Traffic jams are the cause of approximately 25 billion euro of annual expenses of the state of Germany [14, 26]. In addition to these monetary damages they also have a negative effect on the quality of life for man and nature. They are, for example, the source of a non-negligible part of the 2.4 billion traffic accidents with damage of property or persons registered annually [13]. Circa 14 % of crashes result from previous mishaps [8, 26]. Almost all of them cause further jam formation and therefore a vicious circle which is in danger of closing around. Especially jams being created from spontaneous, non-periodic incidents involve a high risk of ending in a gridlock and thereby disrupt a whole traffic system. Because these disturbances are unpredictable and unpreventable, their duration and impact can merely be reduced by an effective incident management through the systematic, planned and coordinated use of institutional, technical and natural resources. The self-healing-network-strategy by Lämmer [19] and Rausch [27] is one example of such a countermeasure against jam formation in urban road networks. It prevents gridlocks at intersections by means of traffic lights and the combination of two effective mechanisms. Extended off-times prevent the inflow into oversaturated sections and so the expansion of tailbacks onto upstream intersections. Extended green periods of alternative directions of travel motivate drivers to avoid disturbed sectors and thus additionally allow a better exploitation of available free capacities. The development and successful establishment of this method could make the use of ramp metering in urban networks - which is regulating the inflow of oversaturated areas by reducing or skipping green times as well - invalid. To answer this question the presented master’s thesis aims at comparing both inflow-regulating control concepts. However, it is not the ambition to proof that one method is worse than the other, but to contribute to an ideal combination of both instead - with the intention to eliminate deficits on either side. Therefore both concepts will be reviewed in a first step and subsequently the contribution of additional effects against gridlock creation through the symbiosis of the two traffic light controls is analysed. Furthermore, several suggestions for the development of an efficient ramp metering logic are introduced to configure this combination to be more beneficial.:1 Einleitung 1.1 Sinngebung und Relevanz dieser Untersuchung 1.1.1 Entstehung von Verkehrsstörfällen und Staubildung 1.1.2 Extremfall Gridlock 1.2 Vorgehensweise und erwartete Ergebnisse 2 Theoretische Grundlagen 2.1 Allgemeine Verkehrskenngrößen 2.2 Lichtsignalanlagen 3 Lichtsignalanlagen und andere Steuerungskonzepte der Verkehrstelematik 3.1 Grundkonzepte der Verkehrstelematik zur Verkehrsbeeinflussung 3.1.1 Informationssysteme 3.1.2 Streckenbeeinflussungsanlagen 3.1.3 Netzbeeinflussungsanlagen 3.1.4 Knotenpunktbeeinflussungsanlagen 3.2 Lichtsignalanlagen 3.2.1 Steuerungsebenen 3.2.2 Urban Traffic Control 3.3 Rückstauregulierung durch ein selbstorganisiertes Störfallmanagement 3.3.1 Staufrontkontrolle durch Zuflussdosierung 3.3.2 Kapazitätsausschöpfung durch Umverteilung der Verkehrsströme 3.3.3 Vorzüge und Defizite 3.4 Pförtnerung 3.4.1 Ziele einer erfolgreichen Zuflussdosierung mithilfe einer PA 3.4.2 Anforderungen an Pförtneranlagen 3.4.3 Steuerung der Pförtneranlage 4 Modellierung und Simulation 4.1 Netzwerkmodellierung 4.1.1 Struktur des Straßennetzes 4.1.2 Knotenpunkte 4.1.3 Dimensionierung der LSA 4.2 Implementierung der Rückstauregulierung 4.2.1 Bemessung der Rückstaulänge 4.2.2 Schätzung der Staukapazität 4.2.3 Bemessung der Freigabezeit 4.2.4 Umsetzung in einem Straßennetzwerk 4.3 Implementierung der PA-Steuerung 4.3.1 Festzeitsteuerung 4.3.2 Verkehrsabhängige Bestandteile zur Zuflussdosierung 4.3.3 Unzulässigkeit der Verkehrsstärke