Quantum computers are appealing for their ability to solve some tasks much faster than their classical counterparts. In fact, they have a potential to perform the full configuration interaction (FCI) energy calculations with a polynomial scaling only. This is in contrast to con- ventional computers where FCI scales exponentially. We provide a detailed description of the quantum version of the FCI method and the results of numerical simulations of the ground and excited state energy calculations of the methylene molecule. We further generalize this method to the relativistic four component regime and show how to efficiently solve the eigenproblem of the Dirac-Coulomb(-Breit) Hamiltonian on a quantum computer. We demonstrate the func- tionality of the proposed procedure by numerical simulations of computations of the spin-orbit splitting in the SbH molecule. Finally, we propose quantum circuits with 3 qubits and 9 or 10 CNOTs, which implement a proof-of-principle relativistic quantum chemical calculation for this molecule and might be suitable for an experimental realization. 1

Untersucht wurde der Zusammenhang zwischen der Proteinkinase A-vermittelten Ekto-Phosphorylierung des Membranproteins FAT/CD36 [Hatmi et al. 1996] und der initialen zellulären Aufnahme langkettiger Fettsäuren. Wir zeigten einen inhibitorischen Effekt auf die initiale Palmitinsäure-Aufnahme humaner Thrombozyten unter den Bedingungen der Ekto-Phosphorylierung von FAT/CD36. Damit kann erstmalig ein Mechanismus für die kurzfristige Regulation der proteinvermittelten Aufnahme langkettiger Fettsäuren vorgeschlagen werden. Für die Bearbeitung der Fragestellung wurden die Isolation "ruhender", morphologisch und funktionell intakter humaner Thrombozyten und eine Methode zur Messung der initialen Palmitinsäure-Aufnahme etabliert. Die Kinetik der Palmitinsäure-Aufnahme humaner Thrombozyten wurde charakterisiert und bestätigt, dass ein wesentlicher Anteil der initialen Aufnahme proteinvermittelt erfolgt. Die von Hatmi und Co-Autoren beschriebene Ekto-Proteinkinase A-vermittelte, cAMP-abhängige Phosphorylierung von FAT/CD36 [Hatmi et al. 1996] konnte unter unseren experimentellen Bedingungen nachvollzogen werden. Die Ekto-Phosphorylierung von FAT/CD36 ging mit einer signifikanten Abnahme der initialen Palmitinsäure-Aufnahme einher. Die maximale Abnahme auf 72 % des Kontrollwerts wurde bei einer extrazellulären ATP-Konzentration von 0,5 nM erreicht. Der inhibitorische Effekt liess sich durch Co-Inkubation mit dem spezifischen Proteinkinase A-Inhibitorpeptid PKI 5-24 oder mit beta-gamma-ATP aufheben. Der Effekt war durch Dephosphorylierung mit Alkalischer Phosphatase vollständig reversibel. Bei extrazellulären ATP-Konzentrationen zwischen 10 pM und 15 nM war der inhibitorische Effekt der Ekto-Phosphorylierung auf die Palmitinsäure-Aufnahme signifikant. ATP-Konzentrationen über 15 nM verminderten den Effekt, bei über 5 µM ATP war kein Effekt nachzuweisen. Wir konnten ausschliessen, dass die Aufhebung durch ATP-Abbauprodukte verursacht wurde. Unsere Beobachtungen deuten auf einen regulatorischen Einfluss höherer extrazellulärer ATP-Konzentrationen, der dem inhibitorischen Effekt der Ektophosphorylierung von FAT/CD36 auf die Fettsäure-Aufnahme entgegenwirkt. / We investigated the correlation between the ecto-protein kinase A-mediated phosphorylation of the membrane-associated protein FAT/CD36 [Hatmi et al. 1996] and the initial cellular long chain fatty acid uptake. Under the conditions of FAT/CD36-ecto-phosphorylation, an inhibitory effect on the initial palmitate uptake of human platelets could be shown. This is the first time that a mechanism for the short-term regulation of protein-mediated long chain fatty acid uptake can be proposed. The isolation of morphologically and functionally intact resting human platelets and a method for measuring the initial palmitate uptake were established. The kinetics of palmitate uptake by human platelets were characterised and it was shown that a substantial fraction of initial palmitate uptake is protein-mediated. The ecto-protein kinase A-mediated, cAMP-dependent phosphorylation of FAT/CD36 as described by Hatmi and co-authors could be demonstrated under our experimental conditions. The ecto-phosphorylation of FAT/CD36 was paralleled by a significant impairment of the initial palmitate uptake. Maximum inhibition was achieved at 0,5 nM extracellular ATP, when the palmitate uptake was decreased to 72 % compared to control. The inhibition of palmitate uptake was abolished by co-incubation with the specific protein kinase A inhibitor peptide PKI 5-24 or with beta-gamma-methylene-ATP, and was fully reversible upon addition of alkaline phosphatase. The inhibitory effect of the ecto-phosphorylation on the initial palmitate uptake was significant at extracellular ATP concentrations between 10 pM and 15 nM. ATP concentrations over 15 nM reduced the effect and concentrations over 5 µM completely abolished it. We could exclude that the abolishment was caused by ATP-derivates. Our data point to a regulatory influence of higher ATP concentrations, that antagonises the inhibitory effect of the ecto-phosphorylation of FAT/CD36 on the initial palmitate uptake.

