Soft condensed matter (SCM) systems are ubiquitous in nature. SCM systems contain mesoscopic structures in the size range 10 nm to 1 am that are held together by weak entropic forces. These materials are therefore easily perturbed by external fields such as shear, gravity and electric and magnetic fields and are novel systems for studying non-equilibrium phenomena. The elastic constants of these materials are ≈ 109 times smaller than conventional atomic fluids and hence it is possible to measure the viscoelastic response of these materials using commercial instruments such as rheometers. The relaxation time in SCM systems are of the order of milliseconds as compared to atomic systems where relaxation times are of the order of picoseconds. It is easy to study the effect of shear on SCM, as the shear rates attainable by commercial rheometers are of the order of the inverse of their relaxation times. The dynamics of SCM systems and their local rheological properties obtained using the method of probe diffusion can be quantified through dynamic light scattering experiments. The structure of SCM systems can be quantified using diffraction techniques such as small angle x-ray scattering. In this thesis we report experimental studies on the linear and nonlinear rheology and the dynamics of surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium tosylate (CTAT), which forms cylindrical wormlike micelles, studied using bulk rheology and dynamic light scattering (DLS) technique, respectively. We have also studied the phase behaviour of the ternary system formed by cetyltrimethylammonium 3-hydroxy-napthalene 2-carboxylate (CTAHN), sodium bromide (NaBr) and water using small angle x-ray scattering (SAXS). In Chapter 1, we discuss why SCM systems are suitable for studying non-equilibrium phenomena such as the effect of shear on the structure and dynamics of condensed matter. This is followed by a discussion on the chemical structure, phase behaviour and self assembling properties of the amphiphilic molecules in water. We then discuss the intermacromolecular forces such as van der Waals interaction, the screened Coulomb repulsion and hydrophobic and hydration forces. The systems that have been the subject of our experimental studies, viz. CTAT and CTAHN/NaBr/water have also been discussed in detail. This is followed by a theoretical background of linear and nonlinear rheology, dynamic light scattering and small angle x-ray scattering techniques. Next we describe the stress relaxation mechanisms in wormlike micelles. This is followed by a discussion on some standard techniques of nonlinear time series analysis, in particular the evaluation of the delay time L, the embedding dimension m, the correlation dimension ν and the Lyapunov exponent λ. We have also mentioned a few examples of experimental systems where chaos has been observed. We have also discussed in detail the various routes to chaos namely, the period-doubling route, the quasiperiodic route and the intermittency route. The concluding part of this chapter summarises the main results of the thesis. Chapter 2 discusses the experimental apparatus used in our studies. We have discussed the different components of the MCR-300 stress-controlled rheometer (Paar Physica, Germany). The rheo-small angle light scattering experiments and the direct visualisation experiments done using a home-made shear cell are also discussed. Next we describe the various experiments that can be done using a commercial rheometer. The frequency response and flow experiments have been discussed with some examples from our own work on entangled, cylindrical micelles. This is followed by a discussion on the various components of our dynamic light scattering (DLS) setup (Brookhaven Instruments, USA). Particle sizing of submicrometer colloidal spheres using our DLS setup has been discussed with an example of an angle-resolved DLS study of 0.05µm polystyrene colloids. Next we describe the various components of the SAXS setup (Hecus M. Braun, Austria). As an example application of SAXS we have quantified the structure of the lamellar phase formed by the surfactant CTAHN/water. We finally describe the sample preparation methods employed by us for the different experiments. Our nonlinear rheology experiments on viscoelastic gels of surfactant CTAT (cCT AT= 2wt%) in the presence of salt sodium chloride (NaCl) at various concentrations has been discussed in Chapter 3. We observe a plateau in the measured flow curve and this is attributed to a mechanical instability of the shear banding type. The slope of this plateau can be tuned by the addition of salt NaCl. This slope is due to a concentration difference between the shear bands arising from a Helfand-Fredrickson mechanism. This is confirmed by the presence of a “Butterfly” light scattering pattern in SALS experiments performed simultaneously with rheological measurements. We have carried out experiments at six different salt concentrations 10mM < cN aCl<1M, which yield plateau slopes (α) ranging from 0.07 < α < 0.4. We find that a minimum slope of 0.12, corresponding to a salt concentration of 25mM NaCl, is essential to see a “Butterfly” pattern indicating the onset of flow-concentration coupling at this α value. After this we turn our attention to stress/shear rate relaxation experiments. The remainder of this chapter is split in four parts. We show in Part-I that the routes to rheochaos in stress relaxation experiments is via Type-II intermittency. Interestingly in shear rate relaxation, the route is via Type-III intermittency. We also show that flow-concentration coupling is essential to see the route to rheochaos. This section also brings out the crucial role played by orientational ordering of the nematics during rheochaos using SALS measurements performed simultaneously with rheological measurements. In part-II, we study the spatio-temporal dynamics of the shear induced band en route to rheochaos. Our direct visualisation experiments show that the complex dynamics observed in stress/shear rate relaxation measurements during the route to rheochaos is a manifestation of the spatio-temporal dynamics of the high shear band. In part-III, we describe the results of our stress/shear rate relaxation measurements at a fixed shear rate/stress with temperature as the control parameter and thereby control the micellar length. We see the Type-II intermittency route to rheochaos in stress relaxation measurements and the Type-III intermittency route to rheochaos in shear rate relaxation measurements. We conclude this section by showing the results of linear rheology measurements carried out at different temperatures. We estimate the mean micellar length ¯L, reptation time τrepand the breaking time τbreak. We show that L¯ increases by ≈ 58%, as the sample goes through the route to rheochaos. In Part-I of this chapter we had only qualitatively discussed the correlations between the measured time series of stress and the VH scattered intensity during the Type-II intermittency route to rheochaos. In part-IV we have attempted to quantify the correlations between the two time series using the technique of linear and nonlinear Granger causality. We have also studied the phase space dynamics of the two time series using the technique of Cross Recurrence Plots. We show that there exists a causal feedback mechanism between the stress and the VH intensity with the latter having a stronger causal effect. We have also shown that the bivariate time series share similar phase space dynamics using the method of Cross Recurrence Plots. In chapter 4, we have studied the dynamics of wormlike micellar gels of surfactant CTAT using the DLS technique. We report an interesting result in the dynamics of these systems: concentration fluctuations in semidilute wormlike-micelle solutions of the cationic surfactant Cetyltrimethylammonium Tosylate (CTAT) at wavenumber q have a mean decay rate α qz, with z -̃1.8, for a wide range of surfactant concentrations just above the overlap value c∗. The process we are seeing is thus superdiffusive, like a L´evy flight, relaxing on a length scale L in a time of order less than L2 . The rheological behaviour of this system is highly non-Maxwellian and indicates that the micelle-recombination kinetics is diffusion-controlled (DC) (micelles recombine with their original