Introdução: O câncer gástrico (CG) foi recentemente categorizado em subtipos moleculares, os quais incluem os tumores Epstein-Barr (EBV)-positivo e com instabilidade de microssatélites (MSI). Esta distinção pode nos fornecer informações prognósticas e identificar alvos terapêuticos, tais como o PD-L1. Objetivo: O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a presença de EBV, MSI e expressão de PD-L1 no CG e suas associações com características clinicopatológicas e prognósticas. Métodos: Foram avaliados retrospectivamente 287 pacientes com CG submetidos à gastrectomia D2 com intenção curativa entre 2009 e 2016, através da técnica de tissue microarray. As proteínas de reparo do DNA (MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, PMS2) e o PD-L1 foram avaliados por imuno-histoquímica. O EBV foi avaliado por hibridação in situ. Resultados: Identificou-se a presença de EBV e MSI em 10,5% e 27% dos CGs, respectivamente. A maioria dos CGs com MSI apresentou perda simultânea da expressão de MLH1 e PMS2 (60%). O CG EBV-positivo associou-se ao sexo masculino (p=0,032), localização proximal (p < 0,001), tipo indeterminado de Lauren (p < 0,001), histologia pouco diferenciada (p=0,043) e infiltrado inflamatório acentuado (p < 0,001). Os tumores com MSI foram associados à idade mais avançada (p=0,002), gastrectomia subtotal (p=0,004), pN0 (p=0,024) e ao estágio pTNM menos avançado (p=0,020). Observou-se a imunoexpressão de PD-L1 em 8,8% dos casos, com expressão predominante no CG EBV-positivo (p < 0,001). O CG com MSI apresentou melhor sobrevida livre de doença (p=0,006) e sobrevida global (p=0,049) comparado ao EBV-negativo/microssatélite estável (MSS). Na análise multivariada, o status MSI/MSS permaneceu como fator de risco independente associado à recidiva da doença. Conclusão: O CG EBV-positivo apresentou aumento da expressão de PD-L1, enquanto o CG com MSI relacionou-se à melhor sobrevida. Ambos os subgrupos representam entidades distintas de CG e sua identificação é viável por técnicas diagnósticas convencionais. A caracterização destes subtipos de CG possibilita a aplicação de terapias direcionadas e permite ampliar o poder prognóstico dos atuais sistemas de classificação e estadiamento / Introduction: Gastric cancer (GC) has recently been categorized in molecular subtypes, which include Epstein-Barr (EBV)-positive and microsatellite instable (MSI) tumors. This distinction provides prognostic information and identifies therapeutic targets, such as PD-L1. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of EBV, MSI and PD-L1 expression in GC and their associations with clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis. Methods: We retrospectively evaluated 287 patients with GC who underwent D2-gastrectomy with curative intent from 2009 to 2016 through tissue microarray technique. DNA mismatch repair proteins (MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, PMS2) and PD-L1 were assessed by immunohistochemistry. EBV was detected by in situ hybridization. Results: The presence of EBV and MSI was identified in 10.5% and 27% of GCs, respectively. Most MSI GCs showed simultaneous loss of MLH1 and PMS2 expression (60%). EBV positivity was related to male (p=0.032), proximal location (p < 0.001), undetermined Lauren type (p < 0.001), poorly differentiated histology (p=0.043) and intense inflammatory infiltrate (p < 0.001). MSI-tumors were associated with older age (p=0.002), subtotal gastrectomy (p=0.004), pN0 (p=0.024) and more initial pTNM stage (p=0.020). PD-L1 immunoexpression was observed in 8.8% of cases, with predominant expression in EBV-positive GC (p < 0.001). MSI correlated with better disease-free survival (p=0.006) and overall survival (p=0.049) compared to the EBV-negative/microsatellite stable (MSS). In the multivariate analysis, the MSI/MSS status remained as independent risk factor associated with disease recurrence. Conclusion: EBV-positive GCs had increased PD-L1 expression, while MSI GC had better survival outcome. Both subgroups are distinct GC entities and their recognition is feasible by conventional diagnostic techniques. The characterization of these GC subtypes enables the application of targeted therapies and allows to extend the prognostic power of current classification and staging systems