O aumento significativo de micoses decorrentes do crescimento do número de indivíduos imunocomprometidos, da emergência de novas espécies de fungos patogênicos e do surgimento de patógenos resistentes aos antifúngicos atualmente utilizados é um sério problema de saúde pública. Nesse contexto, é extremamente desejável o desenvolvimento de novas técnicas para o controle de fungos. A TFD (terapia fotodinâmica), inicialmente desenvolvida como uma alternativa terapêutica para o câncer, é um processo que envolve a administração de um fotossensibilizador que se acumula preferencialmente nas células-alvo e que pode ser ativado por exposições à luz. A ativação do fotossensibilizador leva à formação de espécies reativas de oxigênio que são capazes de danificar lipídios, proteínas e ácidos nucléicos, provocando a morte da célula. A TFDA (terapia fotodinâmica antimicrobiana) pode ser utilizada tanto para o controle de micoses localizadas como para a eliminação de espécies patogênicas de fungos do ambiente. Neste estudo, foi avaliada a atividade fotossensibilizadora e foram testados parâmetros funcionais como concentração do fotossensibilizador (1 a 400 g mL-1); tempo de pré-incubação com o fotossensibilizador (0 a 60 min.); doses (90 e 180 kJ m-2) e intensidade de luz visível (50 W m-2) para a fotossensibilização de: (1) fotossensibilizadores comerciais atualmente utilizados na TFDA, como o azul de metileno (MB) e o azul de ortotoluidina (TBO), e (2) complexos nitrosilos de rutênio. Os experimentos foram conduzidos com conídios dos fungos-modelo Metarhizium anisopliae e Aspergillus nidulans. Tanto o MB como o TBO, na presença da luz, foram capazes de inativar os conídios das duas espécies de fungos. A inativação foi próxima de 100%, para ambas as espécies, quando a combinação apropriada (concentração do fotossensibilizador e tempo de exposição à luz) foi utilizada. Nenhum dos dois corantes, na ausência da luz, inativou os conídios das duas espécies. O tempo de pré-incubação com os fotossensibilizadores (MB e TBO) não foi um parâmetro determinante para a eficiência da fotoinativação dos conídios. De maneira geral, a inativação dos conídios foi maior nas fotossensibilizações com MB e TBO por 60 min do que nas por 30 min. Os conídios verdes e amarelos foram mais tolerantes à fotossensibilização com MB e TBO do que os conídios brancos e violetas, indicando que a pigmentação dos conídios influencia na fotoinativação. O nitrosilo de rutênio [Ru(NH.NHq)(tpy)NO](PF6)3 não foi capaz de inativar os conídios de nenhuma das espécies, em nenhuma das condições avaliadas. A fotoinativação dos conídios de M. anisopliae com MB e TBO não ocorreu quando a fotossensibilização foi conduzida em meio de cultura líquido PDB. / The significative increase of mycoses resulting from the growing number of immunocompromised individuals, from the emerging of new species of pathogenic fungi, and from the emerging of pathogens resistant to the antimycotics used nowadays is a serious public health problem. In such scenario, the development of new fungal control techniques is highly desirable. Initially developed as a therapeutical alternative for cancer, PDT (photodynamic therapy) is a process that involves the use of a photosensitizer that preferrably accumulates in the target-cells and that can be light-activated. The activation of the photosensitizer leads to the generation of reactive oxygen species that damage lypids, proteins, and DNA, and kills the cell. APDT (antimicrobial photodynamic therapy) can be used to control localized infections as well as to kill pathogenic fungi in the environment. In this study, we evaluated the photoinactivation by MB (methylene blue), TBO (toluidine blue), and nitrosyl ruthenium complexes in Metarhizium anisopliae and Aspergillus nidulans conidia. We also tested parameters such as photosensitizer concentration (1 to 400 g mL-1), pré-incubation time with the photosensitizer (0 to 60 min.), light doses (90 and 180 kJ m-2), and visible light irradiance (50 W m-2). Both MB and TBO photoinactivated the conidia of the two species of fungi. Inactivation was close to 100% for both species when the appropriate combination between photosensitizer concentration and light exposure time was used. None of the two dyes in the dark inactivated the conidia of the two species. Pre-incubation time with the photosensitizers (MB and TBO) was not a determinant parameter for photoinactivation efficiency. Conidia inactivation was higher in photosensibilizations with MB and TBO for 60 min than in those for 30 min. Green and yellow conidia were more tolerant to photosensibilization than mutants with white and violet conidia, indicating that conidia pigmentation influences photosensibilization. Nitrosyl ruthenium [Ru(NH.NHq)(tpy)NO](PF6)3 was not capable to photoinactivate conidia of any of the species, in any of the evaluated conditions. M. anisopliae conidia photoinactivation with MB and TBO did not occur when photosensibilization was conducted in PDB media.

