las tres últimas décadas ‒El retablo de Eldorado, Naufragios de Álvar Núñez, Lope de Aguirre, traidor y El sudario de tiza de J. Sanchis Sinisterra, ¡¡¡Tierraaaa… a… laaaa… vistaaa…!!! de M. Martínez Mediero, Yo tengo un tío en América de A. Boadella, Retrato de gran almirante con perros de L. Riaza, Yo, maldita india… y El arquitecto y el relojero de J. López Mozo, El jardín quemado y La tortuga de Darwin de J. Mayorga, y Homenaje a los Malditos de E. Calonge‒ muestra que el dispositivo metahistórico puede manifestarse en obras muy diferentes. El corpus presenta sin embargo una fuerte unidad: aparece, conforme a la preocupación historiográfica y social actual para la escritura de la historia, como una manifestación artística original de la consciencia metahistórica contemporánea, ateniéndose a las particularidades españolas. Además, los textos parecen reflejar la afirmación progresiva de la ficción metahistórica, que poco a poco se independiza de la ficción histórica y la metaficción. Aunque llevan a Clío al escenario de los hombres, deconstruída y desmitificada, estos dramaturgos no dejan de realizar un acto de memoria y ofrecen unos espacios de expresión a las memorias negadas. Resueltamente posmoderna, la ficción metahistórica contemporánea no cede al nihilismo: deshace los discursos históricos para entenderlos mejor; los deconstruye para proponer otras evocaciones del pasado.

My thesis examines the nature of contemporary fictional narration and explores its relations to other types of narration - mainly texts where educational or informative function prevails over the aesthetic one. The whole work is divided into four parts. The first part is theoretical; it sets up basic areas of interest and names methods, tools and models that will be tested on selected examples from Slavonic literatures. The second part analyses spatial and temporal relations of fictional narrative. Chapter 2.1 treats time and space in a novel mostly from the compositional point of view (based on the example of Sasha Sokolov's A School for Fools), while in the next chapter, focusing on ideational interconnections between literary and social- political utopias, both fictionality and temporality are understood more broadly than mere narrative categories: they serve as certain points of connection between the immanent occurrence of meaning in the "world of text" and its historical background. The third part continues in this direction, only what we mean by context here is not the collective historical background, but an individual sphere of everyday life. Our focus switches to two genres standing on the boundary of literary fiction and non-fiction - personal correspondence and a travel journal (travelogue). The...