als Auslösekriterium 4.3.4 Variation des Bemessungshorizonts der Auslösekriterien 4.4 Dynamisches Routenwahlverhalten der Fahrer 4.5 Szenariomodellierung und Simulationsergebnisse 4.5.1 Bewertung der Effizienz der Steuerungskonzepte zur Gridlock- Prävention 4.5.2 Simulationsszenarien für Störfälle 5 Fazit und Ausblick 5.1 Zusammenfassung 5.2 Diskussion der Ergebnisse 5.2.1 Effizienz des ereignisorientierten Routenwahlmodells und selbstorganisierten Störfallmanagements 5.2.2 Effizienz der Pförtnersteuerung zur Isolation des sensiblen gestörten Areals 5.2.3 Ausblick und Bewertung der Simulationen 5.3 Vorschlag zur Aufrechterhaltung eines minimalen Verkehrsflusses während der Dosierung durch PA / Verkehrsstaus verursachen dem deutschen Staat jährlich rund 25 Milliarden Euro Unkosten [14, 26]. Neben diesen monetären Schäden wirken sie sich jedoch auch negativ auf die Lebensqualität von Mensch und Umwelt aus. Sie sind beispielsweise die Ursache für einen nicht unerheblichen Anteil der circa 2,4 Milliarden jährlich registrierten Unfälle mit Sach- oder Personenschaden [13]. Rund 14 % der Unglücksfälle gehen dabei als Folgeerscheinung eines vorherigen Unfalls hervor [8, 26]. Nahezu alle führen eine weitere Staubildung herbei und somit einen Teufelskreis, der sich zu schließen droht. Besonders aus spontanen, nicht wiederkehrenden Störfällen entstandene Staubildung birgt eine hohes Risiko, in einem Gridlock zu enden und damit ein gesamtes innerstädtisches Verkehrssystem zum Erliegen zu bringen. Da diese Störfälle unvorhersehbar und unvermeidbar sind, kann ihrer Dauer und ihrem Einfluss lediglich ein effizientes Störfallmanagement durch systematischen, gezielten und koordinierten Gebrauch institutioneller, technischer und natürlicher Ressourcen entgegenwirken. Beispiel für eine solche Gegenmaßnahme zur Staubildung in urbanen Netzen ist das selbstorganisierte Störfallmanagement nach Lämmer [19] und Rausch [27]. Mithilfe von LSA und der Kombination zweier effektiver Wirkungsmechanismen werden Gridlocks an Knotenpunkten unterbunden. Verlängerte Sperrzeiten verhindern den Zufluss in übersättigte Streckenabschnitte und damit die Ausbreitung von Rückstaus auf vorgelagerte Kreuzungen. Erweiterte Freigabezeiten der alternativen Fahrtrichtungen regen wiederum eine Umgehung des gestörten Abschnitts an und ermöglichen somit zusätzlich die bessere Ausschöpfung vorhandener freier Kapazitäten. Durch die Entwicklung und den erfolgreichen Einsatz der genannten Maßnahme könnte der Gebrauch von Pförtnerampeln (PA), welche den Zufluss in übersättigte Bereiche ebenfalls regulieren, indem sie Grünzeiten verkürzen oder aussetzen, hinfällig werden. Um diese Frage zu klären, widmet sich die vorliegende Masterarbeit dem Vergleich der beiden zuflussregulierenden Steuerungskonzepte. Ziel ist jedoch nicht, zu beweisen, dass eine Maßnahme schlechter ist als die andere, sondern vielmehr einen Beitrag zu einer optimalen Kombination der Vorzüge beider Herangehensweisen zu leisten und somit die auf beiden Seiten vorhandenen Defizite zu beseitigen. Dafür werden zunächst beide Konzepte auf ihre Effizienz hin überprüft und im Anschluss analysiert, inwiefern die Symbiose beider LSA-Steuerungen in einem Netzwerk zusätzliche Effekte gegen die Gridlockentstehung bewirkt. Außerdem werden verschiedene Vorschläge zur Entwicklung einer effizienteren Steuerlogik für Pförtneranlagen eingebracht, um diese Kombination noch vorteilhafter zu gestalten.:1 Einleitung 1.1 Sinngebung und Relevanz dieser Untersuchung 1.1.1 Entstehung von Verkehrsstörfällen und Staubildung 1.1.2 Extremfall Gridlock 1.2 Vorgehensweise und erwartete Ergebnisse 2 Theoretische Grundlagen 2.1 Allgemeine Verkehrskenngrößen 2.2 Lichtsignalanlagen 3 Lichtsignalanlagen und andere Steuerungskonzepte der Verkehrstelematik 3.1 Grundkonzepte der Verkehrstelematik zur Verkehrsbeeinflussung 3.1.1 Informationssysteme 3.1.2 