Esta tese demonstra a aplicação da análise por injeção seqüencial (SIA) para determinação de sulfeto utilizando a química da formação do azul de metileno, a qual se baseia em dois reagentes: solução de cloridrato de dimetil p-fenileno diamina (DMPD) 3,63 mmol L-1 em meio de HCI 1,1 mol L-1 e solução de cloreto de ferro (III) 19 mmol L-1, também em meio de HCI 1, 1 mol L-1. Estas soluções foram aspiradas para dentro de uma bobina coletora do sistema SIA como duas zonas de reagente, entre as quais aspirava-se a solução da amostra. Em condições otimizadas o limite de detecção foi calculado em 40 µg L-1 de S2-, com uma faixa dinâmica de resposta linear entre 0,05 e 2,0 mg L-1 . Esta faixa linear pode ser ampliada até 32 mg L-1 utilizando-se uma etapa de diluição in-line para concentrações maiores do que 2,0 mg L-1 de S2- . As características de robustez do sistema SIA que utiliza uma bomba de pistão, confere alta estabilidade para as curvas analíticas (precisão de 4%), minimizando a trabalhosa preparação de padrões de S2-. O método foi aplicado na determinação de sulfeto volatilizável por ácidos (AVS) em sedimentos coletados em reservatórios da região metropolitana de São Paulo (RMSP) e no reservatório de Barra Bonita no rio Tietê, localizado 270 km a jusante em relação à cidade de São Paulo. As concentrações de AVS foram 9 a 14 mg kg-1 nos sedimentos de Barra Bonita e entre 1,2 e 14 g kg-1 nos sedimentos dos reservatórios Billings, Pirapora e Rasgão. Esta tese também descreve o acoplamento da análise por injeção seqüencial com análise por fluxo monossegmentado (SI-MSFA) para determinação de sulfeto em níveis de concentração típicos de águas residuais. As curvas analíticas foram construídas por diluição in-line de uma única solução padrão. A robustez do método proposto foi verificada construindo-se curvas analíticas em diferentes dias de trabalho e comparando-se os coeficientes angulares, os quais apresentaram um desvio padrão relativo de 5,2% (n=5) para uma faixa de concentração entre 0,17 e 1,0 mg L-1 de S2-. A freqüência de amostragem foi de 38 análises por hora, com um limite de detecção de 40 µg L-1. A adequabilidade do método SI-MSFA para realizar adições de padrão para determinação de S2- também foi descrita. Amostras simuladas foram analisadas pelo método proposto, apresentando taxas de recuperação entre 70 e 115%, demonstrando a adequabilidade do método SI-MSFA para realizar análise in-situ de S2- em estações automáticas de monitoramento. / This thesis demonstrates the application of sequential injection analysis (SIA) to perform sulfide determination using the methylene blue chemistry, based on two reagents: 3.63 mmol L-1 N,N dimethyl-p-phenylene diamine hydrochloride in 1.1 mol L-1 HCI solution and 19 mmol L-1 FeCl3, also in 1.1 mol L-1 HCI. These solutions are aspirated inside the holding coil of the sequential injection system as two reagent zones sandwiching the sample zone. Under optimized conditions, the detection limit was calculated at 40 µg L-1 S2-, with a linear dynamic range from 0.05 to 2 mg L-1 S2-. This linear range can be extended up to 32 mg L-1 using in-line dilution for sulfide concentrations greater than 2 mg L-1. The robust characteristic of the SI system with syringe pump leads to very stable analytical curves (precision of 4%), minimizing the laborious preparation of sulfide standards. The method was applied in the determination of acid volatile sulfide in river sediments collected at the Metropolitan Area of São Paulo (MASP) City and at the Barra Bonita reservoir, located in the Tietê River, 270 km down river from São Paulo City. The concentrations of acid volatile sulfide were 9 to 14 mg kg-1 in the Barra reservoir and between 1.2 and 14 g kg-1 in sediments from Billings, Pirapora and Rasgão reservoirs. This thesis also describes the coupling of Sequential Injection with Monosegmented Flow Analysis (SI-MSFA) for determination of sulfide at typical concentrations in wastewaters. The analytical curves were constructed by in-line dilution of a single stock standard solution. The robustness of the proposed method was checked constructing analytical curves in different working days and comparing the slopes, which had a relative standard deviation of 5.2 % (n = 5) for a concentration window inside the monosegment between 0.17 and 1.0 mg L-1 S2-. The analytical throughput was 38 samples per hour and the limit of detection was 40 µg L-1. The feasibility of the SI-MSFA approach to perform standard additions for S2- determination was also described. Simulated samples analyzed by the proposed method showed recoveries between 70 and 115%, demonstrating the feasibility of the SI-MSFA method to perform in-situ analysis of S2- in automatic monitoring stations.

