This thesis is concerned with the chemistry and physics of C(100) surfaces of diamond. The polished and cleaned C(100) surface is examined by surface microscopy (Atomic-force Microscopy), electron diffraction (Low-energy Electron Diffraction) and photoemission (X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Ultra-violet Photoelectron Spectroscopy). Results are presented on the presence of oxygen, nitrogen and hydrogen/deuterium on the C(100) surface. Finally, the valence band structure of diamond is probed by angle-resolved photoemission. We have confirmed by AFM that the grooves from the soft polishing process are present on a polished C(100) surface and found sporadic traces of hard polish on a surface polished in the soft polishing direction. XPS studies have verified heating cycles by electron beam bombardment as a suitable cleaning procedure for pure reconstructed C(100) surfaces. By allowing the crystal to cool slowly, the first experimental evidence of quarter-order LEED spots have been found, which suggest that buckled dimerisation might have occurred similar to those on Si(100) and Ge(100). We present the first experimental electron spectroscopy results for a nitrogen impurity in diamond by showing the N KLL Auger spectrum. An attempt to smooth a C(100) surface of diamond by an atomic hydrogen plasma did not succeed. AFM studies showed no evidence for the surface smoothing reported in other studies, but the results enable us to explain the different plasma published in the literature. The valence band of diamond is investigated by off-normal ARUPS. The features observed are consistent with possible transitions, which are determined using bulk band structure calculations and comparison with the experimental binding energies.

Orientador: Marcelo Giannini / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T10:52:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Aguiar_ThaianeRodrigues_D.pdf: 24572936 bytes, checksum: 8141f58fcbce6835d1091f52127552a7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: O emprego dos cimentos resinosos na fixação de peças protéticas têm sido avaliado em muitos estudos, entretanto, trabalhos que simulem os desafios presentes na cavidade bucal e o comportamento a longo prazo dos cimentos resinosos autoadesivos ainda são escassos na literatura. Diante disso, o presente estudo teve como objetivo: 1) verificar a composição inorgânica das partículas de carga e caracterizá-las quanto ao tipo e morfologia; 2) analisar a ultramorfologia da interface de união dentina-cimento resinoso através da microscopia confocal por varredura a laser e da microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV); 3) avaliar o efeito do armazenamento por 1 ano ou da ciclagem mecânica (50.000 ciclos) na resistência de união dentina-cimento resinoso. Quatro cimentos resinosos foram avaliados: dois autoadesivos (RelyX Unicem, 3M ESPE e Clearfil SA Luting, Kuraray Medical Inc.) e dois convencionais (RelyX ARC/Adper Scotchbond Multi-Purpose Plus, 3M ESPE e Clearfil Esthetic Cement/Clearfil DC Bond, Kuraray Medical Inc.). Para analisar os principais componentes inorgânicos e avaliar as características das partículas de carga, o conteúdo orgânico dos cimentos resinosos foi removido por solventes orgânicos e as amostras analisadas em MEV/EDX (Espectroscopia de energia dispersiva por raios-X). Terceiros molares humanos foram utilizados na avaliação da ultramorfologia da interface dentina-cimento resinoso e no ensaio de resistência de união à dentina. Na análise da ultramorfologia da área de união, corantes (fluoresceína e rodamina) foram previamente adicionados aos materiais estudados para possibilitar a obtenção das imagens. Para o ensaio de resistência de união, discos de resina composta indireta foram confeccionados visando simular as restaurações indiretas. Após a cimentação, os dentes restaurados foram submetidos a três tratamentos e ao ensaio de microtração: 1- espécimes testados após 24 h (grupo controle); 2- ciclagem mecânica e em seguida testados; 3- armazenados em saliva artificial por 1 ano na forma de "palitos" e testados. Os dados obtidos a partir do ensaio de resistência de união foram analisados estatisticamente (ANOVA e teste Tukey, p<0,05). Nos outros dois estudos, a análise descritiva dos dados obtidos a partir das imagens microscópicas foi realizada. Na avaliação MEV/EDX notou-se elevado conteúdo de silício em todos os materiais. O cimento RelyX ARC apresentou partículas de carga esféricas e irregulares, enquanto os outros materiais demonstraram partículas com formato irregular. Nas fotomicrografias, a hibridização dentinária somente foi observada para os sistemas de cimentação convencional. No ensaio de resistência de união, os tratamentos não influenciaram a resistência de união dos cimentos resinosos à dentina. Os cimentos autoadesivos apresentaram médias de resistência de união significantemente superiores aos chamados convencionais. Embora os materiais avaliados apresentem partículas de carga com distintas composições inorgânicas e interagem com a dentina através de diferentes mecanismos, os tratamentos de envelhecimentos propostos não reduziram a resistência de união à dentina, quando comparados ao grupo controle. Os cimentos autoadesivos não formam camada híbrida na dentina intertubular, nem tags de resina nos túbulos dentinários, entretanto, apresentam partículas de carga com maior tamanho e demonstraram os maiores valores médios de resistência de união à dentina entre os cimentos estudados / Abstract: Resin luting materials to fixed prosthetic restorations have been evaluated in many