Streckenbeeinflussungsanlagen 3.1.3 Netzbeeinflussungsanlagen 3.1.4 Knotenpunktbeeinflussungsanlagen 3.2 Lichtsignalanlagen 3.2.1 Steuerungsebenen 3.2.2 Urban Traffic Control 3.3 Rückstauregulierung durch ein selbstorganisiertes Störfallmanagement 3.3.1 Staufrontkontrolle durch Zuflussdosierung 3.3.2 Kapazitätsausschöpfung durch Umverteilung der Verkehrsströme 3.3.3 Vorzüge und Defizite 3.4 Pförtnerung 3.4.1 Ziele einer erfolgreichen Zuflussdosierung mithilfe einer PA 3.4.2 Anforderungen an Pförtneranlagen 3.4.3 Steuerung der Pförtneranlage 4 Modellierung und Simulation 4.1 Netzwerkmodellierung 4.1.1 Struktur des Straßennetzes 4.1.2 Knotenpunkte 4.1.3 Dimensionierung der LSA 4.2 Implementierung der Rückstauregulierung 4.2.1 Bemessung der Rückstaulänge 4.2.2 Schätzung der Staukapazität 4.2.3 Bemessung der Freigabezeit 4.2.4 Umsetzung in einem Straßennetzwerk 4.3 Implementierung der PA-Steuerung 4.3.1 Festzeitsteuerung 4.3.2 Verkehrsabhängige Bestandteile zur Zuflussdosierung 4.3.3 Unzulässigkeit der Verkehrsstärke als Auslösekriterium 4.3.4 Variation des Bemessungshorizonts der Auslösekriterien 4.4 Dynamisches Routenwahlverhalten der Fahrer 4.5 Szenariomodellierung und Simulationsergebnisse 4.5.1 Bewertung der Effizienz der Steuerungskonzepte zur Gridlock- Prävention 4.5.2 Simulationsszenarien für Störfälle 5 Fazit und Ausblick 5.1 Zusammenfassung 5.2 Diskussion der Ergebnisse 5.2.1 Effizienz des ereignisorientierten Routenwahlmodells und selbstorganisierten Störfallmanagements 5.2.2 Effizienz der Pförtnersteuerung zur Isolation des sensiblen gestörten Areals 5.2.3 Ausblick und Bewertung der Simulationen 5.3 Vorschlag zur Aufrechterhaltung eines minimalen Verkehrsflusses während der Dosierung durch PA

Hydraulic systems represent a crucial part of the drivetrain of mobile machines. The most important drivers of current developments, increasing energy efficiency and productivity, are leading to certain trends in technology. On a subsystem level, working hydraulics are utilizing effects by improving control functions and by maximum usage of energy recovery potential. Independent metering and displacement control, partly in combination with hybrid concepts, are the dominating approaches. Traction drives gain advantage from optimized power split transmissions, which consequently are being used in a growing number of applications. On the level of components, increase of efficiency and dynamics as well as power density are important trends. Altogether, design of systems and components is more and more based on modular concepts. In this sense, among others, sensors and control elements are being integrated to actuators; electric and hydraulic technology is being merged. In order to achieve maximum efficiency and performance of the entire machine, control of hydraulics has to include the whole drivetrain and the entire mobile machine in its application. In modern words, mobile hydraulic systems are a part of cyber physical systems.

Independent metering valve systems open up for more flexibility because of the ability to control meter in and meter out flow individually, thus enabling many possibilities to adapt the actuator s behaviour to the user´s needs without altering any hardware. Furthermore, with alternative flow modes significant energy savings are possible. In many applications like excavators smooth switching between flow modes is required, a demand the market does not provide a satisfying solution for yet. Here, an approach using a short circuit path for smooth switching has been developed. The control algorithm hands over the volume flow from one path to another continuously depending on the current actuator load. Due to the flexible software structure the developed control algorithm can be applied to a very broad variety of independent metering valve layouts. Simulation results are promising and currently the solution is undergoing test rig evaluation.