This thesis applies the ab initio techniques of computational chemistry to studies of molecular clusters containing covalent (strong) or van der Waals (weak) bonds formed in chemistry and biochemistry in the temperature range 10-300 K. Van derWaals complexes with an enthalpy of formation from reactants of less than 25 kJ mol-1 and covalent clusters are described in this thesis. The first group of van der Waals complexes involved the molecule carbon monoxide that possesses a small permanent dipole that could lead to dipole - induced dipole interaction and dipole - dipole interaction with another reactant in addition to dispersion. The substrates investigated were methanimine and cyanogen where endergonic unstable molecules were formed, and the clustering of carbon monoxideon a porphin surface leading to the formation of carbon - carbon fragments. TheFaraday effect was invoked to suggest that this was the original method by which thechirality of the D-sugars was selected. Coordination of imino-compounds on thesame surface involving induction and electrostatic interactions could lead to the preferential formation of L-aziridones, hydrolysable to L-amino-acids.The preferred formation of D-ribose, and the more stable D-2-deoxyribose, andnucleotides polymerisable to deoxyribonucleic acids was described. The second group of van der Waals complexes involved the polymerisation of acetylene molecules, to di- and tri-acetylene complexes where the exchange interaction involved the quadrupole moment of the acetylene radical reacting with acetylene or diacetylene. The reaction of carbon monoxide was extended to include its interaction with diacetylene. The entire potential energy surface for the interaction with diacetylene was investigated. The reaction was shown to be endergonic to produce a reactive species, here postulated to rearrange with a reasonable activation energy toform an aldehyde. The energetics of the formation of diacetylene, triacetylene andhigher polymers was briefly investigated. The reactivity of the acetylene polymeraldehydes with other substrates was briefly investigated. This work has apparently laid a firm basis both, qualitative and quantitative, tounderstand some of the weakest interactions in nature involving the simplest ofreactions that have been important in atmospheric chemistry.

Submitted by Milena Rubi (milenarubi@ufscar.br) on 2017-08-08T18:02:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 CACURO_Thiago_2016.pdf: 32188052 bytes, checksum: 4ea1d6b1518db8bbf23e24ea2e2a94d7 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Milena Rubi (milenarubi@ufscar.br) on 2017-08-08T18:03:10Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 CACURO_Thiago_2016.pdf: 32188052 bytes, checksum: 4ea1d6b1518db8bbf23e24ea2e2a94d7 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Milena Rubi (milenarubi@ufscar.br) on 2017-08-08T18:03:16Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 CACURO_Thiago_2016.pdf: 32188052 bytes, checksum: 4ea1d6b1518db8bbf23e24ea2e2a94d7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-08T18:03:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CACURO_Thiago_2016.pdf: 32188052 bytes, checksum: 4ea1d6b1518db8bbf23e24ea2e2a94d7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / The ashes resulting from the burning of sugarcane bagasse is a heterogeneous material and has various applications as an adsorbent. To enhance and assist in prospecting new applications is critical to better understand the properties of the material. In this work, its morphological, spectroscopic and elemental characterization of the ashes of sugarcane bagasse from three different plants and two different harvests and the prospect of its use as an adsorbent. The particles of the ash were separated according to their density and in order to characterize, FTIR was used in the investigation of chemical groups present in the samples, additionally to the SEM and EDS elemental and morphological characterization of the particles present in the samples. Cenospheres, spherical particles present in ash, were identified as coreshell structure, where the core is a mixed metal oxide and the shell is a layer of silicon dioxide. The correlation between the ratio of the relative abundance between the carbonyl and hydroxyl groups and the mass distribution of the granulometric extracts were used as indirect measure of the level of oxidation of the samples. The ashes’ adsorption capacity showed affinity for the methylene blue dye with an adsorption capacity of 39 mg of dye per gram of ash used, in contrast to the low adsorption of potassium chromate solution, 1.2 mg per gram of ash. / As cinzas oriundas do processo de queima do bagaço de cana-de-açúcar são um material heterogêneo e com diversas aplicações, como a adsorção. Para potencializar e auxiliar na prospecção de novas aplicações é fundamental conhecer melhor as propriedades do material. Neste trabalho foi feita esta caracterização morfológica, espectroscópica e elementar das cinzas do bagaço da cana-de-açúcar provenientes de três diferentes usinas e duas diferentes safras e a prospecção de seu uso como adsorvente. As partículas das cinzas foram separadas de acordo com sua densidade e para a caracterização foi utilizada a técnica de FTIR na investigação dos grupos químicos presentes nas amostras e MEV juntamente com o EDS para a caracterização morfológica e elementar. As cenosferas, partículas esféricas presentes nas cinzas, foram identificadas como estruturas coreshell onde o core é composto por um misto de óxidos metálicos e o shell composto por dióxido de silício. A correlação entre a razão da abundância relativa entre os grupos de carbonila e hidroxila e a distribuição mássica dos extratos granulométricos, foi usada como medida indireta do nível de oxidação das diferentes amostras. Quanto à sua capacidade de adsorção, as cinzas mostraram afinidade na adsorção do corante azul de metileno com uma capacidade de adsorção de 39mg de corante por grama de cinza usada em contraste com a baixa adsorção apresentada para a solução de cromato de potássio com 1,2 mg por grama de cinza.

