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Through the life and work of James Crossley, this thesis explores the important and often neglected significance of middle-class power and influence in the nineteenthcentury industrial city of Manchester. Born in the first year of the century, Crossley can be considered a paradigm of one section of a class divided along political and sectarian lines. He was a lawyer by profession, and a 'Church and State' Tory by inclination. After successive defeats, political ambitions gave way to antiquarian and especially literary interests, which he pursued in common with an influential network of other like-minded individuals. It is principally in this area that he made a significant contribution to the cultural maturation of the burgeoning city, and achieved the highest recognition during his lifetime. The principal topics investigated in successive chapters, through manuscript and printed sources, are: 1) Education and early literary interests. 2) The beginnings of a lifelong friendship with William Harrison Ainsworth, many of whose novels depended on source material provided by Crossley. Early literary journalism in Blackwood's Magazine and the Retrospective Review. 3) Legal training, the formation of the Manchester Law Association. 4) Political affairs, particularly in opposition to the Charter of Incorporation. 5) Dickens's visits, the expansion of Manchester's cultural infrastructure, including the Athenaeum Club 6) The growth and importance of publishing societies in the nineteenth century. Crossley's role in shaping and maintaining the Chetham Society. 7) The founding of the Manchester Free Public Library, Crossley's part in the selection and purchase of the stock, and the public recognition of this work. 8) The importance of the private collector in nineteenth-century literary research. Crossley's collection (particularly of the works of Daniel Defoe), and his influence on the work of contemporary bibliographers. 9) The Manchester man of letters, his accomplishments and status. It was concluded from this study that the life and achievements of James Crossley provide a valuable insight into the cultural development of Manchester in the nineteenth century.

Vivemos em um tempo marcado por mutações sociais que afetam as chamadas esferas tradicionais de socialização das gerações mais jovens: família e escola, por exemplo. Na Sociologia contemporânea, tais temas têm sido estudados por autores como François Dubet (1998), François Dubet e Danilo Martuccelli (1996), Marilia P. Sposito e Inês Galvão (2004), Maria da Graça Setton (2009). A presente pesquisa qualitativa teve o objetivo de conhecer os sentidos da escola para estudantes das classes médias matriculados no ensino médio em uma escola privada na cidade de São José do Rio Preto, no estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Para isso, utilizamos quatro procedimentos metodológicos que permitem compreender os valores que orientam as condutas diárias e que estruturam as redes de significados juvenis: questionário, observação, escrita de narrativa e análise de publicações em uma comunidade virtual dos estudantes do 1º ano do ensino médio e dos seus professores. Verificou-se que são jovens que têm garantido o direito de fruição da moratória social e da moratória vital (MARGULIS e URRESTI, 1996), pois a inserção no mundo do trabalho e a constituição de uma família própria são projetos futuros. Com relação à escola, eles expressam posições ambíguas. Alguns conferem a ela uma função instrumental transmissão do conhecimento e preparação para enfrentar (futuramente) o mundo do trabalho ; outros atribuem uma função expressiva e fundamental: é o espaço do encontro, convivência, amizades, marcadas pelo lúdico entre os iguais e mesmo entre os diferentes. Mas há aqueles que ainda acreditam que a escola contempla as duas funções, mas que, se possível, declinariam da função instrumental, pois esta ou pode ser espaço de alienação ou é boa apenas porque garante o encontro, a convivência e a amizade, do ponto de vista etário. / We live in a time marked by social changes affecting \'traditional spheres of socialization of the younger generations: family and school, for example . In contemporary sociology , such issues have been studied by authors such as François Dubet (1998) , François Dubet and Danilo Martuccelli (1996), Marilia P. Sposito and Inês Galvão (2004) , Maria da Graça Setton (2009). This qualitative study aimed to know the meanings of school for students of the middle classes enrolled in high school at a private school in the city of São José do Rio Preto , in São Paulo, Brazil. We utilize four methodological procedures that allow us to understand the values that guide the daily conduct and that structure networks juvenile meanings: questionnaire, observation, writing narrative and analysis of publications in a virtual community of students from the 1st year of high school and their teachers. Who are young who have secured the right to enjoyment of \"social moratorium\" and \"vital moratorium\" ( Margulis and Urresti , 1996) It was found , for insertion into the world of work and having a family are own future projects . With respect to school , they express ambiguous positions . Some give her an instrumental function - transmitting knowledge and preparation to face (in the future ) the world of work - while others attribute a significant and crucial role: it is the space of meeting, coexistence, friendship, marked by playfulness - between equal and even between different. But there are those who still believe that the school offers the two functions, but, if possible, would decline the instrumental function, as this space or can be sold or is good only because it ensures the meeting, coexistence and friendship, from the point of age view.