partners). With added salt (100mM NaCl) the rheometric behaviour turns Maxwellian, indicating a crossover to a mean-field (MF) regime (micelles can recombine with any other micellar end). The concentration fluctuations, correspondingly, show normal diffusive behaviour. The stress relaxation time, moreover is about twenty times slower without salt than with 100mM NaCl. Towards the end of this chapter, we propose an explanation of these observations based on the idea that stress due to long-lived orientational order enhances concentration fluctuations in DC regime. In the previous chapter we had studied the dynamics of wormlike micellar gels of pure CTAT 2wt% and found superdiffusive relaxation of concentration fluctuations due to a nonlinear coupling of long-lived stress and orientational fluctuations to the con- centration. In chapter 5 we present results from dynamic light scattering experiments to quantify the diffusive motion of polystyrene (PS) colloids in the same system. This chapter is split in two parts. In Part-I, we discuss dynamics of PS particles of radius 115 nm and 60 nm in CTAT 2wt%. The radius of the colloidal spheres is comparable to the mesh size ξ = 80 nm of the wormlike micellar network and hence we are probing the network dynamics. We find that ∆r2(t) is wavevector independent at small and large lag times. However at intermediate times, we find an anomalous wavevector dependence which we believe arises from the rapid restructuring of the gel network. This anomalous wavevector dependence of ∆r2(t) disappears as the temperature is increased. In Part-II we discuss the dynamics of PS particles of radius 25 nm and 10 nm, smaller than ξ, in CTAT 1wt% & 2wt%. We once again find an anomalous wavevector dependence of ∆r2(t) at intermediate times for the 2wt% sample. Surprisingly, at large times the particle motion is not diffusive, rather ∆r2(t) saturates. We do not have a clear understanding of this as yet. Also for the 10 nm particle, the motion at small lag times is superdiffusive. The motion of these particles is probably influenced by the superdiffusion of concentration fluctuations observed in pure CTAT 2wt% system (chapter 4). In chapter 6, we report the observation of an intermediate mesh phase with rhom- bohedral symmetry, corresponding to the space group R¯3m, in the ternary system consisting of CTAHN/NaBr/water. It occurs at lower temperatures between a random mesh phase (LDα ) and a lamellar phase (Lα) on increasing the surfactant concentration φs. The micellar aggregates, both in the intermediate and random mesh phases, are found to be made up of a two-dimensional network of rod-like segments, with three rods meeting at each node. SAXS studies also show the presence of small angle peaks corresponding to ad−spacing of 25 nm. Freeze fracture electron microscopy results shows that this peak may correspond to the presence of nodule like structures with no long-range correlations. The thesis concludes with a summary of main results and a brief discussion of the scope for future work in Chapter 7.

The thesis, which contains nine chapters, reports extensive large scale atomistic molecular dynamics (MD) simulation studies of water structure and dynamics at the surface of an anionic micelle, hydration layer of two proteins, and in the grooves of a 38-base pairs long DNA. Understanding the structure and dynamics of water molecules at the surfaces of self-organized assemblies and complex biological macromolecules has become a subject of intense research in recent times. Chapter 1 contains a brief overview of the biomolecular hydration dynamics. Relevant experimental, computational, and theoretical studies of biomolecular hydration and the time scales associated with the water dynamics are discussed. In Chapters 2 and 3, the structure, environment, energetics, and dynamics of constrained water molecules in the aqueous anionic micelle of cesium perfluorooctanoate (CsPFO) have been studied using large scale atomistic molecular dynamics simulations. Based on the number of hydrogen bond (HB) that interfacial water molecule makes with the polar head group (PHG) oxygen of the micelle, we find the existence of three kinds of water at the interface. We introduce a nomenclature to identify the species as IBW2 (form two HBs with two different PHG), IBW1 (form one HB with PHG), and IFW (no HB with PHG). Despite of possessing two strong w-PHG bonds, the concentration of the IBW2 species is rather low due to entropic effect. The ion solvation dynamics study at the interface shows the presence of a slow component, with a relaxation time 1-2 order of magnitude slower than that in the corresponding bulk solvent in agreement with the experimental results. Both the translational and orientational dynamics of the water molecules near the micellar surface is found to be much slower than those in the bulk. The HB between the PHG of the micelle and the water molecule has almost 13 times longer life time than that in the bulk between two tagged water molecules. In Chapter 4, we present results of extensive atomistic MD simulation studies of the structure and dynamics of aqueous protein solution of the toxic domain of Enterotoxin (1ETN) and the chicken villin headpiece sub-domain containing 36 amino acid residues (HP-36). Reduced water structure and the faster water dynamics around the active site of these proteins have been observed which may have biological significance. Chapter 5 presents an extensive atomistic molecular dynamics simulations study of water dynamics in the hydration layer of a 38 base long hydrated DNA duplex. The computed rotational time correlation function (TCF) of the minor groove water dipoles is found to be markedly non-exponential with a slow component at long time. The constrained water molecule is also found to exhibit anisotropic diffusion in both the major and minor grooves. At short-to-intermediate times, translational motion of water molecules in minor groove is sub-diffusive. Chapter 6 presents the study of water entropy in both the grooves DNA. The average values of the entropy of water at 300K in both the grooves of DNA are found to be significantly lower than that in bulk water. We propose that the configurational entropy of water in the grooves can be used as a measure of the mobility (or micro viscosity) of water molecules in a given domain. In Chapter 7, we study the specific DNA base-water hydrogen bond lifetime (HBLT) dynamics at the major and the minor grooves of a hydrated duplex. The base-water HBLT correlation functions are in general multi-exponential and the average lifetime depends significantly on the specificity of the DNA sequence. The average HBLT is longer in the minor groove than that in the major groove by almost a factor of 2. Chapter 8 presents the solvation dynamics of constituent bases of aqueous DNA duplex. The solvation TCFs of the four individual bases display highly non-exponential decay with time. An interesting negative cross-correlation between water and counterions is observed which makes an important contribution to relaxation at intermediate to longer times. In the concluding note, Chapter 9 presents a brief summary of the outcome of the thesis and suggests several relevant problems that may prove w orthwhile to be addressed in future