Os defeitos de fechamento de tubo neural constituem uma das malformações mais freqüentes na espécie humana, apresentando alta morbi-mortalidade. Sua etiologia é considerada multifatorial, estando envolvidos fatores genéticos e ambientais. Estes fatores estão relacionados principalmente com o metabolismo da homocisteína. Realizamos um estudo de caso-controle com o objetivo de estudar os fatores bioquímicos e genéticos relacionados ao DTN na nossa população. Em pares de afetados com DTN e suas mães e pares de pacientes normais e suas mães foram avaliados dosagem de folato, vitamina B12, homocisteína e polimorfismos da enzima metileno tetraidrofolato redutase (MTHFR), C677T e A1298C. A dosagem de folato nos casos foi 11,37 ng/mL(±6,72) e nos controles 5,64 ng/mL(±4,16) (p<0,001). O folato sérico das mães foi 7,27 ng/mL (±4,48) e 3,90 ng/mL (±1,77) nas mães controles (p<0,001). A média de dosagem de vitamina B12 foi de 641,88 pg/mL ((±262,21) nos casos e 743,27 pg/mL (±433,52) nos controles (p= 0,205). A média de dosagem de vitamina B12 nas mães dos casos foi 354,75 pg/mL (±142,06) e 465,25 pg/mL (±194,91) nas mães controles (p=0,004). O nível de homocisteína plasmático médio foi 6,89 μmol/L(±4,48) para os casos e 5,41 μmol/L (±2,55) para os controles (p=0,099). Nas mães dos casos a dosagem média de homocisteína foi 7,23 μmol/L (±2,64) e 7,00 μmol/L (±2,24) nas mães controles (p=0,666). Não houve diferença entre a freqüência dos genótipos C677T e A1298C da MTHFR nos casos e controles e suas mães. Para o polimorfismo C677T as freqüências dos alelo C e T foram respectivamente 0,6585 e 0,3414 nos pacientes com DTN; 0,6590 e 0,3410 nos controles; 0,6460 e 0,3540 nas mães dos casos e 0,6136 e 0,3860 nas mães controles. Para o polimorfismo A1298C as freqüências dos alelos A e C foram respectivamente 0,7436 e 0,2564 nos pacientes com DTN; 0,7610 e 0,2390 nos controles; 0,8055 e 0,1945 nas mães dos casos e 0,8065 e 0,1935 nas mães controles. Identificamos que indivíduos homozigotos 677TT apresentam um maior nível de homocisteína e este é inversamente relacionado com os níveis de vitamina B12. Estes achados sugerem que uma alteração metabólica relacionada ao metabolismo da homocisteína e principalmente devido à diminuição da vitamina B12 seja um fator de risco para DTN na nossa população. / Neural tube defects (NTD) are among the most common birth defect leading to great disabilities. The etiology is multifactorial, involving the combined action of both genetic and environmental factors. Those factors have been related to homocysteine metabolism. We performed a case control study in order to evaluate the biochemical and genetic factors related to NTD in the South of Brazil. A mother- NTD children pair and mother normal children were evaluated for folate, vitamin B12, homocysteine and two polymorphism of the methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR), C677T and A1298C. The folate level was 11,37 ng/mL (±6,72) in the NTD patients and 5,64 ng/mL(±4,16) in the controls (p<0,001). The folate was 7,27 ng/mL (±4,48) in the NTD mothers and 3,90 ng/mL (±1,77) in the control mothers (p<0,001). The level of vitamin B12 was 641,88 pg/mL ((±262,21) in the NTD case and 743,27 pg/mL (±433,52) in the controls (p= 0,205). The levels of vitamin B12 in the NTD mothers was 354,75 pg/mL (±142,06) and 465,25 pg/mL (±194,91) in the control mothers (p=0,004). The pasmatic homocysteine level was 6,89 μmol/L(±4,48) for the NTD cases and 5,41 μmol/L (±2,55) for the controls (p=0,099). The NTD mothers showed homocysteine level of 7,23 μmol/L (±2,64) and the controls mothers demonstrated 7,00 μmol/L (±2,24) (p=0,666). We could not observed a difference between the frequency of the genotypes C677T and A1298C in case and controls. The frequency of the alele C and T for the polymorphism C677T were respectively 0,6585 and 0,3414 for the NTD patients; 0,6590 and 0,3410 for the controls; 0,6460 and 0,3540 for NTD mothers; 0,6136 and 0,3860 for the control mothers. The frequencies of the allele A and C for the polymorphism A1298C were respectively 0,7436 and 0,2564 for NTD patients, 0,7610 and 0,2390 for controls; 0,8055 and 0,1945 for NTD mothers; 0,8065 and 0,1935 for controls mothers. We could demonstrated that the homozygous 677TT had a higher level of homocysteine and this was related to low level of vitamin B12. Those findings suggest that biochemical and genetic factors related to homocysteine metabolism and vitamin B12 deficiency are a risk factor to NTD in our population.

