Violent crime has many long-lasting negative consequences for society. This thesis aims to explore the relationship between economic inequality and violent crime, represented by the level of intentional homicides in forty-nine countries over the period of nine years from 2010-2018. We delve into several theories and representative works in the fields of criminology, sociology, psychology, and economics that provide important perspectives on the subject and offer a theoretical foundation for the analysis. Previous research has usually pointed to a positive association between inequality and crime rates, albeit with some notable outliers. Our objective was to provide an updated view on the subject, employing recent data and statistical methods. We use fixed-effects estimators to account for time-invariant determinants, provide random-effects estimators for control and apply a generalized methods of moments model for possible inertia regarding the dependent variable. Economic inequality in the form of income inequality does seem to cause more harm than what might be suspected at first, influencing the intentional homicide levels in a society. It is the duty of public and private bodies to foster policies that aim to reduce this trend, and thus diminish the societal costs associated with it.

Grace aux progrès énormes des techniques de refroidissement, des expériences actuelles avec des atomes fermioniques piégés atteignent des températures extrêmement basses de l'ordre du nanoKelvin. Le but principal de ces expériences est l'étude de la transition nommée "BEC-BCS crossover". Pour cela, on change le champ magnétique autour d'une résonance de Feschbach, ce qui implique que la longueur de diffusion change des valeurs répulsives (a positif), à travers la limite unitaire (a infini) aux valeurs attractives (a négatif). Du côté BEC, où le système forme un condensat de Bose-Einstein de molécules fortement liées, aussi bien que du côté BCS, où les atomes forment des paires de Cooper qui ont une grande extension par rapport à la distance moyenne entre les atomes, on s'attend à ce que le système devienne superfluide, à condition que la température soit inférieure à une certaine température critique. Afin de trouver des signes sans équivoque de la superfluidité, il est nécessaire de regarder des observables dynamiques comme l'expansion du nuage atomique lorsque le piège est éteint ou des oscillations collectives du nuage. Le travail effectué au cours de cette thèse est une étude de la dynamique des modes collectifs dans les gaz de fermions froids. Nous avons développé un modèle basé sur l'évaluation de la matrice T. L'utilisation de l'équation de transport de Boltzmann pour les particules permet ensuite une étude semi-numérique des modes collectifs dans tous les régimes d'interaction. Cette étude a permis de mettre en évidence pour la première fois que la fréquence du mode radial quadrupolaire est supérieure à deux fois la fréquence du piège, comme cela est vérifié expérimentalement et contrairement aux premières théories n'incluant pas les effets de champ moyen. Les résultats obtenus ont aussi mis en évidence la nécessité d'une résolution numérique complète de l'équation de Boltzmann et de l'amélioration des techniques de détermination des observables physiques du gaz. Cette résolution numérique de l'équation de Boltzmann a montré que la détermination du temps de relaxation par la méthode des moments est erronée de 30%, ce qui influe fortement sur la détermination de la fréquence et de l'amortissement du mode collectif. Enfin, l'amélioration de la méthode des moments, considérant l'ordre supérieur, permet d'améliorer sensiblement l'accord avec le résultat numérique. Une telle investigation n'avait jamais été réalisée et montre la nécessité de considérer les moments d'ordre supérieurs pour l'étude des modes collectifs par l'équation de Boltzmann d'un gaz de fermions dans la phase normale / Due to the improvement of cooling technics, recent experiments on ultracold Fermi gases now reach temperatures in the range of the nanokelvin. The main goal of these experiments is to study the so called BEC-BCS crossover. By tuning the external magnetic field around a Feschbach resonance, the scattering lengh runs from the repulsive side (a>0) to the attractive side (a<0) through the unitarity limit (a infinite). In the BEC side, where the system can form a Bose Einstein condensate of strongly bounded molecules and also in the BCS side where the atoms can form Cooper pairs, the system can become superfluid if the temperature is below the critical temperature. In order to know if the system is superfluid, one has to look at dynamical observables such the collective oscillations of the cloud. The work of this thesis deals with the dynamics of collective modes of ultracold Fermi gases. We have developped a model based on the T-matrix evaluation. We use the Boltzmann transport equation to study the collective modes in all the interaction regimes. This work shows for the first time that the frequency of the radial quadrupole mode can be more than twice the trap frequency, as it has been observed by experiments. The result comes from the incorporation of medium effects. These first results have also shown the necessity to solve numerically the Boltzmann equation. The numerical resolution shows that the determination of the relaxation time with the methods of moments was wrong by a factor 30%. Consequently, the determination of the frequency and the damping of the collective mode by this analytical method is also wrong. Thus, the improvement of this method, by considering the higher order, provides a better agreement with the numerical results. Such a calculation has never been done and shows the necessity to consider the higher order moments in the description of the collective mode of an ultracold Fermi gas in the normal with the Boltzmann equation