Brazil is the largest producer of sugar and ethanol from sugarcane. The economic, social profile and the characterization of the sugarcane industry and its by-products are factors that distinguish this culture as one of the most important, both in agriculture and in industry. For the country to reach such importance in the sugarcane industry, the genetic improvement of sugarcane was key, especially by the increase in agroindustrial income, with gains of 1% to 2% per year. This work aimed to evaluate the results of a cultivar competition experiment with the main genotypes planted in Alagoas between 1975 and 2010, conducted between February 2012 and February 2013 in Plant Sinimbu, adopting the following statistical-genetic procedures: Mean estimates and grouping of cultivars to the main agroindustrial characteristics; Estimates of genetic parameters of the main agro-industrial characteristics, aimed at predicting future earnings; assessment of levels of genetic diversity of cultivars through molecular markers of the microsatellite type; recommendation of genetic crosses between cultivars in order to get future genetic gains in agro-industrial income. The experimental design of the trial was a randomized block with four replications. The plots consisted of three double rows of seven meters, spaced 1.50 mx 0.80 m, with an area of 48.3 m2. It was made sprinkler irrigation, applying four 30mm slides, one in the beginning of the experiment and the other at nine, ten and eleven months of age cane. The results obtained from the analysis of this study allow us to conclude that: the cultivars that showed the highest yields of sugar were RB92579, RB867515, RB99395 and RB951541; the higher heritability estimates and ratio of the genetic / environmental variance coefficients were for BRIX features, POL, TPH and TCH, indicating that most likely get future gains in the selection of superior individuals in these features, performing genetic crosses with genotypes this study; primers microsatellite SSR05, SSR06 and SSR93 were efficient in determining unique genetic profiles and discriminate relationship and genetic diversity of 21 cultivars evaluated in this study; and genetic crosses that can predict major gains in income in sugar are the cultivar RB92579 with RB867515 cultivars RB931003, RB931011, RB951541, RB98710 and RB99395. / O Brasil é o maior produtor mundial de açúcar e etanol da cana-de-açúcar. O perfil econômico, social e a caracterização do setor canavieiro e seus subprodutos são fatores que distinguem esta cultura como uma das mais importantes, tanto na agricultura quanto na indústria. Para que o país atingisse tal importância no setor sucroenergético, o melhoramento genético da cana-de-açúcar foi fundamental, principalmente pela elevação dos rendimentos agroindustriais, com ganhos de 1% a 2% ao ano. Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar os resultados de um experimento de competição de cultivares com os principais genótipos plantados em Alagoas entre 1975 e 2010, conduzido entre fevereiro de 2012 e fevereiro de 2013 na Usina Sinimbu, adotando-se os seguintes procedimentos estatísticos-genéticos: estimativas de médias e agrupamento das cultivares para as principais características agroindustriais; estimativas de parâmetros genéticos das principais características agroindustriais, visando a predição de ganhos futuros; avaliação dos níveis de diversidade genética das cultivares por meio de marcadores moleculares do tipo microssatélite; recomendação de cruzamentos genéticos entre as cultivares com a finalidade de obter ganhos genéticos futuros em rendimentos agroindustriais. O delineamento experimental do ensaio foi em blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. A parcela foi composta de três linhas duplas de sete metros, no espaçamento de 1,50 m x 0,80 m, com área útil de 48,3 m2. Foi feita irrigação por aspersão, aplicando-se quatro lâminas de 30 mm, sendo uma na instalação do experimento e as demais, aos nove, dez e onze meses de idade da cana. Os resultados obtidos com as análises do presente estudo permitem concluir que: as cultivares que apresentaram os maiores rendimentos em açúcar foram RB92579, RB867515, RB99395 e RB951541; as maiores estimativas de herdabilidade e razão entre os coeficientes de variância genético/ambiental foram para as características BRIX, POL, TPH e TCH, indicando ser muito provável obter ganhos futuros na seleção de indivíduos superiores nessas características, realizando cruzamentos genéticos com os genótipos avaliados neste estudo; os primers de microssatélites SSR05, SSR06 e SSR93 foram eficientes em determinar perfis genéticos únicos e em discriminar grau de parentesco e diversidade genética das 21 cultivares avaliadas neste estudo; e os cruzamentos genéticos que podem predizer maiores ganhos em rendimento em açúcar são da cultivar RB92579 com as cultivares RB867515, RB931003, RB931011, RB951541, RB98710 e RB99395.