Le travail de thèse porte sur les méthodes de synthèse de nanostructures de dioxyde de titane et de leurs études physicochimiques afin de préciser les corrélations entre la morphologie, le dopage métallique, les caractéristiques structurales avec l'efficacité photocatalytique. Le grand intérêt pour les nanomatériaux TiO2 réside dans la mise au point de nouvelles sources d'énergie ou la conservation de l’environnement par des processus photocatalytiques. Cependant, la limitation principale de TiO2 est du au large gap électronique (eV ~3,2) du polymorphe Anatase. Ainsi, un des objectifs importants pour l'amélioration de l’efficacité des nanomatériaux TiO2 est d'augmenter leur photoactivité en décalantla création de paires d'électron-trou de l’UV à la gamme du visible. D'ailleurs, on a montré que l'utilisation de nanostructures 1D de TiO2 (nanotubes) a amélioré la collection de charges, en favorisant leur transport dans les structures 1D, qui par conséquent réduit au minimum la recombinaison et prolonge les durées de vie des électrons.La première partie de ce travail est dédiée à la synthèse des nanopoudres TiO2 dopées par des ions métalliques (Ag, Cu, Eu) préparés par sol-gel. Même avec différents éléments de dopage qui apparemment peuvent adopter le même état de valence (2+) (Cu2+, Ag2+, Eu2+), différents comportements ont été démontrés pour l'incorporation efficace de ces ions dans la structure de TiO2. L'anomalie entre les rayons ioniques des différents éléments utilisés module le rapport du dopage substitutionnel. Ceci est en effet réalisé pour Cu2+ mais dans moins d'ampleur pour Ag2+ tandis que les ions d'europium forment une ségrégation de phase Eu2Ti2O7. La dégradation de colorants de bleu de méthylène (MB) a étéaméliorée légèrement avec les échantillons dopés Ag. La raison a été attribuée aux clusters métalliques Ag qui ont été en effet mis en évidence à travers leur bande d’absorption plasmonique. La deuxième partie porte sur des couches minces de TiO2 dopés (Cu, Ag, et Eu) qui ont été élaborés par sol-gel et spin-coating et dipcoating. Les paramètres optimaux ont été obtenus pour réaliser les films cristallins mais présentant une organisation mésoporeuse qui dépend également du processus de dopage. Des études de Photocatalyse ont été également réalisées et l'efficacité des films ont été comparées en fonction des éléments dopants. La troisième partie de la thèse est liée à la modification morphologique des nanoparticules pour former des nanotubes à l'aide de la méthode hydrothermale sous pression contrôlée. Un plan d'expérience basé sur la méthode Taguchi a été utilisé pour la détermination des paramètres optimaux.Les nanotubes TiO2 augmentent la surface spécifique en comparaison avec les nanoparticules. La dégradation de bleu deméthylène par les nanotubes a montré une efficacité photocatalytique plus élevée qu’avec les nanopoudres TiO2 pures etdopés Ag. / The thesis work is focused on the synthesis methods of titanium dioxide nanostructures and their physico-chemical studies in order to point out the correlations between the morphology, metal doping, structural features with the photocatalytic efficiency. The great interest on TiO2 nanomaterials deals with new sources of energy or in the environment preservation through the photocatalytic properties. However, the main limitations is due to the wide band gap (~3.2 eV) of the anatase polymorph. Thus, a major objective for improvement of the performance of TiO2 nanomaterials is to increase theirphotoactivity by shifting the onset of the electron-hole pairs creation from UV to the visible range. Moreover, it was found that using onedimensional (1-D) TiO2 (nanotubes) improved the charge collection by 1D nanostructures which consequently minimizes the recombination and prolongate the electron lifetimes. The first part of this work is focused on the synthesis of TiO2 nanopowders doped with metallic ions (Ag, Cu, Eu) prepared by Solgel. Even with different doping elements which apparently can adopt the same valence state (2+) such as (Cu2+, Ag2+,Eu2+), different behaviors were demonstrated for the effective incorporation of these ions in the host structure of TiO2. The discrepancy between ionic radii of the different used elements modulates the ratio of the substitutional doping. This is indeed achieved for Cu2+ but in less extent for Ag2+ while Europium ions form segregated phase as Eu2Ti2O7. The experiments on the