L'objectif de cette thèse est de trouver la forme optimale d'une antenne planaire ou d'un réseau d'antennes planaires à partir de contraintes imposées (diagramme de rayonnement, gain ou directivité) ou de reconstruire la forme à partir de mesures expérimentales. L'algorithme d'optimisation développé est basé sur une méthode de type gradient et la reconstruction des contours par une méthode d'ensembles de niveaux (Level Sets) ou "contours actifs". Le problème direct est résolu en utilisant une formulation intégrale du problème électromagnétique et une méthode d'éléments finis pour la discrétisation. Le gradient de forme est calculé en utilisant deux méthodes différentes. Tout d'abord, une méthode par différences finies basée sur la dérivée à un nœud du maillage, pour une modification infinitésimale des éléments triangulaires du contour, suivant la direction de la normale extérieure. La deuxième méthode est basée sur le gradient topologique pour le calcul de la déformation des contours. Une méthode d'ensembles de niveaux avec bande étroite a été développée pour faire évoluer le contour des antennes utilisant la vitesse de déformation calculée à partir du gradient de forme. Différentes configurations d'antennes et réseaux d'antennes planaires ont été utilisées pour étudier les performances de l'algorithme d'optimisation. Des techniques de type saut de fréquence et multifréquence ont été utilisées pour optimiser la forme dans une bande de fréquence. L'optimisation de forme pour la miniaturisation d'antennes planaires concerne de nombreuses applications, en particulier, pour les réseaux réflecteurs / The objective of this thesis work is to find the optimal shape of planar antenna elements and arrays from imposed constraints (e.g. desired or imposed radiation patterns, gain or directivity) or to reconstruct the shape from experimental measurements. The optimization algorithm is based on the gradient-type method and an active contour reconstruction by means of the Level Set method. The forward problem is solved using an integral formulation of the EM problem with finite element discretization. The shape gradient is computed using two different methods: one is finite differential method based on nodal point mesh derivation with an infinitesimal modification of the triangular elements on the contour along the outward normal direction, another the topological shape gradient, which is computed based on a topological deformation on a contour. A narrow band level set method has been developed to evolve the contour of antennas and arrays using the deformation velocity computed from the shape gradient. Different configurations of antennas and antenna arrays are studied for investigating the performance of the optimization algorithm. Frequency hopping and multi-frequency techniques have been used for optimizing the shape within a frequency band. Shape optimization for planar antenna miniaturization has a large number of applications, particularly, for reflectarrays

Ce manuscrit de thèse est consacré à l'analyse mathématique et numérique des systèmes de l'hydrodynamique compressible et de la photonique. Plus particulièrement, on étudie la construction de méthodes numériques dans des systèmes de coordonnées 2D polaires (une coordonnée radiale et une coordonnée d'angle) et où les équations sont discrétisées sur des maillages polaires structurés. Ces méthodes sont adaptées à la simulation d'écoulements à symétrie polaire puisqu'elles préservent ces symétries par construction. En revanche, ces systèmes de coordonnées introduisent des singularités géométriques et des termes sources géométriques qui doivent être traités avec attention. Dans la première partie de ce document, consacrée à l'hydrodynamique, on propose une classe de schémas numériques d'ordre arbitrairement élevé pour la résolution des équations d'Euler. Ces schémas utilisent des méthodes de résolution à directions alternées où chaque sous-système est résolu par un solveur Lagrange+projection. On étudie l'influence de la singularité géométrique r=0 des systèmes de coordonnées cylindriques et sphériques sur la précision du solveur 2D développé. La deuxième partie de ce manuscrit est consacrée à l'étude des équations de la photonique. Ces équations font intervenir un grand nombre de dimensions mathématiques et un terme source pouvant être raide. La principale difficulté ici est de capturer le bon régime asymptotique sur maillage grossier. On construit d'abord une classe de modèles où l'intensité radiative est projetée sur une base d'harmoniques sphériques afin de réduire le nombre de dimensions. Puis on propose un schéma numérique en coordonnées polaires et on prouve que le schéma restitue la bonne limite de diffusion aussi bien dans la direction radiale que dans la direction angulaire. / This thesis deals with the mathematical and numerical analysis of the systems of compressible hydrodynamics and radiative transfer. More precisely, we study the derivation of numerical methods with 2D polar coordinates (one for the radius, one for the angle) where equations are discretized on regular polar grids. On one hand, these methods are well-suited for the simulation of flows with polar symetries since they preserve these symetries by construction. On the other hand, such coordinates systems introduce geometrical singularities as well as geometrical source terms which must be carefully treated. The first part of this document is devoted to the study of hydrodynamics equations, or Euler equations. We propose a new class of arbitrary high-order numerical schemes in both space and time and rely on directional splitting methods for the resolution of 2D equations. Each sub-system is solved using a Lagrange+Remap solver. We study the influence of the r=0 geometrical singularities of the cylindrical and spherical coordinates systems on the precision of the 2D numerical solutions. The second part of this document is devoted to the study of radiative transfer equations. In these equations, the unknowns depend on a large number of variables and a stiff source term is involved. The main difficulty consists in capturing the correct asymptotic behavior on coarse grids. We first construct a class of models where the radiative intensity is projected on a truncated spherical harmonics basis in order to lower the number of mathematical dimensions. Then we propose an Asymptotic Preserving scheme built in polar coordinates and we show that the scheme capture the correct diffusion limit in the radial direction as well as in the polar direction.