Vivemos em um tempo marcado por mutações sociais que afetam as chamadas esferas tradicionais de socialização das gerações mais jovens: família e escola, por exemplo. Na Sociologia contemporânea, tais temas têm sido estudados por autores como François Dubet (1998), François Dubet e Danilo Martuccelli (1996), Marilia P. Sposito e Inês Galvão (2004), Maria da Graça Setton (2009). A presente pesquisa qualitativa teve o objetivo de conhecer os sentidos da escola para estudantes das classes médias matriculados no ensino médio em uma escola privada na cidade de São José do Rio Preto, no estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Para isso, utilizamos quatro procedimentos metodológicos que permitem compreender os valores que orientam as condutas diárias e que estruturam as redes de significados juvenis: questionário, observação, escrita de narrativa e análise de publicações em uma comunidade virtual dos estudantes do 1º ano do ensino médio e dos seus professores. Verificou-se que são jovens que têm garantido o direito de fruição da moratória social e da moratória vital (MARGULIS e URRESTI, 1996), pois a inserção no mundo do trabalho e a constituição de uma família própria são projetos futuros. Com relação à escola, eles expressam posições ambíguas. Alguns conferem a ela uma função instrumental transmissão do conhecimento e preparação para enfrentar (futuramente) o mundo do trabalho ; outros atribuem uma função expressiva e fundamental: é o espaço do encontro, convivência, amizades, marcadas pelo lúdico entre os iguais e mesmo entre os diferentes. Mas há aqueles que ainda acreditam que a escola contempla as duas funções, mas que, se possível, declinariam da função instrumental, pois esta ou pode ser espaço de alienação ou é boa apenas porque garante o encontro, a convivência e a amizade, do ponto de vista etário. / We live in a time marked by social changes affecting \'traditional spheres of socialization of the younger generations: family and school, for example . In contemporary sociology , such issues have been studied by authors such as François Dubet (1998) , François Dubet and Danilo Martuccelli (1996), Marilia P. Sposito and Inês Galvão (2004) , Maria da Graça Setton (2009). This qualitative study aimed to know the meanings of school for students of the middle classes enrolled in high school at a private school in the city of São José do Rio Preto , in São Paulo, Brazil. We utilize four methodological procedures that allow us to understand the values that guide the daily conduct and that structure networks juvenile meanings: questionnaire, observation, writing narrative and analysis of publications in a virtual community of students from the 1st year of high school and their teachers. Who are young who have secured the right to enjoyment of \"social moratorium\" and \"vital moratorium\" ( Margulis and Urresti , 1996) It was found , for insertion into the world of work and having a family are own future projects . With respect to school , they express ambiguous positions . Some give her an instrumental function - transmitting knowledge and preparation to face (in the future ) the world of work - while others attribute a significant and crucial role: it is the space of meeting, coexistence, friendship, marked by playfulness - between equal and even between different. But there are those who still believe that the school offers the two functions, but, if possible, would decline the instrumental function, as this space or can be sold or is good only because it ensures the meeting, coexistence and friendship, from the point of age view.