degradation of methylene blue (MB)dyes have shown slight improvement with Ag-doped samples. The reason was tentatively attributed to the Ag clusters which were indeed demonstrated through their plasmon optical band. The second part of the work concerns thin films of TiO2 doped (Cu, Ag, and Eu) which were elaborated by spin coating and dip coating. The optimal parameters were obtained to achieve crystalline films but presenting mesoporous organisation which also depends on the doping process. Photocatalysis investigations were also realized and the efficiency of the films compared as function of the doping elements.The third part of the thesis is related to the morphological modification from nanoparticles to nanotubes by using the hydrothermal method with controlled pressure. An experimental design based on Taguchi Method was employed for the determination of the optimal parameters. TiO2 nanotubes increase the surface area in comparison with TiO2nanoparticles. TiO2 nanotubes were tested for the methylene blue degradation and show a higher photocatalytic efficiency than TiO2 nanopowders and TIO2 doped with Ag.

Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / Babesiosis is a hemolytic tick-borne disease caused by intraerythrocytic protozoal parasites of the genus Babesia. This is a disease of high incidence in the South region of Brazil and responsible for considerable economic losses. Clinical-pathological diagnosis can be made by demonstrating the parasite by examining blood smears or fresh tissues. However, frequently, only formalin-fixed organs are sent to pathology laboratories, which makes it impossible to perform the smears. The main objective of this study was to find alternative histochemical techniques capable to improve the identification of intraerythrocytic B. bovis in histological sections. For this study, tissue samples from 50 bovine necropsy cases were retrospectively analyzed, which had been fixed in formalin and routinely processed for histopathology. The cases were divided into a control group, consisting of 12 cases of cerebral babesiosis with characteristic pink-cherry gray matter (group A), and 38 cases suggestive of cattle tick fever (group B), according to necropsy protocols. Histochemical techniques of Alcian Blue, Methylene Blue, Toluidine Blue, Giemsa, Gram (McCallum-Goodpasture method), Grocott, Periodic Acid of Schiff and Ziehl-Neelsen were tested. Among these, it was observed that the techniques of Methylene Blue and Toluidine Blue allowed to observe morphological and dye characteristics in a clearer way, aiding in the identification of B. bovis. In addition, several clinical-epidemiological and anatomopathological parameters of babesiosis caused by B. bovis were established. / A babesiose é uma doença hemolítica transmitida por carrapatos e causada por protozoários intraeritrocitários do gênero Babesia. Esta é uma doença de incidência elevada na Região Sul do Brasil e responsável por perdas econômicas consideráveis. O diagnóstico clínico-patológico pode ser feito através da demonstração do parasita pelo exame de esfregaços sanguíneos ou de tecidos frescos. Entretanto, com frequência, somente órgãos fixados em formol são remetidos para laboratórios de patologia, o que impossibilita a realização do esfregaço. O principal objetivo deste estudo foi encontrar técnicas histoquímicas alternativas e capazes de aprimorar a evidenciação de B. bovis intraeritrocitária. Para este estudo, foram analisadas, retrospectivamente, amostras de tecidos de 50 casos de necropsias de bovinos, as quais haviam sido fixadas em formol e processadas rotineiramente para histopatologia. Os casos foram divididos em um grupo controle, constituído por 12 casos de babesiose cerebral com substância cinzenta encefálica róseo-cereja característica (grupo A), e 38 casos sugestivos de tristeza parasitária bovina (grupo B), conforme os protocolos de necropsias. Foram testadas as técnicas histoquímicas de Azul Alciano, Azul de Metileno, Azul de Toluidina, Giemsa, Gram (método de McCallum-Goodpasture), Grocott, Ácido Periódico de Schiff e Ziehl-Neelsen. Dentre estas, observou-se que as técnicas de Azul de Metileno e Azul de Toluidina permitiram observar características morfológicas e tintoriais de maneira mais nítida, auxiliando na identificação de B. bovis. Adicionalmente, foram estabelecidos vários parâmetros clínico-epidemiológicos e anatomopatológicos da babesiose por B. bovis.