Abstract in English, Afrikaans and Zulu / This study is aimed at investigating the capital structures of the Johannesburg Stock Exchange listed South African IT firms and compare these to the capital structures of NASDAQ listed US IT firms in order to better understand the capital structures that JSE listed South African firms employ. The study made use of secondary data in the form of ratio analysis from public sources, as well as the published annual financial statements of the firms. The Generalised Method of Moments regression analysis technique was used in order to test the data for relationships between certain ratios. The study found positive relationships between the firm’s capital structure and its return on equity; meaning that firms should make use of their capital structures to maximise their return on equity and as a result, returns for its shareholders. / Hierdie studie is daarop gerig om die kapitaalstrukture van Suid-Afrikaanse IT-ondernemings wat op die Johannesburgse Aandelebeurs (JSE) genoteer is te ondersoek, en dit te vergelyk met die kapitaalstrukture van NASDAQ-genoteerde Amerikaanse IT-ondernemings ten einde die kapitaalstrukture wat JSE-genoteerde Suid-Afrikaanse ondernemings gebruik, beter te verstaan. Die studie het sekondêre data in die vorm van verhoudingsontleding uit openbare bronne, asook die gepubliseerde finansiële jaarstate van die ondernemings gebruik. Die Veralgemeende Metode van Momente-regressieanalisetegniek is gebruik ten einde die data vir verwantskappe tussen bepaalde verhoudings te toets. Die studie het positiewe verwantskappe tussen die ondernemings se kapitaalstruktuur en opbrengs op ekwiteit gevind; dit beteken dat ondernemings hul kapitaalstrukture behoort te gebruik om hul opbrengs op ekwiteit en gevolglik ook opbrengste vir hul aandeelhouers te maksimeer. / Lolu cwaningo kuhloswe ngalo ukuhlola izinhlaka ezifaka imali ezinkampanini zobuchwephese bamakhompuyutha ezisohlwini lwe-Johannesburg Stock Exchange (i-JSE), nokuziqhathanisa nezinhlaka ezifaka imali ezinkampanini zase-US zobuchwepheshe bekhompuyutha ezisohlwini lwe-NASDAQ ukuze kuqondakale kangcono izinhlaka ezifaka imali ezinkampanini zaseNingizimu Afrika ezisohlwini lwe-JSE. Lolu cwaningo lusebenzise imininingwane eqoqwe kweminye emayelana nokucwaningwa kwezinombolo etholakala emithonjeni evulelekile emalungwini omphakathi kanye nakwizitatimende zezezimali zonyaka zezinkampani. Kusetshenziswe indlela yokucwaninga ehlawumbiselayo ngokuqhathanisa ubudlelwano neyaziwa ngokuthi yi-Generalised Method of Moments, ukuze kuhlolwe imininingwane eveza ubudlelwano phakathi kwezinombolo ezithile. Ucwaningo luthole ubudlelwano obubonakalayo phakathi kwezinhlaka ezifaka imali enkampanini kanye nenzuzo yayo yamanani amasheya; okusho ukuthi izinkampani kumele zisebenzise izinhlaka zazo ezizifakela imali ukwandisa amathuba enzuzo yamanani amasheya okuyinto ezodala ukuba kuhlomule abanini-bamasheya. / Finance, Risk Management and Banking / M. Com. (Finance)

Les travaux de cette thèse s’inscrivent dans le contexte des systèmes de particules. Nous considérons différents systèmes physiques, décrits de manière continue, et dont la dynamique est modélisée par des équations aux dérivées partielles décrivant l’évolution temporelle de certaines quantités macroscopiques ou microscopiques, selon l’échelle de description envisagée. Dans une première partie, nous nous intéressons à une équation de type coagulation-fragmentation cinétique. Nous obtenons un résultat d’existence globale en temps, dans le cadre des solutions renormalisées de DiPerna-Lions, pour toute donnée initiale vérifiant les estimations naturelles et possédant une norme L1 et une norme Lp (p > 1) finies. La deuxième partie traite de méthodes de moments. L’objectif de ces méthodes est d’approcher un modèle cinétique par un nombre fini d’équations portant sur des quantités dépendant uniquement de la variable d’espace, et la question est de savoir comment fermer le système obtenu pour obtenir une bonne approximation de la solution du modèle cinétique. Dans un cadre linéaire, nous obtenons une méthode de fermeture explicite conduisant à un résultat de convergence rapide. Enfin, dans une troisième partie, nous travaillons sur la modélisation du trafic routier avec prise en compte de la congestion à l’aide d’un système hyperbolique avec contraintes, issu de la dynamique des gaz sans pression. En modifiant convenablement ce système, nous parvenons à modéliser des phénomènes de trafic routier "multi-voies", comme l’accélération, et la création de zones de vide. Un résultat d’existence et de stabilité des solutions de ce modèle modifié est démontré. / The context of this thesis is particle systems. We deal with different physical systems, described continuously, whose dynamics are modeled by partial differential equations. These equations follow the evolution in time of macroscopic or microscopic quantities, according to scale description. In the first part, we consider a kinetic model for coagulation-fragmentation. We obtain a global existence result, using the notion of DiPerna-Lions renormalized solutions, for initial data satisfying the natural physical bounds, and assumptions of finite L1 and Lp norm (for some p > 1). The second part deals with methods of moments. The aim of these methods is to approximate a kinetic model by a finite number of equations whose unknowns depend only on the space variable. The question is : how to close this system to get a good approximation of the solution of the kinetic model ? In a linear setting, we obtain an explicit method with linear closure relations, which leads to a fast convergence result. In the last part, we work on modeling of traffic jam taking into account the congestion, using a hyperbolic system with constraints, which occurs in the dynamics of a pressureless gas. By suitably modifying this system, we can model "multi-lane" phenomena, like acceleration, and creation of vacuum. An existence and stability result is proved on this new model.

Abstracts in English, Xhosa and Southern Sotho / This study critically explores the link between internationalisation theories and outward foreign direct investment (FDI) – a linkage which is well documented in the literature. Numerous studies have established that the internationalisation process recognises both firm- and market-specific aspects, which greatly determine the direction of outward FDI in terms of volume and pattern. In this interaction, path dependency is determined by the intensity of overlapping aspects or linkages, from firm-level heterogeneity and host market aspects that direct investment patterns in terms of the latter, to the volumes of firm-level adjustments. Firm-level heterogeneity comprises those traits, which enable an individual firm to make an investment decision, select a market-entry strategy and create the competitive advantages that will sustain its investments. Macro-level or country-specific aspects encompass those traits or characteristics of host markets, which encourage FDI on the part of multinational enterprises (MNEs). Most studies overlook the path dependency of country- and firm-specific aspects, which are crucial to the internationalisation processes of international business, economics and trade. Academic studies either focus on macro- or micro-level aspects, without paying specific attention to the path dependency of expansion strategies. The present study attempts to fill these gaps in the existing body of knowledge, by investigating international business in these contexts. The rationale for undertaking this study was two-fold: first, FDI holds proven benefits for host markets, which include economic growth, industry spillover, human capital development and transitory tacit knowledge. From a firm-level perspective, outward FDI largely enhances the capacity of MNEs, prompting an increase in asset accumulation, market share and human capital development, the more efficient utilisation of resources and return on equity. In this study, an argument is presented for measuring the variables of both firm- and market-specific aspects, since most existing studies in this genre focus either on micro- or macro-level determinants, or totally overlook the importance of linkages. Second, no documented research has investigated the path dependency of expansion strategies, especially in Africa. Crucially, the importance of path dependency of South Africa’s outward investment has not been documented either. Further, existing evidence on the role the path dependency of expansion strategies plays in outward FDI are scarce, with even fewer studies following a sectorial approach. This study attempts to fill these academic research gaps by reflecting both firm- and market-level data from various sources for the period 1995–2015, using panel dynamic regression models. The study found that the linkages between firm heterogeneity (firm-level evidence) and market-level aspects create a path dependency of expansion