studies, however, little is known about self-adhesive resin cements, mainly involving long-term durability and when these materials have been submitted to challenges of oral environment. Thus, the purpose of this study was: 1- to verify the filler particles components and to characterize them according to type and morphology; 2- to analyze the ultramorphology of the dentin-resin interfaces using confocal laser scanning microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and 3- to evaluate the effect of the storage for 1 year or the mechanical cycling (50.000 cycles) on bond strength of resin cements to dentin. Four resin cements were used in this study: two self-adhesive resin cements (RelyX Unicem, 3M ESPE and Clearfil SA Luting, Kuraray Medical Inc.) and two conventional resin cements (RelyX ARC/Adper Scotchbond Multi- Purpose Plus, 3M ESPE and Clearfil Esthetic Cement/Clearfil DC Bond, Kuraray Medical Inc.). For indentifying the main inorganic components and to evaluate the filler particles characteristics, the organic phase of resin cements was removed using organic solvents and the sample was analyzed by SEM/EDX (Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy). Human third molars were used for micromorphology analysis of resin-dentin interfaces and microtensile bond strength test. For micromorphology analyses of resin-dentin interfaces, two fluorescent dyes (fluorescein and rhodamine B) were incorporated into the materials previously. For microtensile bond strength, pre-polymerized resin discs were prepared to simulate indirect restorations. After bonding procedures, the restored teeth were submitted to three treatments: 1- control group (tested 24 h after specimen preparation); 2- tested after mechanical cycling; 3- beams were storage for one year in artificial saliva and tested. Bond strength data were statistically analyzed by two-way ANOVA and Tukey test (?<0.05). Qualitative analysis was performed for two other studies using microscopic images. For SEM/EDX measurements, high amount of silicon was identified for all cements. The resin cement RelyX ARC showed spherical and irregular particles, while other cements presented irregular shape fillers. Hybrid layer formation was observed only for conventional resin cements in micromorphology analyses. For microtensile test, the treatments did not reduce the bond strength between dentin-resin cement. Self-adhesive resin cements provide significantly higher bond strength than those conventional materials. Despite the resin cements showed filler particles with differences in the inorganic composition and different bonding mechanisms, the mechanical cycling and storage for one year did not affect the bond strength to dentin when it was compared to control group. The self-adhesive resin cements showed no hybrid layer formation in intertubular dentin and nor resin tags in the dentinal tubules were detected. However, these materials showed the biggest filler particles and higher bond strength to dentin than conventional resin cements studied / Doutorado / Dentística / Doutor em Clínica Odontológica

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the debridement efficacy of the EndoActivator (Dentsply Tulsa Dental, Tulsa, OK) versus the Ultrasonic Bypass system (Vista Dental) following hand-rotary instrumentation in anterior teeth. Sixty extracted human, maxillary anterior teeth were randomly assigned to three groups. Teeth were instrumented using (ISO k-flex) hand files and EndoSequence nickel-titanium rotary files (Brasseler, Savannah, GA) to a size 40/.06 taper. Group 1 served as the control group and had no additional treatment performed. Groups 2 and 3 were subjected to a final irrigating regimen that consisted of 6-percent sodium hypochlorite for a 1- minute duration. For group 2 the irrigation solution was activated for 1 minute using the EndoActivator system (DENTSPLY). For group 3, the irrigation solution was activated for 1 minute using the Ultrasonic Bypass System (Vista Dental). The teeth were then sectioned longitudinally and each half was divided into three equal parts 3 mm from the anatomic apex. The sample with the most visibly identifiable section of the apex was used for SEM evaluation. A scoring system to measure the efficacy of debris removal was utilized to quantify the results. Statistical analysis was performed using the Kruskal- Wallis test. If the overall test is significant, a Wilcoxon Rank Sum tests was used to compare each pair of groups. The results of this study indicate that both the EndoActivator and Ultrasonic Bypass groups had a smaller percentage of canal space occupied by smear layer and debris when compared with the control group at all three levels. This difference was statistically significant for the Ultrasonic Bypass System when compared with the control at both the coronal and middle thirds of the samples evaluated. This difference was not statistically significant in the apical third. When compared with the EndoActivator, the Ultrasonic Bypass System produced cleaner canals in the coronal and middle thirds, with the difference being statistically significant in the middle third only. These results of this research support the use of either of these two devices when compared with the controls. Smear layer removal and debridement efficacy was greatly increased when using either sonic or ultrasonic activation of sodium hypochlorite. More research is warranted concerning these two devices. Examining the antimicrobial efficacy with the use of these two devices could lend additional validation to their use in non-surgical endodontic therapy.