O câncer de mama é a neoplasia com maior mortalidade entre as mulheres. O emprego de agentes alquilantes no tratamento desta neoplasia pode ocasionar o surgimento de instabilidades genômicas. Tais instabilidades podem estar associadas ao desenvolvimento de neoplasias secundárias como, por exemplo, leucemias. A presente tese avaliou a instabilidade de microssatélites em amostras de sangue, sedimento urinário e plasma de pacientes portadoras de carcinoma mamário ao diagnóstico, 3 e 6 meses após o início do tratamento quimioterápico. Também foi avaliada a concentração do DNA plasmático livre como possível marcador tumoral junto aos marcadores séricos CEA e CA15.3, empregados no acompanhamento do câncer de mama. Foram avaliadas as regiões de microssatélites: Tp53-ALU, Tp53.PCR15.1, BAT 40, BAT26, FMR2 e APC. Entre as 40 pacientes incluídas no presente estudo 88,57% apresentaram instabilidade de microssatélites na fração mononuclear do sangue periférico, 85,8% nas amostras de sedimento urinário e 62,5% no DNA plasmático livre. Não houve concordância significativa entre as instabilidades encontradas nos três tipos de amostra. A concentração de DNA plasmático livre das pacientes quando comparada às doadoras sadias apresentou correlação estatisticamente significativa (p>0,0001), e em paciente em regimes neoadjuvantes que responderam objetivamente à quimioterapia (p=0,02) e não houve correlação com os marcadores séricos CEA e CA15.3. / Breast cancer has the major mortality in women among all kind of cancer. The use of alkylating agents at the treatment of this disease is associated with genomic instability. This instability could be associated with the development of secondary cancer, for example, leukemia. The present thesis evaluated microsatellite instability in blood, pellet cells urinary and plasma in patients with breast cancer at diagnosis, 3 and 6 months after the beginning of chemotherapy. There were evaluated also Free Plasmatic DNA concentration as a possible tumoral marker with the serum markers CEA and CA15.3 used in breast cancer follow up. The microsatellites regions assayed were: Tp53-ALU,Tp53.PCR15.1, BAT 40, BAT26, FMR2 e APC. Among the 40 patients included at the present study 88,57% showed microsallite instability in peripheral mononuclear blood cells, 85,8% in urinary pellet cells samples and 62,5% in Free Plasmatic DNA. There werent statistical significant relationship for the instability found at the three kind of samples assayed. The Free Plasmatic DNA concentration of the patients when compared with healthy donors, showed a statistical significant relationship (p<0,0001). And among patients in neoadjuvant chemotherapy regime who reacted positively by treatment (p=0,02). And there werent statistical significant relationship between Free Plasmatic DNA and serum markers CEA and CA15.3.

A instabilidade genômica tem sido amplamente usada para caracterizar células cancerosas. Alterações genéticas em queratose actínica (QA) e carcinoma espinocelular (CEC) foram investigadas pelo método de random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) e análise de microssatélites com o objetivo de encontrar marcadores moleculares para auxiliar o prognóstico e o diagnóstico médico. O DNA foi obtido de pacientes brasileiros cirurgiados e tratados no Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, totalizando oito QAs, 24 CECs, e tecidos normais e/ou leucócitos correspondentes. Os microssatélites estudados foram D6S251, D6S252, D9S15, D9S50, D9S52, D9S180, D9S196, D9S280 e D9S287, tendo em vista a detecção de instabilidade genômica representada por perda de heterozigosidade (LOH) e instabilidade de microssatélites (MSI). Os \"primers\" usados para comparar os padrões de RAPD foram OPA-2, OPA-7, OPA-13, OPA-17, OPB-8, OPB-13, OPB-17 e OPB-19. Foi obtida correlação significativa na progressão de QA (1/8) para CEC (5/22) referente ao microssatélite D6S251. As diferenças nos padrões de DNA obtidos pelo método RAPD comparados aos controles foram maiores em lesões com maior grau de severidade segundo critério histológico. O mesmo padrão RAPD foi observado no controle e no tumor em 27% QA, 24% CEC I, 9% CEC II e 0% CEC III. Estes resultados mostram que o microssatélite D6S251 e o método de RAPD são informativos, podendo ser potenciais candidatos para auxílio no diagnóstico e prognóstico de QA e CEC. / Genomic instability has been widely used to characterize cancer cells. Genetic alterations in human actinic keratosis (AK) and squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) were investigated by the random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) method, and microsatellite analysis. DNA was obtained from Brazilian patients diagnosed and treated in the School of Medicine of University of Sao Paulo out Clinics Hospital. Eight AKs, 24 SCCs, and 4 BCCs, matched to normal skin tissue and/or leukocytes were studied. Microsatellite patterns were obtained with primers specific to amplify D6S251, D6S252, D9S15, D9S50, D9S52, D9S180, D9S196, D9S280, and D9S287, in search of detection Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) and Microsatellite instability (MSI). The RAPD primers were: OPA-2, OPA-7, OPA-13, OPA-17, OPB-8, OPB-13, OPB-17, and OPB-19. A significant correlation was obtained regarding the progress of AK (1/8) to SCC (5/22) detected with the D6S251 microsatellite. DNA fingerprint obtained with RAPD primers were altered in increasing number of samples, according to their histological degree of differentiation. Similar RAPD patterns were observed in tumor and control in 27% AK, 24% SCC I, 9% SCC II, and zero SCC III. These results suggest microsatellite D6S251 and RAPD method to be potential tools in diagnosis and prognosis of AK and SCC.