strategies. MNEs adopt either joint ventures or wholly owned subsidiaries (or both) as market-entry strategies, but the decision is informed by the intensity of those firm heterogeneity aspects that allow them to exploit opportunities and mitigate risk in host markets. Notably, the intensity of path dependency seemingly varies from one industrial segment to the next. The impulse response approach delivered evidence that one standard deviation shock of firm-specific variables led to a moderate improvement in firm-level capacities in the short run, but a significant improvement in the long run. The same result was recorded for market-level aspects, with the intensity of the results varying from one industry to the next. The causality test attempted to explore the causal relationship between the study variables in both firm- and market-level aspects. Empirical evidence from the study indicates that the size of the firm and its capacity to utilise its resources efficiently, influence their investment in host markets. As regards market-specific aspects, the size of the economy, levels of industry and trade openness were found to have a causal effect on the inflow of FDI in host markets. The intensity of causal aspects was also found to vary from one industry to the next, due to variations in firm-level heterogeneity and their linkage in terms of aspects related to the host market. In sum, this study complements existing material on the subject of international business. / Olu phononongo luphicotha ikhonkco phakathi kweengcingane zamazwe ngamazwe kunye notyalo-mali ngokuthe ngqo oluphuma ngaphandle kumazwe asemzini (i-FDI) –indibaniselo ebhalwe kakuhle kwimiqulu yoncwadi. Izifundo ezininzi ezenziweyo ziye zaqinisekisa ukuba inkqubo yamazwe ngamazwe iyazamkela zombini inkampani- kunye nemiba ekhethekileyo yemarike, ezihlola kakhulukazi imikhombandlela (izikhokelo) ye-FDI yangaphandle ngokomthamo kunye nephatheni. Kule ntsebenziswano, indlela yokuxhomekeka ifunyanwa ngobungakanani bezinto ezisebenzelelanayo/ezingenanayo okanye izenzo zokuhlangana, ukusuka kwiintlobo-ntlobo zamanqanaba enkampani kunye neemfuno zabasingathe imicimbi yeendawo zokuthengisa (iimarike) iimpahla ezilawula iiphatheni zotyalo-imali ngokweyokugqibela, kwimilinganiselo yokulungelelaniswa kwenqanaba lwenkampani. Iintlobo-ntlobo zamanqanaba enkampani ziquka ezo mpawu, ezenza inkampani nganye yenze isigqibo sotyalo-mali, ikhethe isicwangciso sokungeniswa kwimarike kwaye siyile amathuba amahle okhuphiswano aya kugcina utyalo-mali. Inqanaba eliphezulu okanye iinkalo ezithile zelizwe zibandakanya ezo zimo okanye iimpawu zeemarike ezamkelekileyo, ezikhuthaza i-FDI kwiinkampani zamazwe ngamazwe (i-MNEs). Uninzi lwezifundo aziyiniki ngqalelo indlela yokuxhomekeka yelizwe kwimicimbi ekhethekileyo nebalulekileyo yenkampani kwiinkqubo zangokwamazwe oshishino lwamazwe ngamazwe, uqoqosho norhwebo. Uphando lwemfundo ephakamileyo lugxininisa kwiinkcukacha ezikwinqanaba eliphezulu okanye eliphantsi ngokunganiki ngqalelo kwindlela yokuxhomekeka yeendlela zokwandisa. Uphononongo lwangoku luzama ukuvala izikhewu/izikroba kulwazi olukhoyo., ngokuphanda ishishini lwamazwe ngamazwe kule meko. Ingqiqo ekwenzeni olu phando yahlulwe kubini: okokuqala, i-FDI inenzuzo eqinisekisiweyo kwabasingethe iimarike, ezibandakanya ukukhula koqoqosho, ukuchuma kwamashishini, ukuphuhliswa kwezakhono zabantu kunye nolwazi oludlulileyo lwezakhono. Ngakwicala lenqanaba lenkampani, i-FDI yangaphandle iphakamisa amandla e-MNE, ikhawulezisa ukunyusa uqokelelo lwempahla, isabelo semarike kunye nophuhliso lwabantu, ukusetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo kwezixhobo kunye nokubuyela kubulungisa bokulingana. Kolu phononongo, impikiswano inikezelwe ukulinganisa iinguqu zombini yenkampani- kunye nemimiselo ethile yemarike, njengoko olunye uphando oluninzi olwenziweyo kolu hlobo lugxininisa koonobangela abakwizinga elisezantsi okanye eliphezulu, okanye kunganikwa ngqalelo tu kukubaluleka kwezenzo zokudibana / zokunxibelelana. Okwesibini, akukho phando lubhaliweyo oluphande indlela yokuxhomekeka kweendlela zokwandisa, ngakumbi e-Afrika. Ngokusesikweni, ukubaluleka kwendlela yokuxhomekeka yotyalo-mali lwangaphandle eMzantsi Afrika alukaze nalo lubhalwe phantsi. Ukongezelela, ubungqina obukhoyo kwindima yendlela yokuxhomekeka yeendlela zokwandisa kwi-FDI yangaphandle zinqabile, kwakunye nezifundo ezimbalwa ezilandela indlela yamacandelo. Olu phononongo luzama ukuzalisa izikroba zophando zemfundo ephakamileyo