This thesis reports the results of light-scattering measurements and visual investigations of critical phenomena in the complex mixture 1-propanol (1P) + water (W) + potassium chloride (KCl) which has a special critical point (or a special thermodynamic state) known as the double critical point (DCP). The main theme of the thesis is the critical behavior on approaching a special critical point (i.e., the DCP) in a complex or associating mixture in contrast with that in simple, nonassociating mixtures. The asymptotic critical behavior in complex or associating fluids, such as polymer solutions and blends, ionic and nonionic micellar solutions, microemulsions, aqueous and nonaqueous electrolyte solutions, protein solutions, etc., is now commonly accepted to belong to the 3D-Ising universality class. However, the temperature range of the asymptotic regime in these fluids, with universal behavior, has a nonuniversal width and is, in general, smaller than that in simple or nonassociating fluids. In complex mixtures, which are made up of relatively large molecules or particle clusters of mesoscopic range, the coupling between the conventional correlation length of the critical fluctuations ( ξ) and an additional length scale associated with the mesoscale structures (ξD) is known to modify the approach towards the universal nonclassical critical behavior near their critical points. Nevertheless, the generality of this approach needs to be confirmed. There are also instances of a pure classical or close to classical behavior being observed in the critical domain of complex mixtures, although recent experimental results contradict the earlier observations. Therefore, further experimental evidences than that presently available are necessary before one can say how far the analogy between simple and complex fluids can be pushed. Variations in the effective dielectric constant of a mixture have been known to affect the critical behavior. Furthermore, we anticipate the presence of special critical points in complex mixtures to cause nontrivial modifications in the approach towards the universal asymptotic critical behavior. Special thermodynamic states are characterized by critical fluctuations with exceptionally large correlation length, and are displayed by multicomponent liquid mixtures, in which there are a multitude of thermodynamic paths by which a critical point can be approached, and offers rich information about the critical phenomena. These issues are being addressed in this research work. This thesis is organized into 7 Chapters. Chapter 1 begins with an account of the historical development of the field of critical point phenomena with a brief introduction to critical phenomena in simple fluids. Critical phenomena observed in various complex systems such as aqueous and nonaqueous ionic fluids, polymer solutions and blends, micellar and microemulsion systems, etc., are discussed, with particular attention to investigations into crossover from Ising to mean-field critical behavior observed in these systems, which are relevant to the present work. Theoretical attempts at modeling ionic criticality are cited and summarized. This is followed by a discussion of re-entrant phase transitions in multicomponent liquid systems. An account of the various types of special critical points, such as double critical point, critical double point, critical inflection point, quadruple critical point, etc., highlighting the critical behavior on approaching these special critical points, and some of the models of reentrant miscibility are briefly given. The Chapter ends with a statement on the goals of the present research work. Chapter 2 describes the instrumentation developed and the data acquisition procedures adopted for the study. Details of the thermostats and precision temperature controllers used for visual and light-scattering measurements are provided. The important design considerations relating to the achievement of a high degree of temperature stability (~ ±1 mK in the range 293-383 K) are elucidated clearly. The temperature sensors used in the present experiments and their calibration procedures are discussed. The light-scattering instrumentation is discussed in depth. The problems associated with the light-scattering techniques when it is used to study critical point phenomena, and the strategies adopted to overcome them are discussed. The sample cells used for visual investigations and light- scattering experiments, along with the procedure adopted for cleaning and filling of sample cells are also described. Chapter 3 essentially deals with the characterization of the system 1P + W + KCl. It begins with a brief introduction to the critical behavior in complex mixtures, and the motivation behind choosing the present system. The phase behavior in the present mixture, the generation of the coexistence curves and the line of critical points in the mixture, and the method used for preparation of the samples are described. The criticality of the samples is judged by the equal volume phase separation criterion through visual investigations. Addition of a small amount of salt (i.e., KCl) to the 1P + W solution induces phase separation in the mixture as a result of a salting-out process. Decreasing the salt concentration has the same effect as that of increasing pressure on the liquid-liquid demixing of this mixture. Therefore, KCl may be considered as an appropriate field variable analogous to pressure in this mixture. The mixture 1P + W + KCl exhibits reentrant phase transitions and has an array of lower (TL) and upper (TU) critical solution temperatures. It is found that the line of TL’s and TU’s, known as the line of critical points, merge (TU - TL = ΔT → 0) to form a special thermodynamic state known as the DCP. The DCP is approached as close as 509 mK (i.e., ΔT ~ 509 mK) in this work. An analysis of the critical line shows that it is roughly parabolic in shape, which is in consonance with the predictions of the lattice models and the Landau-Ginzburg theory of phase transition. In addition to the presence of a special critical point, various structure probing techniques like small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), small angle neutron scattering (SANS), etc., indicate the presence of large-scale density inhomogeneities or clusters in 1P + W solution and its augmentation on adding small amount of KCl. Therefore, the present mixture provides a unique possibility to investigate the combined effects of molecular structuring as well as a special critical point on the critical behavior. Only a section of the coexistence surface of the mixture could be generated, owing to various experimental limitations and other problems inherent to the system. This limited further studies on the coexistence curves in the mixture. Chapter 4 reports the critical behavior of osmotic susceptibility in the present mixture. The behavior of the susceptibility exponent is deduced from static light-scattering measurements, on approaching the lower critical solution temperatures (TL’s) along different experimental paths by varying t [ =| (T - T TL)/ TL|] from the lower one-phase region. The light-scattering data analysis emphasizes the need for correction-to-scaling terms for a proper description of the data over the investigated t range. Renormalization of the critical exponents is observed as the critical line is approached along certain special paths. Experimental evidence for the doubling of the extended scaling exponent Δ1 near the DCP is shown. There is no signature of Fisher renormalization in the values of the critical exponents. The data analysis yields very large magnitudes for the correction amplitudes A1 and A2, with the first-correction amplitude A1 being negative, signifying a nonmonotonic crossover behavior of the susceptibility exponent in the mixture. The magnitudes of the correction amplitudes are observed to increase gradually as TL approaches the DCP. The increasing need for extended scaling in the neighborhood of special critical points has been noted earlier in several aqueous electrolyte solutions, in polymer-solvent systems, etc. However, the magnitudes of the correction amplitudes were not as large as that in the present case. Analysis of the effective susceptibility exponent γeff in terms of t indicate that, for the TL far away from the DCP, γeff displays a nonmonotonic crossover from its single limit 3D Ising value (~ 1.24) towards its mean-field value with increase in t. While for that closest to the DCP, γeff displays a sharp, nonmonotonic crossover from its nearly doubled 3D-Ising value (~ 2.39) towards its nearly doubled mean-field value (~ 1.84) with increase in t. For the in-between TL’s, the limiting value of γeff in the asymptotic as well as nonasymptotic regimes gradually increases towards the DCP. The renormalized Ising regime extends over a relatively larger t range for the TL closest to the DCP, and a trend towards shrinkage in the renormalized Ising regime is observed as TL shifts away from the DCP. Nevertheless, the crossover behavior to the mean-field limit extends well beyond t > 10¯2 for the TL’s studied. The crossover behavior is discussed in terms of the emergence of a new lengthscale ξD associated with the enhanced ion-induced clustering seen in the mixture, as revealed by various structure probing techniques, while the observed unique trend in the crossover