O condor-dos-andes (Vultur gryphus) é uma ave carniceira da família dos abutres do novo mundo (Cathartidae) que habita ao longo da cordilheira dos Andes, cuja população tem diminuído no último século até ser considerada como espécie ameaçada. No Equador tem sido registrado aproximadamente 100 indivíduos em liberdade. Para evitar a extinção da espécie no país tem sido iniciado um programa de conservação envolvendo várias áreas das Ciências Biológicas, entre essas a genética de populações. Para descrever a situação genética do condor no Equador, amostras de sangue e penas de condores em cativeiro e silvestres, mais várias amostras de penas de muda de distintos locais onde habitam, foram coletadas e analisadas através de sete microssatélites heteroespecíficos amplificados no genoma do condor por PCR. Os resultados indicam que o grupo de 72 amostras, apresenta uma diversidade genética moderada a baixa nos loci estudados, apesar das grandes áreas onde está distribuído, porém as análises de variância molecular AMOVA e Hardy-Weinberg considerando como hipótese alternativa a deficiência de heterozigotos, indicam que não constituem uma população endogâmica. Estudos de estruturação populacional sugerem a falta de subpopulações inclusive entre amostras de lugares distantes. Sugere-se que se existir estruturação populacional esta deve ser do tipo isolamento por distância, para poder comprovar esta hipótese se propõe estender a pesquisa no futuro incluindo amostragem de locais muito distantes através da América Andina e diferentes marcadores. O grupo de marcadores foi também altamente útil para identificação genética de indivíduos através das penas anônimas coletadas no habitat, porém não resulta muito forte como prova de paternidade, precisando de marcadores mais polimórficos e melhor distribuídos pelo genoma. / The Andean Condor (Vultur gryphus) is a scavenger bird of the New World vultures (Cathartidae) that lives along the Andes Mountains. Its population has declined in the last century until being considered an endangered species. In Ecuador, approximately 100 birds have been registered in freedom. To avoid extinction in this country has been initiated a conservation program involving several areas of biological sciences, one of these, population genetics. In order to describe the genetic situation of the condor in Ecuador, blood and feather samples from captive and wild condors, plus several samples of molted feathers from different locations were collected and analyzed through seven heteroespecific microsatellite amplified in the condor genome by PCR. The results show that the group of 72 samples had a moderate to low genetic diversity in the amplified loci, despite the large areas where it is distributed. The analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) and Hardy-Weinberg with heterozygote deficiency as alternative hypothesis denotes that sampled condors do not constitute an inbred population. Structuring analyzes suggest there is not subpopulations even among samples from distant places. If exist some kind of pop0ulation structure in the species, it could be like isolation by distance structured, but in order to prove this hypothesis, it is recommended to extend the research including samples from distant locations through Andean America and more powerful genetic markers. Those markers was also highly useful for the genetic identification of not assigned feathers collected in the habitat, but as paternity test require more polymorphic markers and better distributed throughout the genome.

Cariniana legalis Mart. O. Kuntze (Lecidiaceae) is the largest tree of the Atlantic Forest. To contribute to in situ and ex situ genetic conservation programs for the species, herein we investigate the genetic diversity, inbreeding, intrapopulation spatial genetic structure (SGS), mating system and contemporary pollen flow in three fragmented populations of this species. We found 65 adult trees in the Ibicatu population, 22 in MGI, and four in MGII. Seeds were hierarchically sampled among and within fruits directly from the canopy of 15 seed-trees in Ibicatu (n= 40), five seed-trees in MGI (n= 50), and two seed-trees in MGII (n= 100). Thirteen specific microsatellite loci were developed and validated for 51 C. legalis trees. Eleven loci were polymorphic, revealing a maximum of two to 15 alleles per locus. Using the progeny arrays and seed-tree genotypes, we investigated the Mendelian inheritance, genetic linkage and genotypic disequilibrium of seven microsatellite loci specifically isolated for C. legalis and two previously developed heterologous microsatellite loci. No notable deviations from the expected Mendelian segregation, linkage, or genotypic disequilibrium were detected. The average allelic richness in the adult cohort of Ibicatu was 11.65 and 14.29 for MGI-II and for seeds it was 14.18 in Ibicatu and 10.85 in MGI-II; the average observed heterozygosity for