<p> Previous studies dealing with the structure and function of the attachment organs in the strigeid trematodes have neglected to describe the processes involved in the formation of attachment. A knowledge of these processes is necessary to promote the understanding of the host-parasite relationship. </p> <p> In the present study, specimens of developing Cotylurus variegatus were examined using light and electron microscopic techniques. It seemed relevant to consider not only the sequence of attachment events, but the growth and structure of the attachment organs in relation to the total parasite body growth and structure. This of course, has led to considerations of the reputative functions of these structures. </p> / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

No description available.

Our understanding of the complexity of the brain is limited by the data we can collect and analyze. Because of experimental limitations and a desire for greater detail, most investigations focus on just one aspect of the brain. For example, brain function can be studied at many levels of abstraction including, but not limited to, gene expression, protein interactions, anatomical regions, neuronal connectivity, synaptic plasticity, and the electrical activity of neurons. By focusing on each of these levels, neuroscience has built up a detailed picture of how the brain works, but each level is understood mostly in isolation from the others. It is likely that interaction between all these levels is just as important. Therefore, a key hypothesis is that functional units spanning multiple levels of biological organization exist in the brain. This project attempted to combine neuronal circuitry analysis with functional proteomics and anatomical regions of the brain to explore this hypothesis, and took an evolutionary view of the results obtained. During the process we had to solve a number of technical challenges as the tools to undertake this type of research did not exist. Two informatics challenges for this research were to develop ways to analyze neurobiological data, such as brain protein expression patterns, to extract useful information, and how to share and present this data in a way that is fast and easy for anyone to access. This project contributes towards a more wholistic understanding of the fruit fly brain in three ways. Firstly, a screen was conducted to record the expression of proteins in the brain of the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster. Protein expression patterns in the fruit fly brain were recorded from 535 protein trap lines using confocal microscopy. A total of 884 3D images were annotated and made available on an easy to use website database, BrainTrap, available at fruitfly.inf.ed.ac.uk/braintrap. The website allows 3D images of the protein expression to be viewed interactively in the web browser, and an ontology-based search tool allows users to search for protein expression patterns in specific areas of interest. Different expression patterns mapped to a common template can be viewed simultaneously in multiple colours. This data bridges the gap between anatomical and biomolecular levels of understanding. Secondly, protein trap expression patterns were used to investigate the properties of the fruit fly brain. Thousands of protein-protein interactions have been recorded by methods such as yeast two-hybrid, however many of these protein pairs do not express in the same regions of the fruit fly brain. Using 535 protein expression patterns it was possible to rule out 149 protein-protein interactions. Also, protein expression patterns registered against a common template brain were used to produce new anatomical breakdowns of the fruit fly brain. Clustering techniques were able to naturally segment brain regions based only on the protein expression data. This is just one example of how, by combining proteomics with anatomy, we were able to learn more about both levels of understanding. Results are analysed further in combination with networks such as genetic homology networks, and connectivity networks. We show how the wealth of biological and neuroscience data now available in public databases can be combined with the Brain- Trap data to reveal similarities between areas of the fruit fly and mammalian brain. The BrainTrap data also informs us on the process of evolution and we show that genes found in fruit fly, yeast and mouse are more likely to be generally expressed throughout the brain, whereas genes found only in fruit fly and mouse, but not yeast, are more likely to have a specific expression pattern in the fruit fly brain. Thus, by combining data from multiple sources we can gain further insight into the complexity of the brain. Neural connectivity data is also analyzed and a new technique for enhanced motifs is developed for the combined analysis of connectivity data with other information such as neuron type data and potentially protein expression data. Thirdly, I investigated techniques for imaging the protein trap lines at higher resolution using electron microscopy (EM) and developed new informatics techniques for the automated analysis of neural connectivity data collected from serial section transmission electron microscopy (ssTEM). Measurement of the connectivity between neurons requires high resolution imaging techniques, such as electron microscopy, and images produced by this method are currently annotated manually to produce very detailed maps of cell morphology and connectivity. This is an extremely time consuming process and the volume of tissue and number of neurons that can be reconstructed is severely limited by the annotation step. I developed a set of computer vision algorithms to improve the alignment between consecutive images, and to perform partial annotation automatically by detecting membrane, synapses and mitochondria present in the images. Accuracy of the automatic annotation was evaluated on a small dataset and 96% of membrane could be identified at the cost of 13% false positives. This research demonstrates that informatics technology can help us to automatically analyze biological images and bring together genetic, anatomical, and connectivity data in a meaningful way. This combination of multiple data sources reveals more detail about each individual level of understanding, and gives us a more wholistic view of the fruit fly brain.

