An experimental and modelling investigation of a tetrafunctional initiator designed for free radical polymerizations is presented. Multifunctional initiators are believed to provide two advantages over traditional monofunctional initiators. With a higher number of functional sites per molecule, they are able to increase polymer production while simultaneously maintaining or increasing polymer molecular weight. Examination of the literature indicates the majority of academic and industrial published studies have investigated difunctional initiators with most focusing on styrene. In this thesis, a tetrafunctional initiator, JWEB50, was systematically investigated for a variety of monomer systems in order to develop a better understanding of the behaviour of multifunctional initiators in free radical polymerizations. <br /><br /> A kinetic study comparing the tetrafunctional initiator to a monofunctional counterpart, TBEC, demonstrated that the impact of a multifunctional initiator is dependent upon monomer type. Regardless of the homo- or copolymer system examined, it was observed that the tetrafunctional initiator could produce higher rates of polymerization due to the greater number of labile groups per initiator molecule. However, the influence of the tetrafunctional initiator on the polymer molecular weight was dictated by the polymerization characteristics of the system in question. In the case of styrene, the tetrafunctional initiator maintained similar molecular weights compared to the monofunctional initiator while for methyl methacrylate (MMA), switching from a mono- to a tetrafunctional initiator actually decreased the polymer molecular weight. Other monomers such as butyl acrylate and vinyl acetate and copolymers of MMA and styrene or alpha-methyl styrene were examined to study the effect of initiator functionality in free radical polymerizations. <br /><br /> Subsequent to the kinetic investigation, polystyrene and poly(methyl methacrylate) samples produced with the tetrafunctional initiator were characterized in detail in order to examine the effects of initiator functionality on polymer properties. Samples generated with the monofunctional initiator were used for comparison purposes. Chromatographic and dilute solution methods were able to detect significant levels of branching in the polystyrene sample produced with JWEB50, while poly(methyl methacrylate) samples showed no evidence of branching. Rheological tests involving a combination of oscillatory and creep shear measurements were completed in order to detect differences between samples. The presence of branching using rheological techniques was clearly observed for both polystyrene and poly(methyl methacrylate) samples produced with the tetrafunctional initiator. <br /><br /> In order to explain the experimental results observed in the kinetic and polymer properties studies, a reaction mechanism for polymerizations initiated with a tetrafunctional initiator was proposed and used in the development of a mathematical model. Reactions involving the fate/efficiency of functional groups are properly accounted for, while in the past this had been ignored by modelling work in the literature. Based on model predictions, di-radical concentrations were estimated to be several orders of magnitude smaller than mono-radical concentrations and their contribution in the reaction mechanism was found to be negligible. Modelling results also demonstrated that the concentration and chain length of various polymer structures (i. e. , linear, star or coupled stars) depend upon monomer type and reaction conditions.

The coarse-grained configurational-bias Monte Carlo (CG-CBMC) simulation was employed to study the structural behaviors of methyl methacrylate (MMA) oligomers adsorbed on grooved substrate due to molecular dynamics (MD) simulation is probably trapped at some local energy minima and difficult to carry out over a long enough time to allow relaxation of chain motion for an enormous polymeric system. Therefore, the CG-CBMC simulation was adopted in the present study. In this study, three types of chains are classified according to their positions relative to the groove. Type 1, Type 2, and Type 3 represent the entire MMA-oligomer within the groove, the MMA-oligomer partially within the groove, and the oligomer outside the groove, respectively. The orientational order parameters of Type 1 and Type 2 oligomers decrease with the increase of groove width, but the orientational order parameter of Type 3 oligomers is approximately equal to 0.1. In addition, observation of the orientational order parameters of Type 1 oligomers interacting with the grooved substrate at different interaction strengths decrease with increasing the groove width. Furthermore, the orientational order parameters of Type 1 oligomers within the narrowest (20 Å) and the widest (35 Å) groove with different depths were determined. For the narrowest groove, the arrangement of Type 1 oligomers will be influenced by the groove width. However, in the case of the widest groove, the orientational order parameter of Type 1 oligomers is approximately equal to 0.2. This study can help engineers clarify the characteristics and phenomena of physical adsorption of the molecules, as well as contributing to the application of recent technology.