adults of Ibicatu was 0.811 and 0.838 for MGI-II and for seeds it was 0.793 in Ibicatu and 0.786 in MGI-II; the average expected heterozygosity for adults of Ibicatu was 0.860 and 0.900 for MGI-II and for seeds it was 0.856 in Ibicatu and 0.853 in MGI-II. The average fixation index was significantly greater than zero for adults and seeds from both populations. Multilocus outcrossing rate ( m t ) in the three populations was significantly lower than unity (1.0), especially in MGII ( m t = 0.830). The rate of mating among relatives was significant when compared to zero only for Ibicatu ( ????0.266) m s t t . Paternity correlation is substantially higher within than among fruits. The average coancestry coefficient ( ??) was higher and variance effective size ( e N ) was lower than expected for halfsib progenies in all three populations. The number of seed-trees necessary for seed collection to obtain progeny arrays with an effective size of 150 was estimated between 54 to 58 seedtrees. The pollen immigration rate was low, especially for the small stands (maximum of 0.4% for MGI), indicating significant genetic isolation of MGI and MGII. The effective pollination radius was also low in MGI (68 m) and MGII (191 m). For MGII, we also found higher levels of selfing (18%) than for Ibicatu (6%) and MGI (6.4%). The substantial genetic isolation of these stands suggest that we can expect an increase in SGS in the future and strategies to increase gene flow and effective population size, such as transplanting individuals among the populations, are desirable for long term in situ conservation. In conclusion, this study produced valuable information for the management of fragmented populations of C. legalis, contributing to breeding programs and providing guidelines for seed collection aimed at conservation and reforestation programs. / Cariniana legalis Mart. O. Kuntze (Lecidiaceae) é a maior árvore da Mata Atlântica. Para contribuir com a conservação in e ex situ nós investigamos a diversidade genética, endogamia, estrutura genética espacial intrapopulacional (EGE), sistema de reprodução e fluxo contemporâneo de pólen em três populações fragmentadas da espécie. Encontrámos 65 árvores adultas na população Ibicatu, 22 em MGI, e quatro em MGII. As sementes foram colhidas e amostradas hierarquicamente entre e dentro de frutos diretamente da copa de 15 árvores matrizes em Ibicatu (n = 40), cinco em MGI (n = 50), e duas em MGII (n = 100). Treze locos microssatélites foram desenvolvidos e validados em 51 indivíduos de C. legalis. Onze deles foram polimórficos, revelando um máximo de dois a 15 alelos por loco. Usando os genótipos das progênies e matrizes, foi investigada a herança mendeliana, ligação genética e desequilíbrio genotípico de sete locos isolados de C. legalis e dois heterólogos. Não foram detectados desvios notáveis da segregação mendeliana, de ligação, ou desequilíbrio genotípico. A riqueza alélica média de adultos de Ibicatu foi 11,65 e 14,29 para MGI-II e para as sementes foi de 14,18 em Ibicatu e 10,85 na MGI-II, a heterozigosidade média observada para adultos em Ibicatu foi 0,811 e 0,838 para MGI-II, para as sementes foi de 0,793 em Ibicatu e 0,786 em MGI-II, a heterozigosidade média esperada para adultos de Ibicatu foi 0,860 e 0,900 para MGI-II, para as sementes foi de 0,856 em Ibicatu e 0,853 em MGI-II. O índice médio de fixação foi significativamente maior do que zero para adultos e sementes de ambas as populações. A taxa de cruzamento Multilocus (? ) nas três populações foi significativamente menor do que a unidade (1,0), especialmente para MGII ( = 0,830). A taxa de acasalamento entre parentes foi significativa apenas para Ibicatu ( . A correleção de paternidade foi substancialmente maior dentro do que entre os frutos. O coeficiente médio de coancestria (?) foi maior e variação de tamanho efetivo (Ne ) foi menor do que o esperado para progênies de meio-irmãos em todas as populações. O número estimado de árvores matrizes necessárias para a coleta de sementes para se obter um tamanho efetivo de 150 foi de 54-58 árvores. A taxa de imigração de pólen foi baixa, especialmente para os fragmentos menores (máximo de 0,4% para MGI), indicando isolamento genético significativo. O raio efetivo de polinização foi baixo em MGI (68 m) e MGII (191 m). Para MGII também encontramos níveis mais elevados de autofecundação (18%) do que para Ibicatu (6%) e MGI (6,4%). O isolamento genético substancial desses estandes sugerem que podemos esperar um aumento na EGE e que estratégias para aumentar o fluxo gênico e tamanho efetivo da população, como o transplante de indivíduos nas populações, são desejáveis para o longo prazo. Em conclusão, este estudo gerou informações valiosas para a gestão de populações fragmentadas de C. legalis, contribuindo para programas de melhoramento e fornecendo orientações para a coleta de sementes destinadas a programas de conservação e reflorestamento.