ngokuzibonakalisa zombini inkampani- kunye nedatha yamanqanaba emarike avela kwimithombo eyahlukeneyo yexesha lowe-1995-2015, usebenzisa iimodeli zepaneli ezinamandla zokubuy’umva. Uphononongo lufumanise ukuba ukudibana phakathi kweentlobo-ntlobo zenkampani (ubungqina bezinga lenkampani) kunye nemilinganiselo yezinga lemarike zidala indlela yoxhomekeko yeendlela zokukhula. Ii-MNE zamkela intsebenziswano ngokuhlangeneyo okanye bazibambele ngokwabo ngokupheleleyo (okanye zombini) njengeendlela zokungena kwimarike, kodwa isigqibo siphenjelelwa bubungakanani beentlobo-ntlobo zemicimbi yenkampani evumela ukuba baxhaphaze amathuba kwaye banciphise umngcipheko kwiimarike zenkampani. Ngokuphawulekayo, ubukhulu bokuxhomekeka wendlela yokuxhomekeka kukhangeleka kusahluka ukusuka kwicandelo elinye lozoshishino ukuya kwelinye elilandelayo. Indlela yokuphendula ngokungxama inikezele ubungqina bokuba ukuphazamiseka okusesikweni kwizinto eziguquguqukayo zenkampani ezikhethekileyo zikhokelele ekuphuculeni okusezingeni eliphakathi kwinqanaba kubungakanani benqanaba lenkampani ngexeshana, kodwa ukuphuculwa okubonakalayo nokubalulekileyo ekuhambeni kwexesha. Isiphumo esifanayo sabhalwa phantsi kwiinkalo zemarike, nobukhulu beziphumo zohluka ukusuka kwelinye ishishini ukuya kwelinye. Uvavanyo lwamaxesha athile luzame ukuphonononga ubudlelwane bamaxesha athile phakathi kwezifundo zezinto eziguquguqukayo kwiinkalo zombini inkampani –kunye nenqanaba lemarike/ neemeko zemarike. Ubungqina bamava obuvela kuphando lubonisa ukuba ubungakanani benkampani kunye namandla okusebenzisa uvimba wezixhobo ngokufanelekileyo, ziphembelela utyalo-mali kwiimarike zenkampani. Ngokubhekiselele kwimimandla ethile yemarike, ubungakanani boqoqosho, amazinga oshishino kunye nokuvuleka kwezorhwebo kufunyaniswe ukuba kunefuthe elenzekayo ngamaxesha athile ekungeneni kwe-FDI kubasingathi beemarike. Ubungakanani bemicimbi eyenzeka ngamaxesha athile yafunyanwa kwakhona ukuba yohlukile ukusuka kwelinye ishishini ukuya kwelinye, ngenxa yeenguqu kwiintlobo-ntlobo zeamanqanaba enkampani kunye nokudibana kwabo ngokwemiba enxulumene nabasingethe imarike. Kafutshane esi sifundo, sigcwalisa izixhobo ezikhoyo kwisihloko sezoshishino lamazwe ngamazwe. / Dinyakišišo tše di utolla ka tsinkelo kgokagano gareng ga diteori tša peyomaemong a boditšhabatšhaba le peeletšothwii ye e tšwago dinageng tša ka ntle (FDI) – e lego kgokagano yeo go ngwadilwego ka yona kudu ka dingwalweng. Dinyakišišo tše mmalwa di utollotše gore tshepedišo ya go bea maemong a boditšhabatšhaba e lemoga bobedi dilo tša difeme le tše di amanago le difeme, tšeo di laolago kudu fao FDI ya dinaga tša ka ntle e lebilego gona mabapi le bontši le mokgwa. Ka tirišanong ye, go tšea diphetho go ya ka maemo go laolwa ke bontši bja dilo tšeo di dirwago ka nako e tee goba dikamano, go tloga go go farologanya ditšweletšwa ka femeng le dilo tša mmaraka wa ka nageng tšeo di laolago mekgwa ya dipeeletšo mabapi le go ya ka mmaraka wa ka nageng, go ya go mehuta ye mentši ya dipeakanyo tša ka femeng. Go farologanya ditšweletšwa ka femeng go bopilwe ke diphetogo tše, tšeo di kgontšhago feme ye itšego go tšea sephetho sa mabapi le peeletšo, go kgetha maano a go tsena ka mmarakeng le go hlama menyetla ye mekaone yeo e tlago tšwetša pele peeletšo ya yona. Dikokwane tša ekonomi ye kgolo goba tša ka nageng di akaretša diphetogo tšeo goba dipharologantšhi tša mebaraka ya ka nageng, tšeo di hlohleletšago FDI ka karolong ya dikgwebo tša dinaga tša ka ntle (di-MNE). Dinyakišišo tše ntši di hlokomologile go tšea diphetho go ya ka maemo ga naga le ga dilo tša ka femeng ye itšego, tšeo di lego bohlokwa go tshepedišo ya peyomaemong a boditšhabatšhaba ya dikgwebo tša boditšhabatšhaba, diekonomi le kgwebišano. Dinyakišišo tša dirutegi di ka be di lebeletše kudu dilo tša ekonomi ye kgolo goba tša ye nnyane, ka ntle le go lebiša šedi ye kgolo go go tšea diphetho go ya ka maemo a boditšhabatšhaba ga maano a katološo. Dinyakišišo tše di leka go tlatša dikgoba tše ka tsebo ye e lego gona, ka go nyakišiša dikgwebo tša boditšhabatšhaba ka maemong a. Maikemišetšo a go dira dinyakišišo tše e bile a mabedi: sa mathomo, FDI e na le dikholego tšeo di tiišeditšwego go mebaraka ya ka dinageng, tšeo di akaretšago kgolo ya ekonomi, khuetšano ya diintasteri, tlhabollo ya bokgoni bja bašomi le phetišetšo ya tsebo ye e lego nyanyeng. Go ya ka maemong a difeme, FDI ye e tšwago dinageng tša ka ntle e godiša bokgoni bja di- MNE, ya hlohleletša koketšego ya khwetšo ya dithoto, ya kabelano