is discussed in terms of the varying influence of the DCP on the critical behavior along the TL line. The discussion is extended to explain the observed critical behavior in various re-entrant systems having other special critical points. The extended renormalized Ising regime towards the DCP is also reflected in a decrease in the correlation length amplitude (ξ0) as TL approaches the DCP. It is observed that the first-correction amplitude A1 corresponding to fit using two correction terms becomes more negative as TL approaches the DCP, implying an increase in the value of the parameter ū of the crossover model [by Anisimov et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 75, 3146 (1995)] as the DCP is approached. This increase in reflected in a trend towards a relatively sharp crossover behavior of γeff as TL shifts towards the DCP, i.e., towards the high temperature critical points. The significance of the field variable tUL in understanding different aspects of reentrant phase transitions is manifested in the present system as well. Analysis of the data in terms of tUL led to the retrieval of universal values of the exponents for all TL’s. The effective susceptibility exponent as a function of tUL displays a nonmonotonic crossover from its asymptotic 3D-Ising value towards a value slightly lower than its nonasymptotic mean-field value of 1. The limited (TL _ T) range restricted such a behavior of the effective exponent (in terms of t as well as tUL) for the lowest TL. This feature of the effective susceptibility exponent is interpreted in terms of the possibility of a nonmonotonic crossover to the mean-field value from lower values in the nonasymptotic, high tUL region, as foreseen earlier in micellar systems. The effective susceptibility exponent in terms of tUL also indicates an increase in the sharpness of crossover towards the high temperature TL’s. An increase in the sharpness of crossover with polymer chain length has been observed in polymer solutions. Therefore, our results suggest the need for further composition and temperature-dependent study of molecular structuring in the present mixture. There is also a large decrease in the dielectric constant of the mixture towards the high temperature TL’s. In Chapter 5 the light-scattering measurements are performed on approaching the DCP along the line of the upper critical solution temperatures (i.e., TU’s), by varying t [ = (T - TU )/ TU ] from the high temperature one-phase region in the mixture. A trend towards shrinkage in the simple scaling region is observed as TU shifts away from the DCP. Such a trend was not visible in the data analysis of the TL’s using the correction terms, due to the varying (TL - T) ranges. The light-scattering data analysis substantiates the existence of a nonmonotonic crossover behavior of the susceptibility exponent in the mixture. As with the TL’s, for the TU closest to the DCP, γeff displays a nonmonotonic crossover from its 3D-Ising value towards its nearly doubled mean-field value with increase in t. While for that far away from the DCP, γeff displays a nonmonotonic crossover from its single limit Ising value towards a value slightly lower than its mean-field value of 1 with increase in t. The limited (TL – T) range restricted such a behavior of γeff for the TL far away from the DCP, This feature of γeff in the nonasymptotic, high t region is yet again interpreted in terms of the possibility of a nonmonotonic crossover to the mean-field value from below. Unlike TL’s, the crossover behavior in the present case is pronounced and more sharp for all TU’s. However, the variation in the width of the renormalized Ising regime on approaching the DCP along the TU line is quite similar to that observed along the TL line. The crossover behavior is attributed to the strong ion-induced structuring seen in the mixture, while the observed trend in the crossover as TU shifts towards/away from the DCP is attributed to the varying influence of the DCP. The influence of the DCP on the critical behavior along the TU (or TL) line decreases as TU (or TL) shifts away from the DCP. Our observations indicate an increase in the sharpness of crossover as the critical temperature shifts from TL towards TU, or in other words, as the critical point shifts towards higher temperatures. SANS measurements on the present mixture indicate no difference in the growth of mesoscale clusters in the lower and upper one-phase regions in the mixture. Hence, the observed increase in the sharpness of crossover towards the TU’s is very puzzling. The dielectric constant of the major constituent (i.e., water, ~ 62 %) of the present mixture decreases from around 80 to 63 as the critical temperature shifts from TL towards TU. Therefore, our results suggest the need to look at the crossover phenomena probably from two perspectives, namely, the solvent or dielectric effect and the clustering effect. The increase in the sharpness of the crossover behavior on approaching the high temperature critical points is probably related to the macroscopic property of the mixture, i.e., to the decrease in the dielectric constant of the mixture, while the actual nonmonotonic character of the crossover behavior is related to the microscopic property of the mixture, i.e., to the clustering effects, the extent of which determines the width of the asymptotic critical domain. However, this conclusion is somewhat subtle and calls for rigorous theoretical and experimental efforts to unravel the exact dependence of the crossover behavior on the dielectric constant. Analysis using the field variable tUL in lieu of the conventional variable t led to the retrieval of unique, universal exponents for all TU’s irrespective of the ΔT value. For all TU’s, the effective susceptibility exponent in terms of tUL displays a nonmonotonic crossover from its asymptotic 3D-Ising value towards a value slightly lower than its nonasymptotic mean-field value of 1, as that observed in the t analysis of the effective exponent for the TU far away from the DCP. Like with the TL’s, the crossover behavior extends over nearly the same tUL range for the TU’s studied. However, the crossover is again sharper when compared to the TL’s. Chapter 6 reports light-scattering measurements (by heating as well as cooling) on a non phase-separating 1P + W + KCl mixture in the vicinity of the DCP. The results indicate that despite the lack of phase-separation or critical points, critical-phenomena-like fluctuations can still occur in homogeneous mixtures if they reside in some other direction than temperature or composition (like, pressure or salt concentration) of the phase diagram. Unlike earlier studies on non phase-separating mixtures, our results indicate a crossover behavior of the effective susceptibility exponent, in addition to the power-law behavior. Chapter 7 sums up the major findings of the work reported in this thesis. It also presents a range of open problems that need to be explored further in order to fully understand the results that are reported in this thesis, especially, regarding the exact dependence of dielectric constant of the mixture on the character of the crossover behavior.

In dieser Arbeit wird ein industriell genutzter Metallreiniger auf Basis nichtionischer Tenside untersucht. Dabei werden ausschließlich Messmethoden verwendet, die sich auch für eine industrielle Fertigung eignen. Zu Anfang enthält die Arbeit kurze Abrisse zum gegenwärtigen Kenntnisstand bezüglich der Inhaltstoffe industriell genutzten Reiniger, der Analytik von Tensiden in Reinigern und der Adsorption der Tenside auf Feststoffoberflächen. Im Mittelpunkt der Arbeit steht neben der Charakterisierung und Analyse des Reinigers die quantitative Bestimmung der im Reiniger enthaltenen Tenside in industriellen Reinigungsbädern. Mit Hilfe der Hochleistungsflüssigkeitschromatografie mit einem Verdampfungs - Lichtstreudetektor wird die quantitative Verteilung der Tenside in Reinigungsbädern unter verschiedenen der industriellen Fertigung entsprechenden Bedingungen untersucht. Die Adsorption der im Reiniger enthaltenen Tenside auf der Metalloberfläche unter Fertigungsbedingungen wird mit Fluoreszenzspektroskopie und IR-Spektroskopie quantitativ bestimmt. Im letzten Kapitel wird auf die Umsetzung der gefundenen Ergebnisse in die industrielle Praxis eingegangen.