Submitted by isabela.moljf@hotmail.com (isabela.moljf@hotmail.com) on 2017-04-27T13:44:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 julianamainentileallopes.pdf: 2178130 bytes, checksum: ac4968430d3e36932e81380861925cd4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-05-12T15:49:17Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 julianamainentileallopes.pdf: 2178130 bytes, checksum: ac4968430d3e36932e81380861925cd4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-12T15:49:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 julianamainentileallopes.pdf: 2178130 bytes, checksum: ac4968430d3e36932e81380861925cd4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-03 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / FAPEMIG - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais / Estudos recentes sugerem que a duplicação completa dos genomas é muito mais comum do que sua estabilidade, ocorrendo em todas as angiospermas. Nesse contexto, Lippia alba (Mill.) N.E.Br. (Verbenaceae) constitui um modelo interessante de estudo, pois além de ser a espécie mais estudada dentro do gênero Lippia, é amplamente utilizada na medicina popular apresentando importância econômica, sobretudo em função da riqueza de seus óleos essenciais. Estudos recentes demonstraram a existência de pelo menos cinco diferentes níveis de ploidia em Lippia alba, revelando grande plasticidade do genoma. A fim de contribuir para entender a variação genética e o processo de poliploidização em Lippia alba, o presente trabalho objetivou identificar novos marcadores genéticos do tipo microssatélite e estimar a diversidade genética em 100 acessos de Lippia alba. Foram avaliados nove loci já descritos e 16 novos marcadores. O tamanho dos fragmentos foi detectado por eletroforese capilar usando o sequenciador MegaBACE1000 (GE Healthcare, Buckinghamshire, UK). A identificação dos alelos foi inferida utilizando o software Fragment Profile (GE Healthcare, Buckinghamshire, UK). Os dados finais foram exportados para uma planilha do Excel® e foram transformados nos arquivos de entrada específicos para cada programa computacional. Os valores de PIC (polymorphism information content) e heterozigosidade foram calculados por meio do programa Cervus v3.0.7. Os coeficientes de similaridades de Jaccard e Dice foram calculados para construir um dendrograma de acordo com o algoritmo UPGMA (Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean) por meio dos softwares NTSYS e PAST. Para a análise por inferência Bayesiana, foi utilizado o programa STRUCTURE v 2.3.4. Foi possível observar a formação de grupos de acordo com o nível de ploidia e inferir a possível origem de alguns citótipos baseada na similaridade genética entre os acessos. Os resultados contribuem para fortalecer a hipótese de que os acessos tenham surgido por autopoliploidia. / Recent studies suggest that complete genome duplication is much more common than its stability, occurring in almost all angiosperms. Lippia alba (Mill.) N.E.Br. (Verbenaceae), is the most studied species within the genus Lippia, and it is widely used in folk medicine presenting economic importance mainly due to the richness of their essential oils. Recent studies have demonstrated the existence of at least five different ploidy levels in Lippia alba revealing a large genome plasticity making the species an interesting model of study. To better understand the genetic variation and the polyploidization process in Lippia alba, this study aimed to identify new genetic microsatellite markers and estimate the genetic diversity for 100 Lippia alba accessions. We assessed 9 loci already described and 16 new markers. The size of the fragments was detected by capillary electrophoresis using MegaBACE1000 sequencer (GE Healthcare, Buckinghamshire, UK). The identification of alleles was inferred using the Fragment Profile software (GE Healthcare, Buckinghamshire, UK). Final data were exported to an Excel spreadsheet according to the input files of each software used. PIC values (polymorphism information content) and heterozygosity were calculated using Cervus v3.0.7 software. Jaccard and Dice similarity coefficient were calculated to construct a dendrogram according to UPGMA algorithm (Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean) using NTSYS and PAST softwares. Bayesian inference analysis was performed using STRUCTURE v 2.3.4 program. It was possible to observe the formation of groups according to the ploidy level and infer the possible origin of some cytotypes based on genetic similarity among accessions. Results contribute to support the hypothesis that the cytotypes have emerged by autopolyploidy.

L’adénocarcinome canalaire du pancréas (ACP) est un problème majeur de santé publique. L’ACP se développe principalement à partir de deux lésions précurseurs : les néoplasies intra-épithéliales pancréatiques et les tumeurs intracanalaires papillaires et mucineuses du pancréas (TIPMP). Les mécanismes moléculaires sous-tendant l’oncogenèse pancréatique sont nombreux. Nous avons étudié le mécanisme de cancérogenèse MSI (MicroSatellite Instability) où il existe une déficience dans le système de réparation des erreurs de réplication de l’ADN ou système MMR (Mismatch Repair). Ce mécanisme de cancérogenèse original est caractérisé par une instabilité génétique de l’ADN affectant les séquences répétées microsatellites du génome. Le phénotype MSI a été décrit dans le syndrome de Lynch (SL), dans lequel il existe une mutation germinale d’un des gènes du système MMR (MLH1, MSH2, MSH6 et PMS2). L’intérêt de l’étude des cancers MSI s’est accru de façon considérable avec le développement des immunothérapies dirigées contre les checkpoints immunitaires (ICK), en particulier PD-1/PD-L1. Nous avons confirmé que la fréquence du phénotype MSI se situe entre 1-2%. Nous avons montré que l’immunohistochimie est la méthode de screening plus adaptée pour