Maintaining the safe operation of nuclear power plants (NPPs) is crucial. This requires fully understanding the mechanism of long term irradiation and thermal ageing, as well as their effects, on components including the reactor pressure vessel (RPV). The research community is collecting data that will be required to support the case for extending the operation of western-type NPPs beyond that of 60 years. One of the current dilemmas faced by the long-term operation of RPVs is the formation of nanometre scale precipitates. These precipitates are known to cause embrittlement where it increases the ductile-to-brittle transition temperature of the RPV steels. The chemistry of these precipitates is strongly dependent on the chemistry of the RPV steels. In general, these precipitates can be categorised into two types, copper-rich precipitates (CRPs) and manganese-nickel (-enriched) precipitates (MNPs) [1, 2]. The concentration of copper in the precipitates depends on the bulk content of the steel [3]. The formation mechanism of the precipitates under neutron irradiation and thermal ageing, and their influence on material degradation at high neutron fluence (&Phi;t), is still unclear. To understand the long term precipitation under irradiation and thermal ageing, high nickel and copper containing RPV steels with a similar microstructure an chemical composition as those currently in service were subjected to either neutron irradiation (to high neutron fluences, &Phi;t &ge; 5 x 10²³ neutrons.m^-2) or thermal ageing (for as long as &asymp; 50,000 hours). CRPs and MNPs were both detected. The co-precipitation of the CRPs and MNPs were observed in thermally aged steels. The development of crystal structures in the CRPs is believed to be dependent on the size of the precipitates and the ambient temperature. When the CRPs reached a critical size, they underwent the martensitic transformation from BCC&rarr;9R&rarr;3R&rarr;FCC or FCT. The CRPs preferentially nucleate heterogeneously at the dislocation lines. Chemical analysis suggests that most of the CRPs are iron free. Under thermal ageing, the MNPs were found to precipitate at the interface of the CRPs and the matrix. These MNPs are found to be iron free too. Larger MNPs were often found to be at CPRs that were associated with dislocation lines. Also, based on the volume fraction observed, it is possible to suggest that the kinetics of nucleation and growth of the MNPs are relatively slow compared to the CRPs. This is in good agreement with the simulations reported in Refs. [4, 5]. It is the first time the MNPs are directly imaged from neutron irradiation low copper steels using electron microscopy. These irradiation-induced MNPs are densely populated in the neutron irradiated samples. It was found that the irradiation-induced MNPs are more sensitive to electron beams. It was thought that this was due to a relatively large amount of point defects present in the irradiation-induced MNPs.