This thesis represents an attempt to encourage a new perspective on health in the late-eighteenth and nineteenth century by concentrating on the ‘mundane maladies’ of the middle classes. The conventional approach to studies of urban health has been to concentrate on the killer diseases of the period. Thus tuberculosis, cholera and typhoid have all received much attention. But what about the everyday experience of health and illness? It is largely unrecorded as the occasional bout of stomach ache, constipation or chesty cough was rarely thought to be noteworthy, except by the odd hypochondriac. However, with the aid of advertisements for health and beauty products published in the provincial press, it is possible to explore the experience of less dramatic and less debilitating ailments. This study, therefore, has analysed the language and strategies employed by advertisers of health and beauty products and services to gain a clearer understanding of the middle-class experience of health and ill-health. Whilst product names and descriptions reveal the range of ‘mundane maladies’ that beset the middle classes, the language employed to sell them offers an indication of the public’s beliefs and expectations surrounding health. Attention has also been paid on how beauty products were employed to manage external appearances. As towns and cities grew during the late-eighteenth and nineteenth century, individuals increasingly judged others by their appearance. By analysing the language used to sell beauty products, it is possible to gain an insight into how members of the middle class wished to be perceived.

La région métropolitaine de Manille connait, depuis la fin du XXème siècle, un «changement urbain». Par cette expression, on désigne un ensemble de phénomènes liés entre eux, qui comprend la consolidation de classes moyennes, l’implantation d’entreprises de services et le développement d’une économie orientée vers la consommation – cette dernière étant illustrée de manière frappante par la multiplication des centres commerciaux, des objets urbains structurants dans la région capitale philippine. Ces éléments se traduisent par une transformation de la morphologie urbaine, mais également par une internationalisation de l’économie et par l’émergence de nouveaux modes de vie. La thèse propose d’appréhender ce changement urbain dans le Grand Manille au regard du service électrique. Les phénomènes décrits ont en effet des implications majeures sur la question énergétique : accroissement substantiel de la demande d’électricité, exigences plus hautes quant à la fiabilité du service, nouvelles pratiques de planification et de déploiement de l’infrastructure. Mais la relation entre changement urbain et secteur électrique est à double sens, et l’on peut observer des tensions par rapport aux tarifs ou à la qualité du réseau, dans la mesure où ces éléments viennent contraindre les transformations économiques et sociales que connaît la capitale philippine. En mobilisant plusieurs courants de littérature — sur les classes moyennes, sur l’économie politique de la production urbaine, et sur les grands réseaux techniques —, la thèse permet d’interroger les évolutions socio-techniques du service électrique dans le Grand Manille. Pour ce faire, elle mobilise la notion de « modernité », qui permet d’appréhender les normes et représentations émergentes pour la fourniture du service. Partant, la thèse identifie les écarts entre les idéaux de modernité et les pratiques existantes. Ce faisant, elle analyse les tensions générées par ces dés-ajustements, et discute les enjeux d’universalisation du réseau, d’homogénéité de sa desserte, d’évolution de sa forme (grand réseau centralisé ou structure « post-réticulaire ») et d’adaptation aux contraintes environnementales / Metro Manila has been experiencing dramatic urban change since the end of the XXth cen- tury. By ‘urban change’, I designate a number of connected phenomena: the consolidation of middle classes, the rise of a service-led economy and a significant increase in domestic consumption – the latter being exemplified by the frenzied construction of gigantic shop- ping malls, which are structuring objects for the urban fabric. These phenomena have converging effects, which include the transformation of the city’s appearance, but also the internationalisation of its economy and the diffusion of new urban lifestyles.This dissertation suggests that studying the electricity service in Metro Manila is an instructive way to decipher urban change. Indeed, the transformations that the Philippine National Capital Region (NCR) is going through