O pró-fármaco olmesartana medoxomila (OLM) é um anti-hipertensivo representante da classe dos bloqueadores seletivos dos receptores da angiotensina II (BRA). No Brasil, encontra-se disponível sob a forma de comprimidos revestidos (Benicar®). Foi aprovado pelo FDA em 2002. Não existe monografia disponível para este fármaco em nenhum código oficial. Desse modo, este trabalho objetivou o desenvolvimento de métodos analíticos para quantificação da OLM na substância química de referência (SQR) e forma farmacêutica, estabelecer a cinética de dissolução in vitro para os comprimidos revestidos deste fármaco e por fim investigar a presença de diferentes estruturas polimórficas da SQR deste anti-hipertensivo. A determinação da faixa de fusão, a espectrofotometria na região do infravermelho (IV), assim como a espectroscopia de ressonância magnética nuclear (RMN) de 1H e 13C permitiram a identificação da SQR. Os métodos por espectrofotometria na região do ultravioleta (UV), cromatografia em camada delgada (CCD), cromatografia a líquido de alta eficiência (CLAE) e cromatografia capilar eletrocinética micelar (MECC) foram utilizados para análise qualitativa do fármaco no produto acabado. A determinação quantitativa foi realizada através do desenvolvimento e validação de método indicativo da estabilidade por CLAE e MECC, avaliando-se os parâmetros descritos pelas guias de validação como: especificidade, robustez, linearidade, limites de detecção e quantificação, precisão e exatidão. Determinou-se ainda, a intercambialidade dos mesmos, através de análise estatística por ANOVA (p = 0,05), e comprovou-se que ambos podem ser utilizados para análise qualitativa e quantitativa da OLM em matéria-prima e produto acabado. O teste de dissolução foi desenvolvido e validado de acordo com o guia proposto pelo USP Fórum, utilizando como meio de dissolução 900 ml de uma solução a 0,5% (p/V) de lauril sulfato de sódio pH 6,8, a 37 ± 0,5 °C, pás a 50 rpm e quantificação por CLAE e espectrofotometria na região do UV. A análise do teor de OLM dissolvida, realizada por ambos os métodos, não apresentou diferença estatística (p > 0,05). Os perfis de dissolução do Benicar®, medicamento referência, e do Olmetec®, outra formulação disponível no mercado, foram considerados semelhantes, após aplicação do método modelo-independente (f1 e f2) e eficiência de dissolução. Avaliou-se, também, a cinética de dissolução de ambas as formulações através da aplicação de métodos modelo-dependentes. Os perfis de dissolução do Benicar® e Ometec® foram descritos pelos modelos propostos por Hixson-Crowell e de ordem zero, respectivamente. Os valores calculados para t50% e t80%, obtidos através da aplicação da equação de ordem zero, foram semelhantes aos valores experimentais encontrados no perfil de dissolução de ambos os produtos. As técnicas de espectrofotometria por reflexão difusa no IV com transformada de Fourier (ATRFTIR), difração de raios-X de pó (XRPD), calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC), termogravimetria (TGA) e microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) permitiram a identificação de uma forma amorfa e outra polimórfica da SQR da OLM, diferentes daquela descrita na literatura. Logo, de acordo com os resultados obtidos, todos os métodos propostos podem ser utilizados para no controle de qualidade da OLM em SQR e produto acabado. / The prodrug olmesartan medoxomil (OLM) is a selective angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB). In Brazil, it is available as coated tablets (Benicar®). It was approved by FDA in 2002. There is no monograph available for this drug in any official code. According to this, the main purpose of this study was to develop a quality control analytical methodology for OLM in bulk material and dosage form, to establish in vitro dissolution kinetic for OLM coated tablets, and to investigate the crystalline behavior of OLM bulk material. The investigation of melting range and application of techniques such as infrared spectrophotometry (IR), as well as the 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy were used to identify OLM. Ultraviolet (UV) spectrophotometry, thin-layer chromatography (TLC), highperformance liquid chromatography (LC) and micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) were used for qualitative analysis of the drug in coated tablets. The quantitative determination was carried out through the development and validation of a stability-indicating LC and MEKC methods, evaluating the parameters described in the guidelines such as: specificity, robustness, linearity, detection and quantitation limits, precision, and accuracy. The results were compared statistically by ANOVA (p = 0.05), and no difference was found between them for both bulk material and coated tablets. A dissolution test was developed and validated according to the guideline proposed by the USP Forum, using 900 ml of dissolution medium containing 0.5% of sodium lauryl sulfate (w/V) pH 6.8, at 37 ± 0.5 °C, paddle at 50 rpm, and quantitation by LC and UV spectrophotometry. The resulting dissolution profiles did not show statistical difference (p > 0.05) between methods. The dissolution profiles of Benicar®, reference formulation, and Olmetec®, another commercial formulation available, were considered similar, using model independent (f1, f2, and dissolution efficiency) methods. The dissolution kinetic of both formulations, using model dependent approaches, revealed that Benicar® followed the Hixson-Crowell model, while Olmetec® the zero-order model. The calculated values of t50% and t80%, obtained from zero-order equation, were similar of experimental values found in the dissolution profile for both products. The attenuated total reflectance Fourier transformed infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectrophotometry, along with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetry (TG), X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) allowed to identify one amorphous and other polymorphic forms of OLM. According to the obtained results, all proposed methods could be used in the quality control of OLM bulk material and coated tablets.