Apatite was formed on the surface of titanium dioxide (TiO2) powders by a biomimetic process. The deposition was accomplished by immersing TiO2 powders in simulated body fluid (SBF) for 1, 3, 6, 12, and 24 h. SBF used throughout this study had calcium and phosphate ion concentrations 10 times greater than those of human blood plasma. Photocatalytic activity of the apatite-deposited TiO2 powders was investigated in terms of the decomposition of methylene blue solution under ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. It has been shown that apatite deposition enhanced the photocatalytic activity of TiO2. The best photocatalytic performance was acquired on the powders that are immersed in SBF for 3 h. The time required for the complete degradation of methylene blue decreased from 3.5 h to 2 h upon immersion of powders in SBF for 3 h. Photochemical durability of poly(methyl methacrylate) increased when it was mixed with apatite-deposited TiO2 powders.

The design, fabrication, and characterization of polymer-carbon nanotube (CNT) composites have generated a significant amount of attention in the fields of materials science and polymer chemistry. The challenge in fabricating composites that exploit the unique properties of the CNT and the ideal processing ability and low cost of the polymer is in achieving a uniform dispersion of the filler in the polymer matrix. This body of work focuses on (1) techniques employed to disperse CNTs into a polymer matrix and (2) the effects of CNTs on the mechanical and electrical properties of the polymer. Poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), an amorphous polymer, and poly (4-methyl-1-pentene) (P4M1P), a semi crystalline polymer, were chosen as the matrices. Non-functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes and soot (unpurified carbon nanotubes) were chosen as the filler material. In the first study, single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) were sonicated in methyl methacrylate monomer and initiated via thermal energy, UV light, and gamma radiation. Composite films with increased dielectric constants and unique optical transparency were produced. Samples were characterized using differential scanning calorimetry, dielectric analysis, and dynamic mechanical analysis. Refractive Indices were obtained and correlated to the dielectric constant using Maxwells relationship. PMMA/soot composites were fabricated in the second study. Dispersion was accomplished by way of sonication and melt compounding. The PMMA/soot composites were exposed to gamma radiation, with a 137Cs gamma source, in order to investigate how the filler affects the polymers ability to resist radiation. Samples were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry, dielectric analysis, and dynamic mechanical.

Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization–Time of Flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectroscopy is used in the characterization of synthetic polymers. MALDI allows for determination of: modal, most probable peak (M P), molecular number average (MN), molecular weight average (MW), polydispersity (PD), and polymer spread (PSP). We evaluate a new sample preparation method using Induction Based Fluidics (IBF) to kinetically launch and direct nanoliter volumes to a target without contact. IBF offers signal improvement via field enhanced crystallization. This is the first study to discuss filed enhanced crystallization in MALDI sample preparation. IBF can increase signal/noise (S/N) and signal intensity for polystyrene (PS), poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) across a mass range of 2,500 to 92,000 Da showing more accurate PSP. Increases in S/N range up to: 279% for PS, 140% for PMMA, and 660% for PEG. Signal intensities increased up to: 438% for PS, 115% for PMMA, and 166% for PEG. Cross-polarization microscopy indicates dramatic morphology differences between IBF and micropipette. Finally, we speculate as to why IBF nanoliter depositions afford higher S/N values in experiments conducted in different instrumental configurations even without optimization. Next we sought to investigate whether nanoliter volumes of concentrated polar liquids and organic monomers launched to targets using IBF can be verified through the real time charge measurements. We show that using a nanoliter IBF dispensing device and nanocoulomb meter, charge measurements made on nanoliter drops in real time are correlated with the droplets surface area following Gauss’s Law. We infer the "induction only" formation of the double layer showing the ability to determine nanoliter volumes, nearly instantaneously, in real time. Implications are presented from these IBF measurement observations on improving/monitoring MALDI quantitation and its quality control. Polymer-dye interactions were further investigated using PMMA composites made from a polar metalloporphyrin [5-(4',4',5',5'-tetramethyl[1',3',2']dioxaborolan-2'-yl)-10,20-diphenylporphyrinato]zinc(II) (Zn(II)Bpin-DPP) in select weight %s (wt%s). Fluorescence spectroscopy has revealed that the porphyrin was well dispersed within the composite. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) showed that porphyrin acted as an antiplasticizer raising the glass transition (Tg) from 105 °C to 123 °C. Dielectric Analysis (DEA) was performed in the frequency range of 0.3 Hz to 100 kHz between -150 to 270 ⁰C. Permittivity (ε’), loss factor (ε’’) and dielectric response of beta (β), alpha beta (αβ), and conductivity relaxations were studied. Previous DEA data was limited to 190 ⁰C. This study brings analysis to 270 ⁰C which is start point for the first part of PMMA degradation. Thus forwarding DEA can be used to evaluate PMMA degradation. The electric modulus formalism is used to reveal the β and conductivity relaxations. The apparent activation energies (Ea) for the molecular relaxations are presented. AC (ζAC) and DC (ζDC) conductivity are also evaluated. Tan delta (δ), dissipation factor, evaluated between 1 Hz to 100 kHz was shown to increase with porphyrin loading although locally affected by free volume restriction. Havriliak-Negami (H-N) equation was fit using the complex electric modulus (M*) modified form and was performed on the conductivity region 160 to 190 ⁰C and degradation region 190 to 270 °C. Relaxations above the Tg were proven to be conductivity relaxations using four proofs. This is the first study to investigate PMMA degradation DEA with the complex electric modulus, M*, revealing a unique occurrence of increasing central relaxation times (s-1) and reducing electric loss modulus (M") frequency maxima (Hz) after the degradation temperature of 220 ⁰C was reached supporting current literature of the first of a two part degradation process that proceeds via end chain scission.

Nanocellulose is an interesting natural material thatis gaining interest in the field of materials science, particularly nanocomposites. Depending on the disintegration route, nanocellulose can be isolated either in the form of long and flexible fibres (nanofibrillated cellulose, NFC), or stiff, rod-like crystals (cellulose nanocrystals, CNC). Nanocellulose can be utilized in nanocomposites either as a reinforcement element or as a network matrix due to its ability to form a strong network. In this thesis, nanocellulose based materials are prepared by evaporation of a liquid medium. The key step in this processing route is a good dispersion of the nanoparticles in the selected matrix. Therefore the importance of surface modification in order to ensure favourable nanocellulose dispersion is clarified in avariety of materials systems. In Paper I, poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) based fibres prepared by electrospinning were reinforced with nanofibrillated cellulose. Native NFC appeared to show a good compatibility with PMMA matrix in the electrospinning solution and resulting fibres. Furthermore, a new method for mechanical testing of mats with random fibre orientation as well as aligned fibres was developed. In Paper II, commingled nanopaper structures with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were prepared. Several surfactants were used to disperse hydrophobic CNTs in water. A nonylphenol phosphate ester (NPPE) was found to work well for both dispersing CNTs in water and providing compatibility with NFC through electrostatic repulsion between the phosphate ester groups of the surfactant and the carboxylate groups of NFC. In Paper III, a new water based route for functionalization of cellulose nanocrystals was developed. In this approach, inspired by organo-modified layered silicates, quaternary ammonium salts were adsorbed. It was demonstrated that different functionalities (alkyl, phenyl, glycidylor diallyl) can be introduced onto the cellulose and the dispersibility in organic solvents was studied. Subsequently, in Paper IV, nanocomposites with poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc)were prepared. The effect of modification on the degree of dispersion of the CNC within the matrix was studied as well as the strong effects on the properties of the resulting nanocomposites. In Paper V, taking advantage of the entangled NFC network and the possibility to tailor the pore size and surface chemistry, lubricant-infused slippery films and coatings based on NFC were prepared for the first time. / <p>QC 20131016</p>