Los tréboles son infraestructuras diseñadas para mejorar la circulación y seguridad vehicular en las intersecciones. El trébol analizado se define como una intersección vial a desnivel parcial de tres lazos y cuatro ramales directos; el cual, está comprendido por la vía expresa metropolitana Javier Prado y la vía expresa nacional Panamericana. Esta investigación se realizó mediante un análisis de riesgo donde se obtuvo un nivel de riesgo intolerable identificado en los conductores que invaden las vías adyacentes; los cuales, interrumpen el flujo vehicular y pueden ocasionar colisiones. Además, se identificó problemas en su comportamiento operacional, especialmente en los lazos que confluyen con las vías principales. Esto debido al ingreso desordenado de vehículos, inadecuada dosificación vehicular y maniobras peligrosas realizadas por los conductores que tratan de ingresar a la via principal. La presente investigación propone un sistema de semaforización inteligente con la metodología Ramp metering en base al algoritmo ALINEA. El cual, ordena, mediante una dosificación vehicular en tiempo real, el ingreso de los vehículos hacía las vías principales. Además, disminuye la probabilidad de colisiones ya que aplica un control de ingreso adaptativo. La propuesta logra que la velocidad promedio se incremente en 15,8% y que los tiempos de viaje se reduzcan en un máximo de 19.1%. Adicionalmente, existe un leve incremento de 30 Veh/h en el aforo vehicular del trébol. A partir de lo observado, se demuestra que la optimización de parámetros individuales genera una sinergia que influye positivamente en el comportamiento operacional del trébol. / Clovers are infrastructures designed to improve traffic and vehicular safety at intersections. The analyzed cloverleaf is a partially uneven road intersection with three loops and four direct branches located in the Javier Prado highway and the Panamericana highway in the city of Lima. The research will base on a risk analysis with an intolerable level of risk identified in drivers who invaded adjacent roads. Interrupt the flow of vehicles and can cause chain collisions. Also, it was possible to identify problems in their operational behavior, especially in the loops that converge with the main roads. Due to the disorderly entry of vehicles, inadequate vehicle dosing, the formation of lines in cloverleaf loops, increased probability of collisions and dangerous maneuvers carried out by drivers trying to enter the main road. The present research proposes an intelligent traffic light system with the Ramp metering methodology based on the ALINEA algorithm. Which, through real-time vehicle dosing, orders the entry of vehicles onto the main roads. Besides, it reduces the probability of collisions since it applies adaptive entry control. The research achieves an increased by 15.8% in the average speed, and a maximum of 19.1% reduces that travel times. Additionally, there is a slight increase of 30 Veh / h in clover's vehicle capacity. Furthermore, it shows that the optimization of individual parameters generates a synergy that positively influences the operational behavior of the clover. / Tesis

The development of hydrology and the need of getting exact data increase the demands on hydro metering. Measurement of spot velocities and deriving the flow of water are frequently performed by the workers of Český hydrometeorologický ústav (Czech Hydrometeorological Institute) and other companies. The limited precision of the measuring machines, the imperfection of methods and the influence of human senses cause that we are not able to get the accurate value of quantity. We are just close to the right values. The term uncertainty of measuring determines the interval which is assigned to each measurement and contains the real value of measured quantity. Twenty imminently repeated measurement were done in twelve measuring profiles of the Dyje River and in one profile of the Morava River using the current meters OTT (OTT Hydromet, 2013) type C2 and type C31. We investigated the dependence of uncertainties type A and B in different profile parameter. The measurement was done with the suspension bar with 2 to 4 propeller current-meters. The hydrometric car on the bridge was used in deeper waters. The results were analysed from the point of view of the uncertainties and generalized. Next point of the research was to find out how the frequency of the current meter depends on temperature of water. For this purpose, the specific canal was made in the Faculty of Civil Engineering in Brno (Ústav vodního hospodářství krajiny) and the measuring was done in temperature interval from 1 °C to 24 °C. Repeated measuring was statistically evaluated from the uncertainties point of view. In the thesis, the proposal of elaboration of uncertainties determined by both types of measurement into current methods of determination of uncertainties of the derived flows using the measurement of spot velocity by the propeller current-meter in measuring profiles of the rivers is introduced.