ya mmaraka le ya tlhabollo ya bokgoni bja bašomi, tšhomišo ye kaone kudu ya methopo le go hwetša poelo go dikabelano. Ka mo dinyakišišong tše, go hlagišwa ntlha ya go ela diphapano tša bobedi dilo tša ka femeng le tša ka mmarakeng, ka ge bontši bja dinyakišišo tše di lego gona ka mo lekaleng le la dinyakišišo di lebeletše kudu tšeo di laolago ekonomi ye nnyane goba ye kgolo goba tšeo di hlokomologago ka botlalo bohlokwa bja dikgokagano. Sa bobedi, ga go dinyakišišo tšeo di ngwadilwego tšeo di nyakišišitšego go tšea diphetho go ya ka maemo ga maano a katološo, kudukudu ka Afrika. Se bohlokwa ke gore, bohlokwa bja go tšea diphetho go ya ka maemo ga peeletšo ya Afrika Borwa ya dinaga tša ka ntle ga se gwa ngwalwa le ge go le bjale. Godimo ga fao, bohlatse bjo bo lego gona ka ga mošomo wa go tšea diphetho go ya ka maemo fao go ralokago ka ga maano a katološo ka go FDI ya dinaga tša ka ntle e se bjo bontši, gomme go na le dinyakišišo tše mmalwa go latela mokgwa wo o lebeletšego makala. Dinyakišišo tše di leka go tlatša dikgoba tše tša dinyakišišo tša dirutegi ka go laetša tshedimošo ya bobedi ka maemong a difeme le ka mebarakeng go tšwa methopong ya mehutahuta go tloga ka mengwaga ya 1995–2015, ka go šomiša mekgwa ya kakanyo ya dikamano ye e fetogago. Dinyakišišo di hweditše gore dikamano gareng ga go farologanya ditšweletšwa (bohlatse bja ka maemong a difeme) le dilo tša maemo a ka mmarakeng di hlola go tšea diphetho go ya ka maemo ga maano a katološo. Di-MNE di šomiša masolo a mohlakanelwa goba dikhamphani tša ka fasana tšeo di laolwago ka botlalo (goba ka bobedi) bjalo ka maano a go tsena ka mmarakeng, eupša sephetho se laolwa ke bontši bja dilo tšeo tša go farologanya ditšweletšwa tšeo di di dumelelago go nyaka dibaka le go fokotša kotsi ka mebarakeng ya ka nageng. Seo se lemogilwego ke gore, bontši bja go tšea diphetho go ya ka maemo go bonala go fapane go ya ka karolo ya intasteri go ya go ye nngwe. Mokgwa wa go arabela kgoketšo wo o hlagišitšwego ka bohlatseng bja gore phapogo ya tlwaelo ya diphapano tša ka femeng e feleleditše ka kaonafalo ya magareng ya bokgoni bja difeme lebakeng le lekopana, eupša ka kaonafalo ye kgolo mo lebakeng le letelele. Dipoelo tše di swanago di begilwe ka go dilo tša maemo a ka mmarakeng, gomme bontši bja dipoelo tša fapana go ya ka diintasteri. Teko ya mathata yeo e bego e leka go utolla kamano ya tšeo di bakago se gareng ga phapano ya dinyakišišo ka go bobedi ka dilo tša ka femeng le tša ka mmarakeng. Bohlatse bja maitemogelo go tšwa ka mo dinyakišišong bo laetša gore bogolo bja feme le bokgoni bja yona bja go šomiša methopo ya yona gabotse ntle le mathata, di huetša peeletšo ya yona ka mebarakeng ya ka nageng. Mabapi le dilo tša ka mmarakeng, bogolo bja ekonomi, maemo a intasteri le go hloka sephiri ka kgwebišanong di bonwe di na le seabe sa go baka seemo go tseneng ga FDI ka mebarakeng ya ka nageng. Bontši bja dilo tše di bakago maemo go hweditšwe gape gore go fapana go ya ka diintasteri, ka lebaka la diphapano ka go farologanyo ya ditšweletšwa ka difemeng le kamano ya tšona mabapi le dilo tšeo di amanago le mmaraka wa ka nageng. Bjalo ka kakaretšo, dinyakišišo tše di tlaleletša dingwalwa tšeo di lego gona ka ga hlogotaba ya dikgwebo tša boditšhabatšhaba. / Business Management / D. Phil. (Business Management)

The problem of low domestic savings is inherent in most Southern African Development Community (SADC) countries. This has motivated most of the SADC countries to institute policies that seek to attract foreign capital to cover the investment deficit that arises from low domestic savings rates. This study gives robust conclusions on the effectiveness of individual tax incentives commonly used by SADC countries in attracting foreign mobile capital. This study has broadened the dimensions research can take in analysing the contribution of tax incentives to Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) inflows into developing countries. In separating individual tax incentives mainly used in the SADC region the study gives a robust analysis on the impact of each tax incentive on FDI inflows into SADC countries. The tax incentives used in this study are: tax holidays, corporate income tax (CIT), reduced CIT in specific sectors and losses carried forward. The study also derives data indices for governance, infrastructure and economic policy variables which gives the study clean and reliable data for efficient regression results. These macroeconomic data derivations assist in giving the FDI