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:07:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JoseKMAR_DISSERT.pdf: 2948541 bytes, checksum: 646d8653b036843236db0bfc42c7f90b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-10 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / Currently new polymeric materials have been developed to replace other of traditionally materials classes. The use of dyes allows to expand and to diversify the applications in the polymeric materials development. In this work the behavior and ability of azo dyes Disperse Blue 79 (DB79) and Disperse Red 73 (DR73) on poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) were studied. Two types of mixtures were used in the production of masterbatches: 1) rheometer 2) solution. Processing by extrusion-blow molding of PMMA was carried out in order to evaluate the applications of polymeric films. Thermal analysis were performed by thermogravimetry to evaluate polymer and azo dyes thermal stability. Colorimetric analysis were obtained through monitoring the spectral variations associated with sys/trans/anti azo dyes isomerization process Colorimetric data were treated and evaluated in accordance to the color system RGB and CIEL*ab, by monitoring the color change as function of time. Mechanical properties, characterized by tensile tests, were evaluated and correlated with the presence and content of azo dyes in the samples. Analyses by scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) were performed on the surfaces of samples to check the azo dye dispersion after the mixing process. It was concluded that the production of PMMA/azo dyes is possible and feasible, and the mixtures produced had synergy of properties for use in various applications / Atualmente novos materiais polim?ricos v?m sendo desenvolvidos, visando substituir outras classes de materiais tradicionalmente empregados. O uso de corantes possibilita ampliar e diversificar as possibilidades de aplica??es no desenvolvimento desses novos materiais. Neste trabalho foi estudado o comportamento e a capacidade de tingimento dos azocorantes: Azul Disperso 79 (DB79) e o Vermelho Disperso 73 (DR73), em uma matriz de poli(metacrilato de metila) (PMMA). Duas formas de misturas foram utilizadas na produ??o dos concentrados: na primeira, em re?metro de torque e na segunda, em solu??o. O processamento por extrus?o-sopro do PMMA foi realizado neste trabalho com intuito de avaliar suas aplica??es na forma de filmes polim?ricos. An?lises t?rmicas foram realizadas por termogravimetria para avaliar a estabilidade t?rmica dos pol?meros e dos azocorantes. An?lises por colorimetria foram obtidas por meio do acompanhamento das mudan?as espectrais associadas ao processo de isomeriza??o cis/trans/anti dos azocorantes. Os dados de colorimetria foram tratados e avaliados segundo o sistema de cores RGB e CIEL*ab, por meio do acompanhamento da mudan?a de colora??o em fun??o do tempo. As propriedades mec?nicas, caracterizadas por meio de ensaios de tra??o uniaxial, foram avaliadas e correlacionadas com a presen?a e quantidade de azocorantes na constitui??o das amostras. An?lises por microscopia eletr?nica de varredura (MEV) foram realizadas nas superf?cies das amostras para verificar a dispers?o dos corantes no final do processo de mistura. Verificou-se que a produ??o de PMMA/azocorantes ? poss?vel e vi?vel e as misturas produzidas apresentaram sinergia de propriedades para utiliza??o em diversas aplica??es

Submitted by Kilvya Braga (kilvyabraga@hotmail.com) on 2018-04-19T14:53:27Z No. of bitstreams: 1 MARIAUGUSTA FERREIRA MOTA - TESE (PPGEQ) 2015.pdf: 7929755 bytes, checksum: 46b508fdcbc2c553fa37592a200d2ae5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-19T14:53:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MARIAUGUSTA FERREIRA MOTA - TESE (PPGEQ) 2015.pdf: 7929755 bytes, checksum: 46b508fdcbc2c553fa37592a200d2ae5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-27 / CNPq / Este trabalho de Tese descreve a preparação de argilas organofílicas a partir da argila Brasgel e Verde-Lodo naturais que foram utilizadas como cargas para síntese de nanocompósitos via polimerização in situ em suspensão e polimerização in situ em massa-suspensão. A caracterização para avaliar as argilas