Energikriser och hållbarhet sätter en prägel på fastighetsbranschen och tvingar företagen att enligt lag göra åtgärder för att dra ner på energiförbrukningen. Redan 2012 kom energieffektiviseringsdirektivet (EED) och efter ändringar i direktivet 2019 fick principen om “energieffektivitet först” rättslig grund. Kort därefter blev det ett lagkrav för svenska företag att implementera IMD av tappvarmvatten i sitt fastighetsbestånd, men är IMD av tappvarmvatten verkligen ekonomiskt lönsamt och rätt väg ifall energieffektivitet är det slutliga målet? Studien syftar till att undersöka vilka är påföljderna av lagkravet från 1 juni 2022 gällande implementeringen av individuell mätning och debitering av tappvarmvatten i nyproduktion av flerbostadshus. Hur ser det faktiskt ut i praktiken och vilken avvägning fastighetsbolagen behöver göra gällande energieffektiva lösningar som bidrar till en förbättrad miljö kontra ekonomisk lönsamhet?   Vi har använt oss av en kvalitativ metod där det empiriska materialet grundar sig i sju semistrukturerade intervjuer med respondenter från några av de största fastighetsbolagen i Sverige som arbetar med flerbostadshus. Med hjälp av tidigare forskning och vår teoretiska referensram har vi kunnat analysera det empiriska materialet.  Resultatet visar att IMD av tappvarmvatten främst används som ett verktyg för att skapa rättvisa vid kostnadsfördelningen av vattenförbrukningen. De positiva påföljderna har lett till en ökad miljömedvetenhet bland hyresgästerna och sänkt vattenförbrukning, medan de negativa påföljderna är eventuella försämrade finansiella värden och ökade kostnader. / Energy crises and sustainability are leaving their mark on the real estate industry, forcing companies to take action to reduce energy consumption as required by law. The Energy Efficiency Directive (EED) was already introduced in 2012, and after amendments to the directive in 2019, the "energy efficiency first" principle gained a legal basis. Shortly thereafter, it became a legal requirement for Swedish companies to implement Individual Metering and Billing (IMD) in their property portfolios. However, is IMD truly economically viable and the right path if energy efficiency is the ultimate goal? This study aims to examine the consequences of the legal requirement from June 1, 2022, regarding the implementation of individual metering and billing for domestic hot water innew multi-dwelling buildings. What does the actual situation look like in practice, and what trade-offs do real estate companies need to make regarding energy-efficient solutions that contribute to an improved environment versus economic profitability? We have applied a qualitative method, where the empirical material is based on seven semi-structured interviews with respondents from some of the largest real estate companies in Sweden that work with multi-dwelling buildings. By using previous research and our theoretical framework, we have been able to analyze the empirical material. The results indicate that IMD for water is primarily used as a tool to promote fairness in the allocation of water consumption costs. The positive consequences have led to increased environmental awareness among tenants and reduced water consumption, while the negative consequences are potential negative impacts on financial values and increased costs.

No description available.

Smart metering and precise measurement of energy consumption levels have brought more detailed information and interest on the actual load profile of a house which continues to improve consumer-retailer relationships. Participation in demand response (DR) programs is one of these relationships but studies have shown that there are considerable impacts resulting to some level of discomfort on consumers as they aim to follow a suggested load profile. This research therefore investigates the impact on consumers while participating in DR programs by evaluating various perspectives that includes:  Modelling the causes discomfort during participation in DR programs;  Evaluation of user participation capabilities in DR programs;  Identification of schedulable and non-schedulable loads and opportunities;  Application of load scheduling mechanism which caters for specific user concerns.  Investigation towards ensuring a secure and robust system design. The key source of information that enhances this work is obtained from data on historical user behavior which can be stored within a smart controller installed in the home and optimised using genetic algorithm implemented on MATLAB. Results show that user participation in DR programs can be improved and effectively managed if the challenges facing home owners are adequately understood. This is the key contribution of this work whereby load schedules created are specifically tailored to meet the need of the users hence minimizing the impact of discomfort experienced due to participation in DR programs. Finally as part of the test for robustness of the system design in order to prevent or minimize the impact of any event of a successful cyber-attack on the load or price profiles, this work includes means to managing any such attacks thereby mitigating the impact of such attacks on users who participate in demand response programs. Solutions to these attacks are also proffered with the aim of increasing robustness of the grid by being sufficiently proactive.