Resumo: O propósito deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência da reutilização de fresas de alta resistência sobre o aquecimento ósseo, a viabilidade celular imediata e a deformação das fresas após osteotomia para implantes em tíbias de coelhos. Para isso, foram utilizados 12 coelhos machos brancos (Oryctolagus cunilicus, Nova Zelândia), que foram submetidos a 200 sequências de fresagens para implantes na cortical superior de suas tíbias. Foram estabelecidos 6 grupos (G1 a G6) que correspondiam ao número de osteotomias realizadas por cada fresa (0, 10, 20, 30, 40 e 50). Cada leito cirúrgico recebia a seguinte sequência de fresagem: fresa tipo lança e helicoidais de 2,0mm, 2,8mm, 3,0mm e 3.15mm. As áreas osteotomizadas foram coletadas para análise imunoistoquímica, as oscilações térmicas foram quantificadas e as fresas utilizadas receberam análise por microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Nos resultados, houve uma correlação alta entre a porcentagem de deformação e o número de reutilização de cada fresa (Coeficiente de Correlação de Pearson r = 0,984). Observou-se também que as fresas do tipo lança apresentaram maior deformação após o uso do que as fresas helicoidais (proporção de 2:1). Não houve correlação estatística significativa entre aumento da reutilização da fresa e aquecimento ósseo (p > 0,05). No entanto, observouse que a oscilação térmica durante a fresagem da lança é maior que as demais fresagens (proporção de 3:1). Na análise imunoistoquímica, observou-se um equilíbrio fisiológico da expressão das proteínas Osteoprotegerina e RANKL em todos os grupos, no entanto, houve maior expressão de todas as proteínas no Grupo 6. De acordo com a metodologia aplicada, foi possível concluir que as fresas avaliadas não causam aquecimento ósseo significativo em até 50 reutilizações, no entanto, causam maior trauma tecidual na 50ª fresagem... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The purpose of this study was evaluate the influence of high resistence drill reuse over bone heating, immediate bone-cell viability and drills wear after implant osteotomies in rabbit tibias. Therefore, 12 male white rabbits (Oryctolagus cunilicus, New Zealand) received 200 implant sequential osteotomies over the superior cortical of their tibia. Six groups were established (G1 to G6), according to the number of osteotomy of each drill (0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50). The implant sequence of drills was: spear drill, 2,0mm, 2.8mm, 3.0mm and 3.15mm helicoidal drills. The receptor-beds were collected to imunohistochemistry, the thermal changes were quantified and the drills received scanning electron microscopy analysis. In the results, a great correlation degree between drill wear and number of osteotomies was observed (Pearson's Correlation Coefficient r = 0,984). Another result was that spear drill have more deformation than helicoidal drills (2:1 proportion). The bone heating analysis concluded that there was no statistical siginificance between number of osteotomy and bone heating (p > 0,05). However, the thermal changes during spear drilling was greater than during helicoidal drillings (3:1 proportion). Imunohistochemistry results showed a physiological balance of Osteoprotegerin and RANKL immunolabeling in all groups, however there was a greater immunolabeling of all proteins in the last group. According to this metodology, the conclusion is that the tested drills do not caused significant bone heating after 50 reuses, however, they caused more tissue trauma at 50th osteotomy. So, the studied system must be reused for 40 times, and the spier drill must be substituted after 20 osteotomies. / Orientador: Luiz Antonio Salata / Coorientador: Osvaldo Magro Filho / Banca: Márcio de Moraes / Banca: Idelmo Rangel Garcia Júnior / Mestre

O objetivo desde estudo foi analisar a microdureza e as características morfológicas da interface de união entre uma resina composta flow autoadesiva (Vertise Flow) e a dentina humana hígida ou afetada por cárie, em comparação às interfaces formadas por outros dois materiais: um cimento de ionômero de vidro modificado por resina (Fuji II LC) e um sistema adesivo universal (Single Bond Universal). Foram realizadas cavidades do tipo classe I na dentina oclusal de molares humanos e dentina afetada por cárie foi produzida na parede pulpar das cavidades por meio do método microbiológico. Os espécimes foram restaurados de acordo com os grupos experimentais e cortados no sentido vestíbulo-lingual para evidenciação da interface adesiva. Os espécimes foram submetidos aos ensaios de microdureza Knoop (n=5) e analisados por meio de microscopia eletrônica de varredura (n=3) e