organofílicas foi realizada a partir das técnicas de Difração de raios X (DRX), Espectroscopia na Região do Infravermelho por Transformada de Fourier (IV) Análise Térmica Diferencial e Termogravimétrica (ATD/TG) e ensaios de expansão (Capacidade de Adsorção e Inchamento de Foster). A produção de nanocompósitos poli(pivalato de vinila)/argila foi realizada a partir da polimerização in situ em suspensão do pivalato de vinila utilizando 2,5% e 5% de argila Brasgel ou Verde-Lodo modificadas com os sais Praepagen, Dodigen e Genamin. O processo de obtenção do nanocompósito poli(metacrilato de metila)/argila foi realizada a partir da polimerização in situ em massa-suspensão do metacrilato de metila utilizando 3% de argilas Verde-Lodo natural ou modificadas com os sais Praepagen, Dodigen e mistura de sais (Praepagen + Dodigen). Os nanocompósitos polímero/argila foram caracterizados a partir de DRX, IV, TG, Microscopia Óptica (MO), Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV) e Calorimetria Diferencial de Varredura (DSC). Os resultados de DRX mostram a intercalação dos sais quaternários de amônio (Praepagen, Dodigen e Genamin) em todas as argilas (Verde-Lodo e Brasgel) no processo de organofilização. Os resultados de IV e ATD indicam que os sais foram incorporados à estrutura da argila, evidenciando assim o processo de organofilização. Os testes de Capacidades de Adsorção comprovaram as melhores eficiências das argilas Verde-Lodo e Brasgel organofilizadas com os sais quaternários de amônio em relação às argilas na sua forma natural independente do solvente orgânico utilizado. Os resultados dos testes de Inchamentos de Foster indicaram que as afinidades dos sais ocorreram nas argilas organofílicas avaliadas em todos os solventes orgânicos. Os resultados obtidos de DRX a partir da polimerização in situ em suspensão do pivalato de vinila/argila Brasgel ou Verde-Lodo organofílicas indicaram interações argila-polímero na forma intercalada e esfoliada. As análises de TG indicaram que ocorreu diminuição no intervalo de 3oC a 10oC da temperatura máxima de degradação assim como a diminuição da Temperatura de transição vítrea (Tg) dos nanocompósitos contendo 2,5 e 5% de argila na matriz polimérica Poli(pivalato- vinila). Para os nanocompósitos sintetizados a partir do metacrilato de metila e da argila Verde-Lodo natural e organofilizadas os resultados de DSC a partir da polimerização in situ em massa-suspensão do metacrilato de metila/argila VerdeLodo natural e organofílicas indicaram que as temperaturas de transição vítrea não foram alteradas com a adição da argila. As análises de TG mostraram que houve alterações pouco significativas na temperatura máxima de degradação e as imagens de MEV indicaram que a morfologia dos nanocompósitos obtidos com 3% de argila Verde-Lodo organofilizadas apresentaram partículas esféricas e lisas, indicando interação da argila com a matriz polimérica. / This Doctorate Thesis describes the preparation of organoclays from raw clays Brasgel and Green-Sludge, which were used as charge materials to synthesis of nanocomposites via in situ suspension and in situ mass-suspension polymerization reactions. The organoclays characterization was carried out by making use of techniques of X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Differential Thermal Analysis and Thermogravimetric Analysis (DTA/TGA), and analysis of adsorption of organic compounds (Adsorption Capacity and Foster’s experiment). The synthesis of nanocomposites poly (vinyl pivalate)/clays were performed from in-situ suspension polymerization reaction of vinyl pivalate with 2.5% w. and 5% w. of organoclays Brasgel or Green-Sludge, in which were organophilized by using the quaternary ammonium salts Praepagen®, Dodigen®, and Genamin®. The synthesis of nanocomposites poly (methyl methacrylate)/clays were realized from in-situ mass-suspension polymerization reaction of methyl methacrylate with 3% w. of raw clay Green-Sludge or organoclay Green-Sludge organophilized by using the quaternary ammonium salts Praepagen®, Dodigen®, and the mixer of these surfactants (Praepagen® + Dodigen®). The nanocomposites polymer/clay were characterized with the techniques XRD, FTIR, TGA, Optical Microscopy (OM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The characterization results have shown the intercalation of the cations from the quaternary ammonium salts (Praepagen®, Dodigen®, and Genamin®) within the raw clays (Green-Sludge and Brasgel) after the organophilization reaction. The results of FTIR and DTA indicate that the cations of the