Les travaux décrits dans ce manuscrit de thèse ont porté d'une part sur le développement de nouvelles méthodes de spirocyclisation de céto-ynamides et d'autre part sur la réactivité de spiroénamides tertiaires. Les céto-sulfonamides en présence de bromoalcynes et de carbonate de césium conduisent à la formation de spiro-énamides par réaction de spirocyclisation via un intermédiaire céto-ynamide activé. Une grande variété de cycloalcanones et de bromoalcynes électroattracteurs sont tolérés.Les céto-ynamides conduisent à la formation de dérivés spiro-énamides par traitement avec du Triton B. La spirocyclisation tolère de nombreuses cycloalcanones et différents substituants aryles sur l'ynamide, et opère avec un bon stéréocontrôle de l'énamide. Une version en milieu micellaire aqueux de cette spirocyclisation a également été développée. Deux réactions dominos assistées par l'énamide tertiaire spirocyclique ont ensuite été développées. En présence de tétrachlorure de zirconium, la réaction domino permet d'obtenir des tétracycles de façon diastéréosélective tandis qu'avec le tétrachlorure de titane des pentacycles sont obtenus à partir du spiro-énamide avec un excellent régio- et diastéréocontrôle. / The work described in this manuscript involved the development of new spirocyclization methods starting from keto-ynamides, and the reactivity of tertiary spiro-enamides.Keto-sulfonamides led to spiro-enamides in the presence of cesium carbonate by spirocyclization reaction via an activated keto-ynamide intermediate. A wide range of cycloalkanones and electronwithdrawing bromoalkynes are tolerated. The spirocyclization reaction starting from keto-ynamides afforded spiro-enamide by treatment with Triton B. Various cycloalkanones, as well as a wide range of aryl substituents on the ynamide moiety, were suitable and provided good stereocontrol of the enamide formed. The spirocyclization reaction was also studied in aqueous micellar media. Two domino reactions assisted by the spirocyclic tertiary enamide were next developed. In the presence of zirconium tetrachloride, the domino reaction provided tetracyclic fused ring systems in a diastereoselective manner, whereas in the case of titanium tetrachloride, pentacyclic systems were obtained starting from the spiro-enamide with excellent regio- and diastereocontrol.

[pt] Métodos baseados na cromatografia líquida micelar (MLC) com detecção fluorimétrica foram desenvolvidos para dois estudos de caso. No primeiro deles, seis B-carbolinas (harmol, harmalol, harmane, norharmane, harmine e harmaline) foram plenamente separadas de modo a se aplicar o método para a determinação dos alcaloides em formulações de Passiflora incarnata L., extrato seco de Passiflora alata Dryander e em urina. A separação foi realizada em coluna cromatográfica C18, utilizando fase móvel tamponada (pH 8,0) contendo 220 mmol L-1 de dodecilsulfato de sódio (SDS)/acetonitrila (97/3 por cento v/v). A detecção fluorimétrica permitiu que se atingissem limites de detecção (LOD) abaixo de 3,6 ng g-1 com repetibilidade e precisão intermediária entre 0,1 e 5 por cento. As incertezas combinadas associadas à concentração das B-carbolinas ficaram entre 1 e 9 por cento. O método proposto foi comparado ao método baseado na cromatografia eletrocinética micelar (MEKC) com detecção absorciométrica e os resultados com MLC se mostraram superiores do ponto de vista da capacidade de detecção (por serem os alcaloides naturalmente muito fluorescentes) e de recuperação. Para as amostras de fitoterápicos, o harmol foi quantificado tanto nas amostras de medicamento de Passiflora incarnata quanto em urina de voluntário após a administração de fitoterápico. O harmine foi detectado apenas na amostra de medicamento. Os alcaloides norharmane, harmine e harmaline foram identificados no chá misto de Maracujá, no qual continha em sua composição extrato seco de Passiflora alata Dryander. Na segunda abordagem, um método por MLC foi desenvolvido para a determinação de galantamina e de seus principais metabólitos (N-desmetil galantamina, O-desmetil galantamina, epigalantamina e N-óxido galantamina). A separação da galantamina e dos metabólitos foi feita utilizando coluna cromatográfica C18 com porosidade de 300 angstroms e fase móvel constituída de tampão (pH 5,0) contendo 25 mmol L-1 de SDS/acetonitrila (97/3 por cento v/v). A detecção fluorimétrica permitiu limites de detecção abaixo de 343 ng g-1, repetibilidade e precisão intermediária entre 2,2 e 4 por cento. As incertezas combinadas associadas à concentração de galantamina e dos metabólitos ficaram entre 0,3 e 11 por cento. Ensaios de recuperação foram realizados em amostra de urina fortificada com padrões da galantamina e metabólitos e os resultados obtidos ficaram entre de 91,4 e 114,8 por cento. A comparação entre o método por MLC e o método por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência com fase reversa foram feitas com amostras de medicamento cujo princípio ativo era o hidrobrometo de galantamina. Os resultados dos teores de galantamina e as variâncias das medidas obtidas por ambos os métodos foram estatisticamente iguais. A sensibilidade da curva analítica obtida por MLC foi duas vezes maior do que a encontrada por cromatografia por fase reversa. Análises de urina de ratos coletadas após a administração do medicamento foram realizadas com o método proposto, sendo que a galantamina mais os metabólitos N-óxido galantamina e N-desmetil galantamina foram identificados nas amostras. Para melhor avaliar o efeito de amplificação de fluorescência da galantamina pelo ambiente organizado, experimentos foram feitos com a separação cromatográfica de fase reversa e com a adição de solução rica em micelas de SDS após a passagem do analito pela coluna cromatográfica. As condições de separação incluíram o uso de coluna cromatográfica C18, fase móvel constituída por tampão (pH 5,0) contendo 2 por cento de propano-2-ol (v/v)/ acetonitrila (80/20 por cento v/v). A solução micelar de SDS (100 mmol L-1), misturada à fase móvel após a coluna cromatográfica, foi preparada com a mesma composição da fase móvel. A sensibilidade da curva analítica de galantamina foi três vezes maior quando o meio micelar foi usado. O resultado prova que o ambiente micelar favorece a medição fluorimétrica de galantam / [en] Methods based on micellar liquid chromatography (MLC) with fluorimetric detection have been developed for two case studies. In the first, six B-carbolines (harmol, harmalol, harmane, norharmane, harmine and harmaline) were fully separated allowing the application of the method for the determination of these alkaloids in Passiflora incarnata L. formulations, in Passiflora alata Dryander dry extract and in urine. The chromatographic separation was performed on a C18 column using a buffered mobile phase consisting of disodium hydrogen phosphate (pH 8.0) containing 220 mmol L-1 of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)/acetonitrile (97/3 percent v/v). The fluorimetric detection allowed limits of detection (LOD) below than 3.6 ng g-1 to be achieved with intermediary precision and repeatability between 0.1 and 5 percent. The calculated combined uncertainties of the concentration of B-carbolines were between 1 and 9 percent. The proposed method was compared with the method based on micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) with absortionmetric detection. The MLC results were superior from the viewpoint of the detection power (since they are very fluorescent alkaloids) and also in terms of recovery. The harmol was quantified in Passiflora incarnata phitotherapic samples and in urine collected from a voluntary after of the administration of herbal medicine. The harmine was detected only in the phitotherapic sample. The norharmane, harmine and harmaline alkaloids were identified in Passion Fruit tea, which contained dry extract of Passiflora alata Dryander. In the second approach, a method for MLC was developed for the determination of galantamine and its main metabolites (N-demethyl galantamine, O-demethyl galantamine, epigalantamine and N-oxide galantamine). The separation was performed using a C18 chromatography column with porosity of 300 angstroms and with mobile phase consisting of buffer (pH 5.0) containing SDS (25 mmol L-1)/acetonitrile (97/3 percent v/v). The fluorimetric detection enabled LOD below 343 ng g-1 with intermediate precision and repeatability between 2.2 and 4 percent. Combined uncertainties for concentration of galantamine and metabolites were between 0.3 and 11 percent. Recovery experiments were performed on urine samples fortified with galantamine standards and metabolites with results between 91.4 and 114.8 percent. A comparison between the proposed MLC method and reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography was made using medicine samples containing galantamine hydrobromide as the active principle. Galantamine levels and variances achieved with these methods were statistically equal. The analytical curve sensitivity by MLC was two times higher than that found with reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography. Analysis of rat urine, collected after the administration of the medicine, were performed with the proposed method enabling the identification of galantamine, N-oxide galantamine and N-demethyl galantamine. To better evaluate the fluorescence amplification effect of galantamine in the organized environment, experiments were made with conventional chromatographic separation and post-column addition of the aqueous solution rich in micelles. The separation conditions included the use of C18 chromatographic column, mobile phase consisting of buffer (pH 5.0) containing 2 percent of propan-2-ol (v/v)/acetonitrile (80/20 percent v/v). The micellar solution of SDS (100 mmol L-1), added after the chromatographic column, was prepared with the same composition of the mobile phase. The column temperature was 25 degrees C and the sample volume was 20 uL. The sensitivity of the analytical curve of galantamine was three times higher when the micellar solution was mixed, proving that the organized environment favors the galantamine fluorescence even at flow regime. Recoveries with or without post-column mixing with the micelle rich solution were between 97.5 and 102.2 percent.