microscopia confocal de varredura a laser (n=10). A análise de variância dois fatores e teste de Tukey foram realizados para a análise estatística quantitativa da variável dureza (p<0,05%). As características morfológicas foram descritas após análise qualitativa. A dureza da camada de material variou em função da composição de cada material. A dureza da camada híbrida foi influenciada de acordo com o material e os maiores valores de dureza foram obtidos quando o sistema adesivo universal foi utilizado. A camada híbrida formada pela dentina afetada por cárie apresentou dureza inferior independente do material utilizado. Quanto à morfologia, os materiais testados promoveram a formação de interfaces com características diferentes entre si, entretanto, todos os materiais foram capazes de formar tags na camada híbrida. Porém, quando a interface envolveu a dentina afetada por cárie, observou-se maior quantidade de falhas e as camadas apresentaram-se irregulares. / The aim of this study was to analyze the microhardness and morphological characteristics of the bonding interface between a self-adhesive flowable composite (Vertise Flow) and sound or caries-affected dentin, comparing to interfaces formed by other materials: a resin-modified glass ionomer cement (Fuji II LC) and a universal adhesive system (Scotchbond Universal Adhesive). Class I cavities were made in the occlusal dentin of human molars and dentin affected by caries was produced in their pulp wall, using the microbiological method. The specimens were restored according to the experimental groups and cut in the vestibular-lingual direction to expose the adhesive interface. The specimens were submitted to transversal Knoop microhardness tests (n=5) and analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (n=3) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (n=10). Two-way repeated measures analysis of variance and Tukey\'s post-hoc tests were performed for the hardness results (?:0.05). Morphological characteristics were qualitative analyzed. The hardness of the material layer varied according to the composition of each material. The hardness of the hybrid layer was influenced according to the material and the highest values of hardness were obtained when the universal system was used (p<0.05). The hybrid layer formed by dentin caries-affected presented low hardness values independently of the material used. Morphologically, the tested materials promoted the formation of interfaces with different characteristics, although all the materials were able to form tags in dentin. However, when the interfaces involved caries-affected dentin, a greater number of defects were observed and the layers were irregular.

<p>Značajan porast prevalence dentalnih erozija u savremenom dru&scaron;tvu, zahteva sve vi&scaron;e pažnje ka&nbsp; istraživanju njihove etiologije i preventivnih mera koje se mogu preduzeti. Cilj ove studije bio je da se ispita erozivni potencijal gaziranih napitaka i njihov uticaj na zubna tkiva, tokom različitih vremenskih intervala.<br />Stepen kiselosti izražen pH vrednostima za svaki ispitivani napitak (gaziranu vodu &bdquo;Knjaz Milo&scaron;&ldquo;, Coca-Cola-u i Schweppes Bitter Lemon), određen je odmah po otvaranju ambalaže sa napitkom, nakon 5 i 60 minuta kao i nakon 12 i 24 sata od potapanja zubnih uzoraka. U ovoj studiji posmatrane su mikroskopske promene proučavanjem skening elektronske mikrofotografije spolja&scaron;nje povr&scaron;ine gleđi, kao i uzdužni presek gleđi i dentina zuba nakon izlaganja gore navedenim napicima 5 i 60 minuta,12 i 24 sata kao i 7 i 30 dana, ali i makroskopske promene boje i strukture gleđi u svim navedenim vremenskim intervalima. Za određivanje stepena nastalih mikroskopskih i makroskopskih promena primenjene su individualno prilagođene skale.<br />Početna pH vrednost svih ispitivanih napitaka je niža od kritične pH vrednosti za demineralizaciju gleđi. Sa porastom vremena od potapanja zubnih uzoraka u napitke, njihova pH vrednost značajno raste. Na SEM mikrofotografijama gleđi i dentina se uočavaju promene u morfologiji, čiji intenzitet zavisi od vrste napitka i vremena koje je uzorak u njemu proveo. Centralni tip demineralizacije prisutan je kod uzoraka potopljenih u kiselu vodu i Coca Cola napitak a periferni kod Schweppes Bitter Lemon. Intenzitet promena zubnih tkiva raste u funkciji vremena, ali statistički značajna razlika ne postoji između svih vremenskih intervala. Zubi koji su bili izloženi delovanju gazirane vode &bdquo;Knjaz Milo&scaron;&ldquo; ne pokazuju izmene u makroskopskom izgledu, za razliku od zuba koji su tretirani Coca-Cola-om i Schweppes Bitter Lemon-om čiji intenzitet izmenjenosti raste u funkciji vremena, s tim da je statitički značajna razlika prisutna između pojedinih vremenskih intervala. S obzirom na erozivni potencijal i promene koje gazirani napitci izazivaju u in vitro условима, potrebno je preduzeti odgovarajuće preventivne mere kako bi se smanjio njihov uticaj na zube u in vivo uslovima.