l’identification de l’ACP MSI en comparaison avec les techniques de biologie moléculaire. Le phénotype MSI a été plus fréquemment observé dans un contexte de TIPMP. Les cas MSI identifiés présentaient des caractéristiques biologiques évocatrices du SL. Egalement, nos résultats confirment la présence d’un processus de carcinogenèse MSI immunogénique, mais suggèrent des évènements somatiques spécifiques à l’organe d’origine du cancer. Par ailleurs, les ACP MSI étaient caractérisés par un infiltrat inflammatoire riche en lymphocytes cytotoxiques T CD8+ et surexprimaient l’ICK PD-L1 permettant de supposer une probable réponse clinique de l’ACP MSI à l’immunothérapie anti-PD1/PD-L1. / Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a major health problem in France and around the world. PDAC is developed mainly from two precursor lesions: pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia and intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN). There are several molecular mechanisms underlying pancreatic oncogenesis. Particularly, we were interested in the MSI (MicroSatellite Instability) which is due to a defective DNA Mismatch Repair (MMR) system, which normally functions to recognize and repair erroneous insertions, deletions, and mis-incorporation of bases that can arise during DNA replication and recombination. The MSI phenotype was first described in the familial cancer condition known as Lynch syndrome (LS), where the MMR genes MLH1, MSH2, MSH6 or PMS2 harbor germline mutations. Interest in MSI tumors has recently increased after studies have highlighted the concomitant expression of multiple active immune checkpoint (ICK) markers including PD-1 and PD-L1 and the role of the MSI status to predict clinical benefit from immune checkpoint blockade. A Our results indicate that the MSI phenotype occurs in PDAC with a frequency of 1-2%. Our data showed that IHC using antibodies against the four MMR proteins was more sensitive for the assessment of MSI status than PCR-based methods. In addition, we demonstrate for the first time a statistically significant positive association between MSI and IPMNs in PDAC. MSI PDAC, including IPMN, are unlikely to be sporadic since they display molecular features that are usually observed in LS-related neoplasms. Also, our results highlight that an MSI-driven immunogenic pathway to cancer is active in MSI PDACs but suggest that MSI-driven somatic events may be tissue-specific. We observed a stronger lymphocytic tumor infiltration by activated TCD8 cells in MSI PDAC compared to MSS PDAC and found a positive association between PD-L1 expression and MSI status, suggesting that MSI PDAC could be responsive to ICK blockade therapy.

Ce travail a eu pour but premier d’étudier le risque d’évolution de la résistance aux herbicides inhibiteurs de l’acétolactate synthase (ALS) chez l’ambroisie à feuilles d’armoise (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.) à travers quatre points : (i) la pression de sélection (étude de l’efficacité d’une gamme d'herbicides inhibiteurs de l’ALS), (ii) la capacité de réponse adaptative de l’adventice (détermination de la variation de la sensibilité aux inhibiteurs de l’ALS entre plantes et mise en place d’un programme de sélection récurrente), (iii) une étude de terrain (recherche de résistance aux inhibiteurs de l’ALS au champ en France), (iv) l’étude des mécanismes de résistance (liée à la cible – RLC – et non liée à la cible – RNLC – par une approche de transcriptomique). Le second objectif fut d’étudier la connectivité des populations d’A. artemisiifolia dans des paysages agricoles à l’aide de marqueurs microsatellites développés lors de ce travail afin de déterminer les facteurs qui pourraient faciliter la dispersion de cette espèce et de la résistance à l’échelle du paysage agricole.En ce qui concerne la résistance aux herbicides :-La réponse de d’A. artemisiifolia aux herbicides inhibiteurs de l’ALS est très variable entre substances.-Des plantes ayant survécu à la dose maximale autorisée et à des doses supérieures de metsulfuron ont été sélectionnées pour débuter un programme de sélection récurrente. Après deux cycles de sélection, on observe une intensification de la résistance au metsulfuron et une émergence de la résistance à l’imazamox et au tribénuron.-Trois cas de résistance à l’imazamox ont été identifiés au champ dont deux cas de pure RNLC et un cas de coexistence RLC – RNLC.-Un transcriptome d’A. artemisiifolia a été généré grâce à la technique de séquençage PacBio pour rechercher des gènes impliqués dans les mécanismes de RNLC (approche RNAseq). 62 gènes candidats ont été identifiés dont des transporteurs ABC, des cytochromes P450 ainsi que des glutathione-S-transférases connus pour être impliqués dans la dégradation des herbicides.Pour l’étude de la connectivité des populations agricoles :-26 marqueurs microsatellites ont été développés et ont révélé une forte variabilité génétique. La structuration génétique a été étudiée à grande échelle pour des populations d’A. artemisiifolia d’Europe (aire d’invasion) et d’Amérique du Nord (aire d’origine).-À une échelle plus fine (paysage agricole), la structure génétique des populations reste influencée par les événements de colonisation. Les événements de migration qui ont été identifiés entre zones de présence de l’ambroisie suggèrent des flux de gènes (pollen/semences) et une connectivité modérés à l’échelle d’un territoire agricole. Dans les environnements agricoles, la dispersion des allèles de résistance aux herbicides pourrait se faire facilement de proche en proche via les flux de pollen, et également à plus longue distance via des dispersions de graines. Les activités anthropiques jouent un rôle majeur dans la dispersion des semences (machineries agricoles, lots de semences contaminés…).