have major implications for the energy question: they lead to a dramatic increase in electricity demand, to higher expectations from end-users with regard to the quality of service, and to new practices of planning and laying down infrastructure. However, the relationship between urban change and the electricity service goes both ways. The electricity network is also putting a constraint on social and economic changes, as evidenced by the social tensions that can arise from such things as tariff hikes or network failures.By drawing upon different bodies of literature (i.e., on urban middle classes, on the political economy of urban production, and on large technical networks), the present dissertation examines the socio-technical evolutions that the electricity service is going through in Metro Manila. It uses the notion of ‘modernity’ in order to grasp the emerging norms and representations pertaining to electricity provision. From there, I identify discrepancies between the ideals of modernity and actually existing practices. In doing so, I analyse the tensions generated by such mismatches and discuss the issues of network universalisation, homogeneity of servicing, evolution of the network’s form (large, centralised system or "post-reticular" structure) and adaptation to environmental constraints

Depuis les années 1950, la société taïwanaise ne cesse de progresser en économie en réduisant les écarts de revenus entre classes sociales. En effet, ce phénomène paradoxal n'est pas un fait normal par rapport aux autres modes de développement dans le monde. Des recherches ont montré qu'il existe un rapport fort entre une société riche et égalitaire et la multiplication des classes moyennes. Des recherches qui ont envisagé ce phénomène ont porté leurs fruits, en particulier dans le domaine de l'économie. Néanmoins, cela n'est pas suffisant pour expliquer la complexité de la multiplication des classes moyennes. En effet, les classes sociales sont composées de divers éléments économiques, culturels et politiques. Il conviendrait de réfléchir sur l'histoire de Taïwan et d’explorer les significations politiques, culturelles et économiques, afin de rendre compte de la dynamique et de la formation des classes moyennes à Taïwan. En premier lieu, ce projet se donne pour objectif l'étude de la trajectoire de la composition des classes moyennes à Taïwan. Ensuite, dans la deuxième partie, il analysera les dynamiques variées qui contribuent à la révolution des éléments essentiels des classes moyennes au fur et à mesure du développement de la société taïwanaise. La troisième partie a pour but d'examiner "la crise des classes moyennes" de nos jours qui est principalement issue de l’inflation de diplôme, du manque de pouvoir syndical des salariés et de la libéralisation du monde économique qui se conforme à l’esprit de néo-libéralisme. Ce projet s'appuiera sur la méthode qui se définit par une démarche de la sociologie historique et une analyse des données empiriques. / Since the 1950s, Taiwan continues to grow in economy and reduce income disparities between social classes in the same time. Some researchers have shown a strong relationship between a rich and egalitarian society and the growth of the middle class. However, this is not sufficient to explain the complexity of the multiplication of the middle class. In fact, classes are composed of economic, cultural and political elements. In the purpose to realize this complexity, this research try to explore the political, cultural and economic elements in the contemporary history of Taiwan which help us to realize the dynamics and the formation of the middle class in Taiwan. In the first place, this research explores the trajectory of the composition of the middle class in Taiwan. In the second place, we analyze the elements which contribute to a middle class as the essential role in the development process of the society of Taiwan. In the third place, this research will examine "the crisis of the middle class" in today's Taiwan society: inflation diploma, lack of labor power of workers and liberalization of the economic world that conforms to the spirit of neo-liberalism. This project will build on the method that is defined by an analysis of historical sociology and empirical data.

研究起點在於觀察到八○年代二現象之相近發生。其一，台灣學界漸興對中產階級之討論；其二，台灣雜誌工業較以往殊異發展。西方理論中對中產階級定義及其諸多問題莫衷一是，本文以如下方式討論階級：由生產關係的二元位置，至Wright加入三項資財，再至Bourdieu在實踐的經濟將社會空間中類似或接近位置的行動者視為相同階級的行為；相對地，中產階級的定義從據生產方式中的矛盾位置，而在多維度空間下場域、習癖、資本之不同位於不同位置。以此而觀八○年代雜誌工業之發展則具意義。此時已非教育之普及使印刷媒體有突破性的發展，而是特定消費型態及社會趨勢使印刷媒體受益，如八○年代財經、政論、女性雜誌的興起，九○年代國際中文版雜誌紛紛搶灘。其中，作者選定1981年創刊之《天下》雜誌為研究對象，其正為中產階級文化善意彰顯之例。在台灣，《天下》在象徵意義上常被標舉如社會良知，此卻易使人忽略其作為一份商品的存在；但《天下》不只是商品而已。在資本主義商業機制中，必須維持並擴充其自身的再生產；促使讀者消費《天下》，藉由對讀者的召喚以獲回應，對象為：以專技知識換取生產位置的中產階級為主，在其自薦廣告中，以時間壓力升遷壓力頻頻催促、完全繫於文化資本之有無，而《天下》正提供八○年代的管理與經濟學知識，對於企圖將文化資本轉化為組織科層升遷或經濟資本者，《天下》即為所需；就此而言，《天下》所傳散的正是生產力再生產的知識。