</p> / <p>Značajan porast prevalence dentalnih erozija u savremenom dru&scaron;tvu, zahteva sve vi&scaron;e pažnje ka&nbsp; istraživanju njihove etiologije i preventivnih mera koje se mogu preduzeti. Cilj ove studije bio je da se ispita erozivni potencijal gaziranih napitaka i njihov uticaj na zubna tkiva, tokom različitih vremenskih intervala.<br />Stepen kiselosti izražen pH vrednostima za svaki ispitivani napitak (gaziranu vodu &bdquo;Knjaz Milo&scaron;&ldquo;, Coca-Cola-u i Schweppes Bitter Lemon), određen je odmah po otvaranju ambalaže sa napitkom, nakon 5 i 60 minuta kao i nakon 12 i 24 sata od potapanja zubnih uzoraka. U ovoj studiji posmatrane su mikroskopske promene proučavanjem skening elektronske mikrofotografije spolja&scaron;nje povr&scaron;ine gleđi, kao i uzdužni presek gleđi i dentina zuba nakon izlaganja gore navedenim napicima 5 i 60 minuta,12 i 24 sata kao i 7 i 30 dana, ali i makroskopske promene boje i strukture gleđi u svim navedenim vremenskim intervalima. Za određivanje stepena nastalih mikroskopskih i makroskopskih promena primenjene su individualno prilagođene skale.<br />Početna pH vrednost svih ispitivanih napitaka je niža od kritične pH vrednosti za demineralizaciju gleđi. Sa porastom vremena od potapanja zubnih uzoraka u napitke, njihova pH vrednost značajno raste. Na SEM mikrofotografijama gleđi i dentina se uočavaju promene u morfologiji, čiji intenzitet zavisi od vrste napitka i vremena koje je uzorak u njemu proveo. Centralni tip demineralizacije prisutan je kod uzoraka potopljenih u kiselu vodu i Coca Cola napitak a periferni kod Schweppes Bitter Lemon. Intenzitet promena zubnih tkiva raste u funkciji vremena, ali statistički značajna razlika ne postoji između svih vremenskih intervala. Zubi koji su bili izloženi delovanju gazirane vode &bdquo;Knjaz Milo&scaron;&ldquo; ne pokazuju izmene u makroskopskom izgledu, za razliku od zuba koji su tretirani Coca-Cola-om i Schweppes Bitter Lemon-om čiji intenzitet izmenjenosti raste u funkciji vremena, s tim da je statitički značajna razlika prisutna između pojedinih vremenskih intervala. S obzirom na erozivni potencijal i promene koje gazirani napitci izazivaju u in vitro uslovima, potrebno je preduzeti odgovarajuće preventivne mere kako bi se smanjio njihov uticaj na zube u in vivo uslovima.</p> / <p>Due to the fact that prevalence of dental erosion significantly increased in modern society, it is important to investigate its etiological factors and all available preventive measures. The aim of this study was to investigate erosive potential of carbonated beverages and their influence on dental hard tissues, during different intervals.<br />The acidity or pH level was measured for each beverage (carbonated water &bdquo;Knjaz Milos&ldquo;, Coca-cola and Schweppes Bitter Lemon), on opening of the bottle, after 5 minutes and 60 minutes, and after 12 hours and 24 hours immersion of tooth samples in adequate beverage. In this study, microscopic changes of dental tissues were examined using a scanning electron microphotography of outer surface of enamel and longitudinal section of enamel and dentin, after exposure to beverages during 5 and 60 minutes, 12 and 24 hours, and 7 and 30 days, as well as macroscopic changes of tooth color and structure at same intervals. Individually adopted scales were used for grading of the severity of microscopic and macroscopic changes.<br />Initiated pH value of each tested beverage was lower than critical pH for enamel demineralisation. SEM images of enamel and dentin showed different morphology changes, which intensivity depended on type of beverages and time that sample were stored. Central type of demineralisation was visible on samples treated with carbonated water and Coca-Cola, while peripheral type of demineralisation was detected on samples treated with Schweppes Bitter Lemon. The intensity of alterations of dental tissues increased during time, but there was not statistically significant difference between all intervals. There wasn&rsquo;t detected macroscopic changes on teeth stored in carbonated water, while teeth treated with Coca-Cola and Schweppes Bitter Lemon showed changes which intensity increased during time, but statistically significant difference between all intervals wasn&rsquo;t detected. Due to erosive potential and changes influenced by carbonated beverages in vitro, preventive measures are necessary for reducing their effect on teeth in vivo.</p>