-L’analyse du système de reproduction a confirmé que cette espèce est allogame ce qui entraîne des flux de gènes intra- et inter-populations importants.Les connaissances acquises au cours de ce travail pourront aider à développer des stratégies de contrôle mieux adaptées, pour lutter efficacement contre A. artemisiifolia afin de limiter son expansion, telles que :-Des stratégies de désherbage diversifiées : combinaison de lutte mécanique (dont faux semis) et chimique (diversification des modes d’action herbicides).-Un allongement et une diversification des rotations de cultures en favorisant des cultures d’hiver et/ou des cultures couvrantes et compétitrices.Ces connaissances pourront aussi être utilisées dans la lutte contre une autre espèce adventice du genre Ambrosia, Ambrosia trifida.Mots-clés (6) : Ambrosia artemisiifolia L., ambroisies, résistance aux herbicides, / The first aim of this work was to investigate the risk for the evolution of resistance to acetolactate synthase inhibitor (ALS) herbicides in the common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.) through four points: (i) the selection pressure (effectiveness of a range of ALS inhibitor herbicides), (ii) the adaptive response of Ambrosia artemisiifolia (recurrent selection experiment), (iii) a resistance monitoring in fields in France, and (iv) the investigation of the mechanisms underlying herbicide resistance (target-site (TSR) and non-target-site resistance (NTSR) using transcriptomic analyses). The second aim was to study the connectivity of A. artemisiifolia populations in agricultural landscapes using microsatellite markers developed during this work, to determine factors that could facilitate the spread of this invasive weed species and the spread of herbicide resistance.In regards to herbicide resistance:-The sensitivity of A. artemisiifolia to ALS-inhibiting herbicides is variable between active ingredients.-Plants that survived the French maximum authorized field rate and higher rates of metsulfuron were selected to implement a recurrent breeding program. After two selection cycles, the resistance level to metsulfuron increased and resistance to imazamox and tribenuron emerged.-Three cases of imazamox resistance were identified in the field, including two cases of pure NTSR and one case of TSR - NTSR coexistence.-A transcriptome for A. artemisiifolia, AMBELbase, was generated using the PacBio sequencing technology to search for genes involved in NTSR mechanisms (RNAseq approach). 62 candidate contigs were identified including ABC transporters, cytochromes P450 and glutathione S-transferases known to be involved in the degradation of herbicides.In regards to population connectivity:-26 microsatellite markers were developed and revealed high genetic variability. Genetic structuring has been studied on a large scale for populations of A. artemisiifolia from Europe (invasion range) and North America (native range).-On a finer scale (agricultural landscape), the genetic structure of populations was influenced by colonization events. Migration events detected among the areas colonized by A. artemisiifolia suggested moderate pollen/seed flows and connectivity at the farmland scale. In agricultural environments, herbicide resistant alleles could be easily spread among neighbouring populations via pollen flow, and also at longer distances via seed dispersal. Human-related activities play a major role in the dispersal of seeds (agricultural machinery, contaminated seed lots, etc.).-The mating system analysis confirmed that A. artemisiifolia is an obligate outcrossing species which leads to important intra- and inter-population gene flow.The knowledge acquired during this work may help to foster the development of better management strategies to effectively control A. artemisiifolia to limit its spread, such as:-Diversified weed control strategies: combination of mechanical (including false-seed) and chemical weeding (diversification of herbicide modes of action).-Longer diversified crop rotations including more winter crops and/or cover and competitive crops to break the life cycle of A. artemisiifolia.These knowledge may also be used to better control of another weed species of the genus Ambrosia, Ambrosia trifida L.

The oceanic whitetip shark, Carcharhinus longimanus, is a circumtropical pelagic shark of high conservation concern (IUCN Red List: “Critically Endangered” in the Western North and Western Central Atlantic and “Vulnerable” globally). I present the first, population genetic assessment of the oceanic whitetip shark on a global scale, based on analysis of two mitochondrial genome regions (entire 1066-1067 bp control region and 784 bp partial ND4 gene), and nine nuclear microsatellite loci. No population structure was detected within the Western Atlantic. However, highly significant population structure was detected between Western Atlantic and Indo-Pacific Ocean sharks across all markers. Additionally, a nominally significant signal of matrilineal structure between the Indian and Pacific Ocean sharks was detected by AMOVA and pairwise tests of the ND4 gene only (pairwise ΦST = 0.051, P = 0.046; pairwise Jost’s D = 0.311, 95% CI = 0.020, 0.0614). Although significant inter-basin population structure was evident, it was associated with deep phylogeographic mixing of mitochondrial haplotypes and evidence of contemporary migration between the Western Atlantic and Indo-Pacific Oceans. I theorize that semi-permeable thermal barriers are responsible for the differentiation between the Western Atlantic and Indo-Pacific set in a framework of global phylogeographic mixing. Relatively low mtDNA genetic diversity (concatenated mtCR-ND4 nucleotide diversity π = 0.32% ± 0.17%) compared to other circumtropical elasmobranch species raises potential concern for the future genetic health of this species. Overall, significant population structure exists, at a minimum, between the Western Atlantic and Indo-Pacific Ocean, and effective management strategies must take this into consideration.