surfactants were incorporated in the raw clays, in which it is related the organophilization process. The results of adsorption capacity of organic compounds show that the organoclays Green-Sludge and Brasgel compared with its respective raw clay form have higher adsorption of organic compounds for all compounds analyzed. The Foster’s experiment shows that all the organoclays synthetized have high affinity with organic molecules for all compounds analyzed. The results of XRD analysis from in-situ suspension polymerization of vinyl pivalate/Brasgel raw clay or organoclays Green-Sludge have shown the clay-polymer interactions in intercalated and exfoliated forms. From TGA analysis has been observed a decreasing of the maximum temperature of degradation between 3°C and 10°C, as well the decreasing of the glass transition temperature (Tg) for the nanocomposites with 2.5% w. and 5% w. of clay in the polymeric matrix poly (vynil pivalate). By analyzing the nanocomposites synthetized from methyl methacrylate and Green-Sludge raw clay or organoclays, the results of DSC have shown that the glass transition temperature does not change with the presence of clays. The TGA analysis has demonstrated the occurrence of small variations of the maximum temperature of degradation. The SEM results indicate that the morphology of the nanocomposites synthetized from 3% w. of organoclay GreenSludge has smooth and spherical particles, which indicates the interaction between the clay within the polymeric matrix.

A exploração não racional dos recursos florestais nativos, no Brasil, tem provocado a redução da oferta de espécies de uso consagrado em diversos segmentos, notadamente na construção civil e na indústria de móveis. A alternativa mais imediata tem sido o emprego da madeira de reflorestamento, em particular, dos gêneros Eucalyptus e Pinus, freqüentes nas regiões sul e sudeste do país. Porém, muitas das espécies disponíveis comercialmente não apresentam propriedades fisico-mecânicas que as tornem capazes de promover a substituição das espécies tradicionalmente empregadas. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo demonstrar a viabilidade de se obterem compósitos polímero-madeira (CPMs) que podem apresentar comportamento equivalente ou superior ao da madeira sem tratamento, proveniente das regiões de reflorestamento dos mencionados gêneros. Para tal, foi feita a impregnação da madeira das espécies Eucalyptus grandis e Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis por apresentarem maior disponibilidade e densidade compatível para viabilizar o processo. Empregaram-se os monômeros poliméricos de estireno e metacrilato de metila e, como iniciador no processo de polimerização, o peróxido de benzoíla. Foi utilizado o método de vácuo-pressão para a impregnação da solução monômero-iniciador. Os resultados mostraram, para os CPMs de Pinus, um significativo aumento nos valores de todas as propriedades estudadas. Nos CPMs de Eucalyptus, em decorrência de sua baixa permeabilidade, somente os valores das durezas paralela e normal às fibras apresentaram aumento. / Large exploration of native forestry resources in Brazil has led to a decrease in supply of the most widely used species in several sectors, notably in civil construction and furniture industries. The most immediate remedy has been the use of reforestation timber, obtained from the common Eucalyptus and Pinus species available in the south and southwest regions of the country. However, most of these species do not present adequate physical and mechanical properties to viably the mentioned uses. In this context, the main objective of the present research is to demonstrate the viability of obtaining wood-polymer composites (WPCs), which may exhibit similar or superior physical and mechanical properties than untreated aforementioned species from reforestation regions of Brazil. In order to achieve this goal, the impregnation of Eucalyptus grandis and Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis, which have compatible density and are available in large amounts to permit such processing, was carried out. In the process, polymeric monomers of styrene and methyl methacrylate were employed with benzyl peroxide, whose functions as an initiator in the polymerization process. Vacuum-pressure method was used in the impregnation of the monomer-initiator solution. Properties of the WPCs – Pinus were significantly improved in all tests, however, because of its low permeability, only hardness parallel and perpendicular to grain showed increase for the WPCs – Eucaliptus.