As the global population increases, so does the demand for water, and the increasing water scarcity is a challenge to the global water sector. It is imperative to take large-scale action in order to make water consumption more sustainable, and information and communication technologies such as smart meters have shown great potential.  Sweden is a country that generally does not face water shortage and where research on smart water metering is still rather new. Previous studies have focused on countries where water scarcity is very common, and more research is needed to examine the generalizability of previous findings. The purpose of this thesis is to examine the possibilities for a large-scale implementation of smart water meters in Swedish households, and the guiding research question is: “What are the main enablers and barriers for a large-scale implementation of smart water meters in Swedish households?”. This thesis is of qualitative and exploratory character, and the study consists of a pre-study, a literature review and interviews. Furthermore, the analysis in this thesis is made using a theoretical framework based on Technological Innovation Systems.  The findings indicate that the possibilities for a large-scale implementation of smart water meters in Swedish households are very good. The most significant enablers are that the Swedish water sector is an open and enabling environment, that smart water meters provide more technological opportunities compared to mechanical meters, and that smart water meters are generally accepted among the actors and considered to be the optimal solution in the future.  On the other hand, there are barriers which need to be addressed for a successful large-scale implementation. The most significant barriers are that smart water meters are more expensive and that there are still some uncertainties regarding the choice of technology such as compatibility issues, risk of lock-in effect, and that the technology quickly becomes outdated. However, these factors may not constitute barriers in the future since they either can disappear with time or some of them could be avoided already today. Therefore, the possibilities for a large-scale implementation are still assessed to be very good. / I samband med den globala befolkningsökningen ökar också efterfrågan på vatten, och den ökande vattenbristen är en utmaning för den globala vattensektorn. Det är nödvändigt att vidta storskaliga åtgärder för att göra vattenförbrukningen mer hållbar, och informations- och kommunikationsteknik såsom smarta mätare har visat stor potential.  Sverige är ett land som vanligtvis inte har vattenbrist och där forskningen om smart vattenmätning fortfarande är i sin linda. Tidigare studier har genomförts i länder där vattenbrist är mycket vanligare, och mer forskning behövs för att undersöka generaliserbarheten av tidigare resultat. Syftet med detta examensarbete är att undersöka möjligheterna för en storskalig implementering av smarta vattenmätare i svenska hushåll, och arbetets forskningsfråga är: ”Vilka är de viktigaste möjliggörarna och hindren för en storskalig implementering av smarta vattenmätare i svenska hushåll?”. Detta examensarbete är av kvalitativ och utforskande karaktär, och studien består av en förstudie, en litteraturstudie samt intervjuer. Vidare görs analysen i detta examensarbete med hjälp av ett teoretiskt ramverk baserat på Teknologiska innovationssystem.  Resultaten i denna studie tyder på att möjligheterna för en storskalig implementering av smarta vattenmätare i svenska hushåll är mycket goda. De viktigaste möjliggörarna är att den svenska vattensektorn är en öppen och möjliggörande miljö, att smarta vattenmätare ger fler tekniska möjligheter jämfört med mekaniska mätare, och att smarta vattenmätare är allmänt accepterade bland aktörerna och anses vara den optimala lösningen i framtiden.  Det finns dock vissa hinder som måste åtgärdas för att uppnå en framgångsrik storskalig implementering. De viktigaste hindren är att smarta vattenmätare är dyrare och att det fortfarande finns vissa osäkerhetsfaktorer när det gäller val av teknik, t.ex. kompatibilitetsproblem, risk för inlåsning, och att tekniken snabbt föråldras. Det är dock möjligt att dessa faktorer inte utgör hinder i framtiden eftersom de antingen kan försvinna med tiden eller undvikas och hanteras redan idag. Därför bedöms möjligheterna för en storskalig implementering av smarta vattenmätare i svenska hushåll ändå vara mycket goda.

The Republic of Kosovo, and its 1.8 million inhabitants, is heavily reliant on two highly pollutive lignite coal-fired power plants, Kosova A and Kosova B for energy generation. The coal-fired power plants, that cover 91% of the energy generation, are reaching the end of their operational life and are in need of either restoration or discontinuation. This implies that Kosovo is in need of energy alternatives for a more flexible energy system which could open opportunities for renewable energy. Solar power in Kosovo is still at a low percentage of less than 1%, and its future penetration is being held back by lack of investments and underdeveloped regulatory framework. Affordable and reliable energy, from solar power, could reduce poverty, lower unemployment, boost economic growth and improve people's health in Kosovo. This coincides with the