O pró-fármaco olmesartana medoxomila (OLM) é um anti-hipertensivo representante da classe dos bloqueadores seletivos dos receptores da angiotensina II (BRA). No Brasil, encontra-se disponível sob a forma de comprimidos revestidos (Benicar®). Foi aprovado pelo FDA em 2002. Não existe monografia disponível para este fármaco em nenhum código oficial. Desse modo, este trabalho objetivou o desenvolvimento de métodos analíticos para quantificação da OLM na substância química de referência (SQR) e forma farmacêutica, estabelecer a cinética de dissolução in vitro para os comprimidos revestidos deste fármaco e por fim investigar a presença de diferentes estruturas polimórficas da SQR deste anti-hipertensivo. A determinação da faixa de fusão, a espectrofotometria na região do infravermelho (IV), assim como a espectroscopia de ressonância magnética nuclear (RMN) de 1H e 13C permitiram a identificação da SQR. Os métodos por espectrofotometria na região do ultravioleta (UV), cromatografia em camada delgada (CCD), cromatografia a líquido de alta eficiência (CLAE) e cromatografia capilar eletrocinética micelar (MECC) foram utilizados para análise qualitativa do fármaco no produto acabado. A determinação quantitativa foi realizada através do desenvolvimento e validação de método indicativo da estabilidade por CLAE e MECC, avaliando-se os parâmetros descritos pelas guias de validação como: especificidade, robustez, linearidade, limites de detecção e quantificação, precisão e exatidão. Determinou-se ainda, a intercambialidade dos mesmos, através de análise estatística por ANOVA (p = 0,05), e comprovou-se que ambos podem ser utilizados para análise qualitativa e quantitativa da OLM em matéria-prima e produto acabado. O teste de dissolução foi desenvolvido e validado de acordo com o guia proposto pelo USP Fórum, utilizando como meio de dissolução 900 ml de uma solução a 0,5% (p/V) de lauril sulfato de sódio pH 6,8, a 37 ± 0,5 °C, pás a 50 rpm e quantificação por CLAE e espectrofotometria na região do UV. A análise do teor de OLM dissolvida, realizada por ambos os métodos, não apresentou diferença estatística (p > 0,05). Os perfis de dissolução do Benicar®, medicamento referência, e do Olmetec®, outra formulação disponível no mercado, foram considerados semelhantes, após aplicação do método modelo-independente (f1 e f2) e eficiência de dissolução. Avaliou-se, também, a cinética de dissolução de ambas as formulações através da aplicação de métodos modelo-dependentes. Os perfis de dissolução do Benicar® e Ometec® foram descritos pelos modelos propostos por Hixson-Crowell e de ordem zero, respectivamente. Os valores calculados para t50% e t80%, obtidos através da aplicação da equação de ordem zero, foram semelhantes aos valores experimentais encontrados no perfil de dissolução de ambos os produtos. As técnicas de espectrofotometria por reflexão difusa no IV com transformada de Fourier (ATRFTIR), difração de raios-X de pó (XRPD), calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC), termogravimetria (TGA) e microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) permitiram a identificação de uma forma amorfa e outra polimórfica da SQR da OLM, diferentes daquela descrita na literatura. Logo, de acordo com os resultados obtidos, todos os métodos propostos podem ser utilizados para no controle de qualidade da OLM em SQR e produto acabado. / The prodrug olmesartan medoxomil (OLM) is a selective angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB). In Brazil, it is available as coated tablets (Benicar®). It was approved by FDA in 2002. There is no monograph available for this drug in any official code. According to this, the main purpose of this study was to develop a quality control analytical methodology for OLM in bulk material and dosage form, to establish in vitro dissolution kinetic for OLM coated tablets, and to investigate the crystalline behavior of OLM bulk material. The investigation of melting range and application of techniques such as infrared spectrophotometry (IR), as well as the 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy were used to identify OLM. Ultraviolet (UV) spectrophotometry, thin-layer chromatography (TLC), highperformance liquid chromatography (LC) and micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) were used for qualitative analysis of the drug in coated tablets. The quantitative determination was carried out through the development and validation of a stability-indicating LC and MEKC methods, evaluating the parameters described in the guidelines such as: specificity, robustness, linearity, detection and quantitation limits, precision, and accuracy. The results were compared statistically by ANOVA (p = 0.05), and no difference was found between them for both bulk material and coated tablets. A dissolution test was developed and validated according to the guideline proposed by the USP Forum, using 900 ml of dissolution medium containing 0.5% of sodium lauryl sulfate (w/V) pH 6.8, at 37 ± 0.5 °C, paddle at 50 rpm, and quantitation by LC and UV spectrophotometry. The resulting dissolution profiles did not show statistical difference (p > 0.05) between methods. The dissolution profiles of Benicar®, reference formulation, and Olmetec®, another commercial formulation available, were considered similar, using model independent (f1, f2, and dissolution efficiency) methods. The dissolution kinetic of both formulations, using model dependent approaches, revealed that Benicar® followed the Hixson-Crowell model, while Olmetec® the zero-order model. The calculated values of t50% and t80%, obtained from zero-order equation, were similar of experimental values found in the dissolution profile for both products. The attenuated total reflectance Fourier transformed infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectrophotometry, along with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetry (TG), X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) allowed to identify one amorphous and other polymorphic forms of OLM. According to the obtained results, all proposed methods could be used in the quality control of OLM bulk material and coated tablets.