Orientador: Armando Boito Junior / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T21:41:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ribeiro_SantianeArias_D.pdf: 1365652 bytes, checksum: ccf2f3d4ccde1488e20b63d5e258ad6d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003 / Resumo: Ao longo da segunda metade dos anos 1990 surgiram em diversos países sedes dos encontros das organizações multilaterais, tais como a OMC, o FMI e o Banco Mundial, manifestações de oposição às políticas neoliberais, resultando no início de um novo movimento autodenominado altermundialista. Das marchas de protestos cada vez mais constantes nasceu o projeto do Fórum Social Mundial (2001). Considerado por seus entusiastas como o novo protagonista da esquerda do século XXI, esse movimento, não obstante proclame a necessidade de construção de um outro mundo, alega diferenciar-se na sua forma de ação, organização e projeto de transformação da chamada esquerda tradicional. É nesse sentido que o altermundialismo é apresentado por parte da literatura como um movimento plural e não hierárquico no qual encontrar-se-iam reunidos diferentes grupos sociais em nome de questões amplas e universais que transcenderiam os limites colocados pelos interesses de uma classe. A prova disso estaria sobretudo na diversidade de suas demandas que incluiriam, além de justiça social, a igualdade de gênero, a liberdade de orientação sexual, a preservação ambiental e a paz mundial. Ocorre que enquetes recentes sobre o perfil de seus militantes atestam reiteradamente a superepresentação de determinados setores das classes médias. Esta tese propõe-se a analisar o problema da transformação social trazido à tona pelo altermundialismo. Tendo por objeto de estudo a ATTAC (Associação pela Tributação das Transações Financeiras para o Apoio aos Cidadãos), uma das entidades mais atuantes do movimento, buscamos responder algumas questões que podem ser agrupadas em dois eixos intimamente relacionados: o primeiro, refere-se ao programa político da associação; à sua forma de organização e composição social; bem como às possíveis relações entre esses três elementos; o segundo refere-se à natureza desse outro mundo proposto e aos avanços e limites dessa proposição frente às mudanças advindas com o neoliberalismo / Abstract: Over the second half of the 1990s emerged in several countries Headquarters meetings of multilateral organizations such as the WTO, the IMF and the World Bank, expressions of opposition to neoliberal policies, resulting in the initiation of a new movement selfappointed alterglobalization. Demonstration protests increasingly constant gave rise to the project of the World Social Forum (2001). Considered by their enthusiasts as the protagonist of the new 21st century left, this movement, despite proclaiming the need to build another world, argues differentiate themselves in the form of action, project organization and transformation of traditional left. In this sense the alterglobalism is presented by part of the literature as a plural and non-hierarchic movement, in which it could be congregate different social groups on behalf of broad and universal issues that would transcend the limits placed by the interests of a class. Proof of this would be especially in diversity of their demands that would include, in addition to social justice, gender equality, freedom of sexual orientation, environmental preservation and world peace. Nevertheless, recent polls about the profile of the alterglobalists militants continually attest an over-representation of certain middle-class sectors. This thesis aims to analyze the problem of social transformation brought to light by altermundialism movement. Taking as object of study the ATTAC (Association for the Taxation of Financial Transactions and Aid to Citizens), one of the most actuating entities in the movement, we seek to answer some questions which could be grouped in two axes, both closely related. The first one, centered at ATTAC, makes reference to their: political program; way of organization; social composition; and to the possible relationship between these three elements. The second one makes reference: to the nature of that other world proposed by the movement; the advances and limits of this proposition in face of the changes arising from neoliberalism / Doutorado / Ciencia Politica / Doutor em Ciência Política