sustainability goals set by the UN Agenda 2030 and specifically goal 7, ‘Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all’. The aim of the project was to design a techno-economically optimal PV-system at The University of Prishtina and to investigate the potential technical, social and economic impacts of implementing PV-systems in Kosovo to help achieve the UN 2030 Agenda, specifically SDG 7. The project consists of a quantitative part where simulations were done with the System Advisor Model (SAM) in order to calculate the energy generation and profitability of installing photovoltaic modules at The University of Prishtina with different policy-schemes. In addition, a qualitative study was done by compiling information on the policy structures in Kosovo and other european countries in order to identify obstacles and future trends in the development of renewables. The results showed that it is profitable for the University of Prishtina to install a PV-system in which the inspected financial indicators such as NPV, LCOE and payback time showed profitability for all policy-scenarios. In the base scenario with 200 kWp, which follows the current policy and capacity restrictions on the maximum allowed capacity of 100 kWp per metering point, 60% of the yearly electricity bills were covered. Two additional models were made with alternative policy-scenarios, one with a net-billing model in which sell-rates were altered and another with a higher capacity of 298.49 kWp utilizing the whole roof area. The system of 298.49 kWp gave the highest energy production and could cover 80% of the early electricity bills. The net-billing simulations indicated that profitability is also feasible for small-scale PV in a net-billing scheme with low sell-rates of electricity. LCOE ranged from $6.98 to 8.24 ¢/kWh, for all policy-scenarios, which was lower than the buy-rate of electricity for The University of Prishtina. The results from the simulations along with the qualitative study conclude that the cost- and technical potential for solar power is profitable and feasible. In addition to socio-economic factors such as job-opportunities and health benefits, solar power could be a competitive energy alternative in comparison to current forms of energy generation in Kosovo. However, due to restrictive RES-policy and potentially costly FiT’s in Kosovo a proposition, collected through qualitative studies, is to switch to auctioning schemes with possible usage of FiP’s, if needed, for large- scale PV with regulators putting an emphasis on an open, fair and competitive market. Solar power is competitive and would fare well in such schemes and its implementation should be encouraged by stakeholders and regulators in Kosovo. / Republiken Kosovo och dess 1.8 miljoner invånare är starkt beroende av de två kraftigt förorenade kolkraftverken Kosova A och B för sin energiproduktion. Kolkraftverken, som är i slutskedet av sin livslängd, utgör närmare 91% av landets energiproduktion och är i behov av antingen restaurering eller avveckling. Detta medför ett stort behov av nya, flexibla energikällor i Kosovo vilket luckrar upp möjligheter för förnybar energi, särskilt solkraft. Andelen solkraft i Kosovo utgör idag mindre än 1 % av landets energimix och hämmas avsevärt av underutvecklade regelverk och brist på investering. Ekonomiskt överkomlig och tillförlitlig energi från solkraft skulle kunna bidra till minskad fattigdom, sänkt arbetslöshet, ökad ekonomisk tillväxt samt förbättrad hälsotillstånd hos Kosovos invånare. Detta sammanfaller i sin tur med FN:s globala hållbarhetsmål stipulerade i Agenda 2030, särskilt mål 7, ”Säkerställa tillgång till ekonomiskt överkomlig, tillförlitlig, hållbar och modern energi för alla”. Syftet med arbetet var att utforma ett tekno-ekonomiskt optimalt solcellssystem vid Universitetet i Pristina, samt undersöka de potentiella tekniska, sociala och ekonomiska effekterna av att implementera solcellssystem i Kosovo. Detta i mån om FN:s hållbarhetsmål och Agenda 2030, inriktat på mål 7. Projektet består av en kvantitativ analys där energiproduktionen och lönsamheten av att installera solcellsmoduler vid Universitetet i Pristina simuleras i anknytning till olika policy regelverk med hjälp av System Advisor Model (SAM). Vidare utfördes en kvalitativ studie där information om rådande politiska strukturer och regelverk i Kosovo och andra europeiska länder sammanställdes för att identifiera aktuella hinder och framtida trender i utvecklingen av förnybar energi. Resultaten visade att det är lönsamt för Pristinas universitet att installera ett solcellssystem. De granskade finansiella indikatorerna som NPV, LCOE och payback påvisade lönsamhet för alla simulerade policy scenarion. I bas-scenariot med 200 kWp med nuvarande kapacitets och policy restriktioner på maximalt 100 kWp per mätningspunkt, täcks 60% av de årliga elräkningarna. Därutöver simuleras ytterligare två modeller med alternativa policy-scenarion. En net-billing modell med varierande el-försäljningspriser samt en modell med högre kapacitet på 298,49 kWp. I systemet med 298,49 kWp erhölls den högsta energiproduktionen som täckte närmare 80% av de årliga elräkningarna. Net-billing simuleringarna gemensamt med låga el-försäljningspriser