The thesis deals with the content of selected phenolic compounds in some species of the genus Amaranthus, in black elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.) and buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum M.). Phenolic compounds are a group of natural compounds exclusively vegetable character. Flavonoids represent only one group of phenolic compounds. Flavonoids show many positive biological effects, in particular act as antioxidants. Natural flavonoids may cause to prevent from coronary- heard diseases and other diseases associated with older age. In recent years the increased attention is paid to flavonoid investigation due to its biological effects. For the determination of phenolic substances there were used two independent analytical methods. There are the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (MECC). The MECC method was used for determination rutin and free quercetin. The highest content of rutin was found in leaves of buckwheat (76,400 mg/kg of dry weight) and the lowest content of rutin was determined in buckwheat hulls. The highest content of rutin was observed in teas from buckwheat leaves and inflorescence. This amount of rutin corresponds with rutin content in more than two pills of Ascorutin (the most favourite flavonoid medicament in the Czech Republic) The HPLC method was used for quantitative determination of phenolic acids. The content of free quercetin was monitored in all samples. No free quercetin was found both in plant material and in samples of teas. The ethanolic extract from the elderberry inflorescence didn´t contain any free quercetin. Free quercetin wasn?t found in any further samples of teas, which were prepared by described methods.

O pró-fármaco olmesartana medoxomila (OLM) é um anti-hipertensivo representante da classe dos bloqueadores seletivos dos receptores da angiotensina II (BRA). No Brasil, encontra-se disponível sob a forma de comprimidos revestidos (Benicar®). Foi aprovado pelo FDA em 2002. Não existe monografia disponível para este fármaco em nenhum código oficial. Desse modo, este trabalho objetivou o desenvolvimento de métodos analíticos para quantificação da OLM na substância química de referência (SQR) e forma farmacêutica, estabelecer a cinética de dissolução in vitro para os comprimidos revestidos deste fármaco e por fim investigar a presença de diferentes estruturas polimórficas da SQR deste anti-hipertensivo. A determinação da faixa de fusão, a espectrofotometria na região do infravermelho (IV), assim como a espectroscopia de ressonância magnética nuclear (RMN) de 1H e 13C permitiram a identificação da SQR. Os métodos por espectrofotometria na região do ultravioleta (UV), cromatografia em camada delgada (CCD), cromatografia a líquido de alta eficiência (CLAE) e cromatografia capilar eletrocinética micelar (MECC) foram utilizados para análise qualitativa do fármaco no produto acabado. A determinação quantitativa foi realizada através do desenvolvimento e validação de método indicativo da estabilidade por CLAE e MECC, avaliando-se os parâmetros descritos pelas guias de validação como: especificidade, robustez, linearidade, limites de detecção e quantificação, precisão e exatidão. Determinou-se ainda, a intercambialidade dos mesmos, através de análise estatística por ANOVA (p = 0,05), e comprovou-se que ambos podem ser utilizados para análise qualitativa e quantitativa da OLM em matéria-prima e produto acabado. O teste de dissolução foi desenvolvido e validado de acordo com o guia proposto pelo USP Fórum, utilizando como meio de dissolução 900 ml de uma solução a 0,5% (p/V) de lauril sulfato de sódio pH 6,8, a 37 ± 0,5 °C, pás a 50 rpm e quantificação por CLAE e espectrofotometria na região do UV. A análise do teor de OLM dissolvida, realizada por ambos os métodos, não apresentou diferença estatística (p > 0,05). Os perfis de dissolução do Benicar®, medicamento referência, e do Olmetec®, outra formulação disponível no mercado, foram considerados semelhantes, após aplicação do método modelo-independente (f1 e f2) e eficiência de dissolução. Avaliou-se, também, a cinética de dissolução de ambas as formulações através da aplicação de métodos modelo-dependentes. Os perfis de dissolução do Benicar® e Ometec® foram descritos pelos modelos propostos por Hixson-Crowell e de ordem zero, respectivamente. Os valores calculados para t50% e t80%, obtidos através da aplicação da equação de ordem zero, foram semelhantes aos valores experimentais encontrados no perfil de dissolução de ambos os produtos. As técnicas de espectrofotometria por reflexão difusa no IV com transformada de Fourier (ATRFTIR), difração de raios-X de pó (XRPD), calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC), termogravimetria (TGA) e microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) permitiram a identificação de uma forma amorfa e outra polimórfica da SQR da OLM, diferentes daquela descrita na literatura. Logo, de acordo com os resultados obtidos, todos os métodos propostos podem ser utilizados para no controle de qualidade da OLM em SQR e produto acabado. / The prodrug olmesartan medoxomil (OLM) is a selective angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB). In Brazil, it is available as coated tablets (Benicar®). It was approved by FDA in 2002. There is no monograph available for this drug in any official code. According to this, the main purpose of this study was to develop a quality control analytical methodology for OLM in bulk material and dosage form, to establish in vitro dissolution kinetic for OLM coated tablets, and to investigate the crystalline behavior of OLM bulk material. The investigation of melting range and application of techniques such as infrared spectrophotometry (IR), as well as the 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy were used to identify OLM. Ultraviolet (UV) spectrophotometry, thin-layer chromatography (TLC), highperformance liquid chromatography (LC) and micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) were used for qualitative analysis of the drug in coated tablets. The quantitative determination was carried out through the development and validation of a stability-indicating LC and MEKC methods, evaluating the parameters described in the guidelines such as: specificity, robustness, linearity, detection and quantitation limits, precision, and accuracy. The results were compared statistically by ANOVA (p = 0.05), and no difference was found between them for both bulk material and coated tablets. A dissolution test was developed and validated according to the guideline proposed by the USP Forum, using 900 ml of dissolution medium containing 0.5% of sodium lauryl sulfate (w/V) pH 6.8, at 37 ± 0.5 °C, paddle at 50 rpm, and quantitation by LC and UV spectrophotometry. The resulting dissolution profiles did not show statistical difference (p > 0.05) between methods. The dissolution profiles of Benicar®, reference formulation, and Olmetec®, another commercial formulation available, were considered similar, using model independent (f1, f2, and dissolution efficiency) methods. The dissolution kinetic of both formulations, using model dependent approaches, revealed that Benicar® followed the Hixson-Crowell model, while Olmetec® the zero-order model. The calculated values of t50% and t80%, obtained from zero-order equation, were similar of experimental values found in the dissolution profile for both products. The attenuated total reflectance Fourier transformed infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectrophotometry, along with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetry (TG), X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) allowed to identify one amorphous and other polymorphic forms of OLM. According to the obtained results, all proposed methods could be used in the quality control of OLM bulk material and coated tablets.