attraction analysis more variables and well behaved data in drawing conclusions. Through an analysis and comparison of trends in FDI inflows and stock data in different African regions the study draws important conclusions on the impact of the socio-economic environment in FDI attraction. The study, in consultation with data from the period 2004 to 2013 separates the SADC countries into four panels based on resource richness. Panel 1 includes the resources-rich countries, Panel 2 the resources-poor countries, Panel 3 all SADC countries, except South Africa and Panel 4 all the SADC countries. Each of the estimate models in this study, use individual tax incentives variables to avoid the effects of collinearity between different tax incentives variables and to improve the predictive power of the panel data models. This study derived tax incentives data for individual SADC countries, from Ernst and Young’s worldwide tax data. Regular tax incentives in the SADC are derived from tax holidays, corporate income tax (CIT); losses carried forward and reduced CIT in specific sectors. This study seeks to achieve two major objectives: firstly, to establish the effectiveness of tax incentives in attracting FDI inflows into SADC countries, and, secondly, to establish other variables that influence FDI inflows into SADC countries. The study estimated four panels for SADC countries, separated according to resource richness. This was done because different types of FDI are dependent on the available resources in developing countries and thus factors that influence the FDI inflows differ according to resource richness. Resource-seeking FDI moves to resources-rich economies, market-seeking FDI goes to economies that have access to larger markets and efficiency-seeking and strategic-asset-seeking FDI move to economies that ensure efficient use of their capital resources. Thus, as expected, factors that attract FDI to countries in the separate panels differ in direction of causality and magnitude of impact. The study adopts a system Generalised Method of Moments (SYS GMM) methodology to address the problem of endogeneity associated with dynamic panel data models. The estimated results established that tax holidays positively explain FDI inflows in Panel 2. CIT was found to negatively affect FDI inflows into all SADC countries despite their particular category of resource-richness. Losses carried forward are insignificant in all panels and reduced CIT in specific sectors negatively influences FDI inflows in Panel 1 and surprisingly positively influences FDI inflows in Panel 2. The lagged FDI variable shows a positive relationship with current year FDI inflows. The governance index is significant and positively affects FDI inflows in panels 1, 3 and 4. Panel 2 shows a negative relationship between governance and FDI inflows. Market potential measured by GDP growth rate is insignificantly different from zero in all the four panels in the study and negatively signed, except in models A and C of Panel 2. The stock of infrastructure is significant and negatively signed in all the panels. The log natural resources variable though insignificant in some models, mainly, exhibit a significant and negative effect in most models of the study’s panel estimations. The trade openness variable is positively related to FDI inflows in Panel 1. Panel 2 show negative effects of trade openness to FDI inflows. Financial globalisation significantly impacts positive FDI inflows in all the four panels. The economic policy variable is insignificant in all the four panels of the study, except, in model B of Panel 1 where it is weakly significant at 10% level and negatively signed. The study concludes that tax incentives are important in FDI attraction in the SADC countries; therefore, an effective tax mix that ensures efficient use of tax incentives is important to ensure sustainable FDI inflows into the region. Good governance is important in the region for FDI inflows to increase. Increasing government rents from natural resources reduces FDI inflows in the SADC. Previous year flows of FDI are positively related to current year inflows, thus consistent FDI attraction policies in the SADC are important. Infrastructure in the SADC should be consistently improved to ensure suitability with the dynamic nature of foreign investment. Financial markets should be developed to ensure effective flow of capital and growth in economies through more investment. / Economics / D. Com.. (Economics)