Orientador: Oswaldo Luiz Alves / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T10:57:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rodrigues_CarolinaMartins_D.pdf: 3785624 bytes, checksum: 900b631cfaf12d5446ec0fee86c6118b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Esta Tese visa avaliar a importância da morfologia e da composição química das nanoestruturas de titanato usando a modificação com moléculas orgânicas e desenvolvimento de nanocompósitos poliméricos. As nanoestruturas de titanato de sódio foram obtidas via tratamento hidrotérmico em solução de hidróxido de sódio 10 mol L em 150 e 180°C. De acordo com as caracterizações físico-químicas foi observada a formação de nanotubos de titanato de sódio quando o tratamento hidrotérmico foi realizado a 150°C. No caso do tratamento feito a 180°C foi verificada a formação de nanofitas de titanato de sódio. Os nanotubos de titanato protonados foram obtidos via processo de troca iônica dos nanotubos de titanato de sódio em solução de ácido clorídrico 0,1 mol L. Uma vez obtidas às nanoestruturas de titanato, estas foram submetidas à etapa de modificação com moléculas orgânicas. Essa etapa de modificação consistiu na dispersão destas nanoestruturas em soluções de ácido oléico (OAC) e de brometo de cetiltrimetilamônio (CTAB). Nesta etapa foi verificado que os nanotubos apresentaram maior adsorção/ligação das moléculas orgânicas, o que pode ser relacionado à sua maior área superficial. Em relação à composição química foi observado que os nanotubos de titanato de sódio adsorveram/ligaram maior quantidade de CTAB, o que pode ser indicativo da maior quantidade de grupos OH presentes na superfície dos nanotubos de titanato de sódio, o que poderia resultar em um potencial zeta mais negativo, gerando uma maior interação eletrostática entre os nanotubos e o CTAB. Por último, as nanoestruturas de titanato foram incorporadas em filmes de poli (metacrilato de metila) (PMMA) e borracha natural pelo método de evaporação de solvente. Para o caso do PMMA, as nanofitas resultaram em maior estabilidade termo-oxidativa, e os nanotubos protonados resultaram em melhores propriedades mecânicas. Em ambos os casos, as nanoestruturas foram observadas na forma de aglomerados na matriz. O uso de nanoestruturas modificadas nos filmes de PMMA resultou em melhor dispersão e também na melhoria das propriedades mecânicas. Para os nanocompósitos de borracha, os nanotubos de titanato de sódio foram os que apresentaram melhor dispersão e aumento discreto nas propriedades mecânicas / Abstract: The aim of this thesis was to evaluate the importance of the morphology and chemical composition of titanate nanostructures using the modification with organic molecules and the development of polymeric nanocomposite. The sodium titanate nanostructures were obtained via hydrothermal treatment in a solution of 10 mol L sodium hydroxide at 150 and 180°C. According to the physical-chemical characterizations, it was observed the formation of sodium titanate nanotubes when the hydrothermal treatment was performed at 150°C. In the case of treatment given to 180°C, the formation of sodium titanate nanoribbons was observed. Protonated titanate nanotubes were obtained by ion exchange process of sodium titanate nanotubes in 0.1 mol L hydrochloric acid solution. Once obtained the titanate nanostructures, they were subjected to phase modification with organic molecules. This step of modification was performed dispersing the nanostructures in solutions of oleic acid (OAC) and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). At this stage it was found that the nanotubes had a higher adsorption/bonding of organic molecules, which may be related to their larger surface area. Regarding the chemical composition, it was observed that the sodium titanate nanotubes adsorbed/bonding contain the highest amount of CTAB, which can be related to the greater amount of OH groups adsorbed on the surface of sodium titanate nanotubes, which could result in a more negative zeta potential, producing a greater electrostatic interaction between the nanotubes and CTAB. Finally, the titanate nanostructures were embedded in films of poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and also films of natural rubber by the casting method. For the case of PMMA, the nanoribbons resulted in a greater thermo-oxidative stability, and protonated nanotubes resulted in better mechanical properties. In both cases, the nanostructures were observed in the form of clusters in the matrix. The modified nanostructures embedded in the film of PMMA dispersed better and the mechanical properties were improved. For the rubber nanocomposites, the sodium titanate nanotubes showed greater dispersion and resulted in a slight increase in mechanical properties / Doutorado / Quimica Inorganica / Doutor em Ciências