indikerade även lönsamhet i net-billing systemet. Denna typ av elförsäljning kan därmed vara realiserbart och tillämpas för småskaliga solkraftsanläggningar i Kosovo. För alla policy scenarion varierade LCOE från $ 6,98 till 8,24 ¢/kWh, vilket var lägre än elpriserna för Universitetet i Pristina. Resultaten från simuleringarna och den kvalitativa studien antyder att den tekniska och ekonomiska potentialen för solenergi är hög. Utöver socioekonomiska faktorer som jobbmöjligheter och hälsofördelar kan solenergi vara ett konkurrenskraftigt energialternativ jämfört med nuvarande former av energiproduktion i Kosovo tack vare dess billiga kostnader. Med avseende på restriktiva regelverk gällande förnybar energi och den potentiellt dyra feed-in tariff-policyn i Kosovo är det till fördel, baserat på den kvalitativa och kvantitativa analysen, att utveckla ett auktionssystem med kompletterande feed-in premium för storskaliga solkraftsanläggningar. Detta med betoning på en öppen, rättvis och konkurrenskraftig marknad. Solkraft är billigt, konkurrenskraftig och är gynnsam för de socioekonomiska aspekterna i Kosovo. Dess implementering bör uppmuntras av intressenter och lagstiftare i Kosovo. / Në Republiken e Kosovës me 1.8 milion banorë, qytetarët e saj varen shumë nga dy termocentrale të ndotura, Kosova A dhe Kosova B. Termocentralet me linjit, që mbulojnë 91% të gjenerimit të energjisë, po arrijnë fundin e jetës së tyre operacionale dhe kanë nevojë për restaurim ose ndërprerje. Kjo nënkupton që Kosova ka nevojë për energji alternative dhe për një sistem më fleksibël, i cili mund të hapë mundësi për energji të rinovueshme. Energjia diellore në Kosovë është akoma në një përqindje të ulët të perdorimit prej më pak se 1%. Energjia diellore po frenohet nga mungesa e përpilimit të ligjeve dhe mungesa e investimeve. Nga energjia diellore Kosova mund të ketë perfitime në rritjen ekonomike dhe përmirësim të shëndetit për popullatën e Kosovës. Kjo ç ështje eshtë në perputhshmëri me qëllimet të vendosura nga agjenda e OKB-së 2030, në veqanti pika 7 në të cilën thuhet: ‘ të sigurohet aksesi në energji të përballueshme, të besueshme, të qëndrueshme dhe moderne për të gjithë ’. Qëllimi ynë me këtë studim është të hulumtojmë mundësitë për një sistem optimal fotvoltaike (PV) në Universitetin e Prishtinës ‘Hasan Prishtina’. Gjithashtu qellimi me ketë studim është të hulumtojmë ndikimet e mundshme teknike, sociale dhe ekonomike në zbatimin e sistemeve PV në Kosovë për të arritur agjendën e OKB-së 2030, posaçërisht pika 7. Projekti përbëhet nga një pjesë sasiore ku janë bërë simulime me System Advisor Model (SAM) në mënyrë që të llogaritet gjenerimi i energjisë dhe përfitimi i instalimit të moduleve PV në Universitetin e Prishtinës me skema të ndryshme rregullative. Për më tepër, është bërë një studim cilësor duke përpiluar informacione mbi strukturat rregullative në Kosovë dhe vendet e tjera evropiane në mënyrë që të identifikohen pengesat dhe tendencat e ardhshme në zhvillimin e burimeve të ripërtëritshme (BRE). Rezultatet e këtijë studimi tregojnë se, për Universitetin e Prishtinës, është veprim fitimprurëse të instalohet një sistem PV. Përmes këtijë sistemi, treguesit financiarë si NPV, LCOE dhe payback rezultojnë në përfitime ekonomike ne të gjitha skemat e provuara rregullative. Në modelin e parë bazë me 200 kWp, i cili ndjek politikat (policy) aktuale me kufizime të kapaciteteve të lejuar prej 100 kWp për një pikë matëse, mbulohen 60% e faturave vjetore të energjisë elektrike. Ndërsa në dy modelet tjera shtesë, bëmë percaktime të skemave alternative. Një nga modelet ishte net-billing në të cilin ndryshuam normat e shitjes. Tjetri model ishte një sistem PV me kapacitet më të lartë prej 298.49 kWp duke përfshirë gjithë siperfaqën e kulmit. Sistemi prej 298.49 kWp dha prodhimin më të lartë të energjisë dhe mund të mbulojë 80% të faturave të energjisë elektrike. Rezultatët e skemës së net-billing treguan se përfitimi është i mundshëm gjithashtu, me norma të ulëta të shitjes së energjisë elektrike. Kjo skemë mund të zbatohet për instalime të vogla me PV në Kosovë. Vlerat e LCOE varion nga $6.98 ¢/kWh- 8.24 ¢/kWh dollar, në të gjitha modelet. Kjo tregon se kostoja është më e ulët se norma e blerjes së energjisë elektrike për Universitetin e Prishtinës. Rezultatet nga simulimet e të gjitha modeleve së bashku me studimin cilësor arrijnë në përfundim se kostoja dhe potenciali teknik për energjinë diellore është fitimprurëse dhe i realizueshëm. Ky studim tregon se përveç faktorëve socio-ekonomikë siç janë mundësitë e punësimit dhe beneficioneve shëndetësore, energjia diellore mund të jetë një alternativë konkurruese e energjisë në krahasim me format aktuale të gjenerimit të energjisë në Kosovë. Sidoqoftë, për shkak të politikave përkufizuese të BRE-ve dhe feed-in tariff ose FiT-ve, qe janë potencialisht të kushtueshme, një rekomandim për instalime të mëdha të PV-së është kalimi në skema tender, potencialisht me përdorimin të feed-in premium ose FiP-ve. Ne ketë skeme, politikbërësitë duhet të krejojnë mundesit për një treg të hapur, të barabartë dhe konkurrues. Energjia diellore do të jetë me kosto më të ulëta në të ardhmen dhe implementimi i saj duhet të inkurajohet nga palët e interesit dhe politikbërësitë në Kosovë.