Os defeitos de fechamento de tubo neural constituem uma das malformações mais freqüentes na espécie humana, apresentando alta morbi-mortalidade. Sua etiologia é considerada multifatorial, estando envolvidos fatores genéticos e ambientais. Estes fatores estão relacionados principalmente com o metabolismo da homocisteína. Realizamos um estudo de caso-controle com o objetivo de estudar os fatores bioquímicos e genéticos relacionados ao DTN na nossa população. Em pares de afetados com DTN e suas mães e pares de pacientes normais e suas mães foram avaliados dosagem de folato, vitamina B12, homocisteína e polimorfismos da enzima metileno tetraidrofolato redutase (MTHFR), C677T e A1298C. A dosagem de folato nos casos foi 11,37 ng/mL(±6,72) e nos controles 5,64 ng/mL(±4,16) (p<0,001). O folato sérico das mães foi 7,27 ng/mL (±4,48) e 3,90 ng/mL (±1,77) nas mães controles (p<0,001). A média de dosagem de vitamina B12 foi de 641,88 pg/mL ((±262,21) nos casos e 743,27 pg/mL (±433,52) nos controles (p= 0,205). A média de dosagem de vitamina B12 nas mães dos casos foi 354,75 pg/mL (±142,06) e 465,25 pg/mL (±194,91) nas mães controles (p=0,004). O nível de homocisteína plasmático médio foi 6,89 μmol/L(±4,48) para os casos e 5,41 μmol/L (±2,55) para os controles (p=0,099). Nas mães dos casos a dosagem média de homocisteína foi 7,23 μmol/L (±2,64) e 7,00 μmol/L (±2,24) nas mães controles (p=0,666). Não houve diferença entre a freqüência dos genótipos C677T e A1298C da MTHFR nos casos e controles e suas mães. Para o polimorfismo C677T as freqüências dos alelo C e T foram respectivamente 0,6585 e 0,3414 nos pacientes com DTN; 0,6590 e 0,3410 nos controles; 0,6460 e 0,3540 nas mães dos casos e 0,6136 e 0,3860 nas mães controles. Para o polimorfismo A1298C as freqüências dos alelos A e C foram respectivamente 0,7436 e 0,2564 nos pacientes com DTN; 0,7610 e 0,2390 nos controles; 0,8055 e 0,1945 nas mães dos casos e 0,8065 e 0,1935 nas mães controles. Identificamos que indivíduos homozigotos 677TT apresentam um maior nível de homocisteína e este é inversamente relacionado com os níveis de vitamina B12. Estes achados sugerem que uma alteração metabólica relacionada ao metabolismo da homocisteína e principalmente devido à diminuição da vitamina B12 seja um fator de risco para DTN na nossa população. / Neural tube defects (NTD) are among the most common birth defect leading to great disabilities. The etiology is multifactorial, involving the combined action of both genetic and environmental factors. Those factors have been related to homocysteine metabolism. We performed a case control study in order to evaluate the biochemical and genetic factors related to NTD in the South of Brazil. A mother- NTD children pair and mother normal children were evaluated for folate, vitamin B12, homocysteine and two polymorphism of the methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR), C677T and A1298C. The folate level was 11,37 ng/mL (±6,72) in the NTD patients and 5,64 ng/mL(±4,16) in the controls (p<0,001). The folate was 7,27 ng/mL (±4,48) in the NTD mothers and 3,90 ng/mL (±1,77) in the control mothers (p<0,001). The level of vitamin B12 was 641,88 pg/mL ((±262,21) in the NTD case and 743,27 pg/mL (±433,52) in the controls (p= 0,205). The levels of vitamin B12 in the NTD mothers was 354,75 pg/mL (±142,06) and 465,25 pg/mL (±194,91) in the control mothers (p=0,004). The pasmatic homocysteine level was 6,89 μmol/L(±4,48) for the NTD cases and 5,41 μmol/L (±2,55) for the controls (p=0,099). The NTD mothers showed homocysteine level of 7,23 μmol/L (±2,64) and the controls mothers demonstrated 7,00 μmol/L (±2,24) (p=0,666). We could not observed a difference between the frequency of the genotypes C677T and A1298C in case and controls. The frequency of the alele C and T for the polymorphism C677T were respectively 0,6585 and 0,3414 for the NTD patients; 0,6590 and 0,3410 for the controls; 0,6460 and 0,3540 for NTD mothers; 0,6136 and 0,3860 for the control mothers. The frequencies of the allele A and C for the polymorphism A1298C were respectively 0,7436 and 0,2564 for NTD patients, 0,7610 and 0,2390 for controls; 0,8055 and 0,1945 for NTD mothers; 0,8065 and 0,1935 for controls mothers. We could demonstrated that the homozygous 677TT had a higher level of homocysteine and this was related to low level of vitamin B12. Those findings suggest that biochemical and genetic factors related to homocysteine metabolism and vitamin B12 deficiency are a risk factor to NTD in our population.