The 52,830-acre Mammoth Cave National Park, located in the karst region of south-central Kentucky, was formally established in July of 1941, culminating nearly three decades of park creation that displaced several thousand residents of the region. This thesis sampled residents using the 1920 manuscript census for the United States Census of Population and Housing and tracked their migration destinations using the 1930 and 1940 manuscript censuses. Migration patterns for the entire sample, as well as by race and homeownership status, were identified through mapping. Out-migrants generally chose locations north, west, and east of the proposed park area, noticeably neglecting the Deep South. Statistical analyses proved significant differences between proportions of Black out-migrants and White out-migrants moving to urban areas, as well as those of homeowners and renters who were not successfully tracked during analysis. The research underlines unintended consequences of the forced out-migration from the proposed Mammoth Cave National Park and several factors that contributed to it. In the process, the thesis fills a gap in research on Mammoth Cave National Park and sheds light on an important aspect of Kentucky’s history.

When a person is forced to flee their home due to violence or the fear of persecution, they must seek refuge elsewhere – either within the borders of their home country or in a new country. Those who travel to another country in search of safety and protection are known as refugees, and as world conflicts continue, the number of refugees around the world is steadily increasing. As refugees integrate into their new communities, they often receive support from nonprofit organizations once government assistance has ceased. This mixed method study uses 60 open-ended, first-person interviews with refugees and nonprofit service providers, participant observation, and a secondary data analysis of nonprofit mission and goal statements to explore the needs of refugee populations in a southeastern city in the United States, compare and analyze how nonprofits in this area are interacting with and providing services to their refugee clients, determine the extent to which the refugees being served perceive the nonprofit’s services to be effective, and determine the extent to which refugees feel that their needs are being met. Findings indicate that refugees and nonprofit service providers typically gauge the effectiveness of nonprofit services in very different ways, with refugees measuring effectiveness as the extent to which a nonprofit helps its clients, and with service providers measuring effectiveness as the extent to which a nonprofits meets its mission and goals; thus, creating specific mission statements that are aligned with client needs is crucial for nonprofits. Findings also showed that refugees may be hesitant to fully express their needs to service providers due to cultural barriers and/or the fear of being a "burden", and that informal methods of soliciting refugee perspectives may help service providers better assist their refugee clients. The data also indicate that nonprofits that engage in collaborations with other nonprofits and governmental agencies, provide refugees with increased access to ESL classes, and ensure that refugees have ample opportunities to engage with other members of their community typically see more positive outcomes as their refugee clients seek to integrate.

This thesis is a multi-sited ethnography of sub-Saharan migrants' journeys through Libya and by boat to Malta. Its overall aim is to understand how undocumented migrants make and conceptualise their complex journeys through shifting regulatory landscapes. The thesis draws upon, and consequently develops, understandings of migrants' mobilities, both within anthropology and wider migration studies. Over the course of their journey through Libya and Malta, sub-Saharan migrants move across uneven topographies in place and time, from the vast expanse of the Sahara Desert to the turbulent Mediterranean Sea, from situations of detention to everyday houses in society, from the hands of smugglers to the arms of the law. To this end, the thesis is guided by three wider objectives. First, investigating how different forms of mobility are part of migrants' journeys. Second, examining how migrants navigate such journeys. And third, understanding the ways in which migrants encounter and negotiate borders en route. These objectives are engaged with through a multi-sited ethnography tracing migrants' journeys through five contexts: sites of confinement and detention in Libya, everyday spaces of Libyan society, the boat crossing, and finally the legal framework in Malta. These varying contexts prompt comparisons across particular sites, processes and practices on a journey, highlighting elements that might be generalized and those that are specific. The ethnography is presented in five chapters, their sequence mirroring the overall journey of migrants through Libya and Malta. Unpacking the journey and mobility, this thesis develops a set of interrelated arguments. First, it deconstructs the notion of migrants as a homogenized group of people on a linear trajectory aimed at Europe. It goes beyond typologized understandings of migrants, such as legal, illegal, refugee or asylum seeker, that fix migrants into static categories linked to the state or specific crisis situations. Second, it front-stages the journey as a focal point of inquiry, thereby addressing a theme under-acknowledged in the anthropology of mobility and migration. This enables a move beyond state-centric and isolated understandings of migrants' mobilities to one that accounts for the multiplicity of journeys and processes en route. Third, this emphasis on the journey highlights the importance of thinking through relations involving multiple actors and bordering encounters. Taken together, these arguments advance important insights into the anthropologies of mobility and migration. The thesis makes wider contributions by conceptualizing an 'architecture' of the journey, constituted by three inter-related components: mobility, navigation, and borders. They offer a more nuanced understanding of migration and mobility in (post-)conflict settings, one that not only has implications for understanding sub-Saharan migrants' journeys through Libya and by boat to Europe, but one also relevant to other crisis contexts as well.

En déclinant la sémantique du mot latin « medium », nous remarquons la présence de certaines caractéristiques de la littérature italienne rédigée par les auteures d’origine balkanique. La thèse qui s’intitule « Écrivaines italiennes de la migration balkanique », est un travail qui se sert d’outils propres, tant à la littérature et à la linguistique qu’à la géographie humaine. Le but de la thèse étant d’analyser le corpus intégral des écrivaines de récits ou de romans en langue italienne, arrivées en Italie suite à la vague migratoire des années Quatre-vingt-dix en provenance de la Péninsule balkanique. De ce fait, « médiane » est la position géopolitique de la région, entre la « terre promise » européenne et l’« Orient », deux mythes créés par l’Occident colonisateur ; ces écrivaines « subalternes » revêtent ainsi le rôle de « médiatrices » qui, après avoir reconstruit leur identité singulière dans un ouvrage autobiographique, se font porte-paroles d’instances collectives, en employant une prose de genre réaliste ; pour finir, l’idiome italien est le « moyen » choisi pour formuler une littérature désormais mature qui, dans certains cas, donne lieu à des motifs inattendus d’empreinte fantastico-surréelle. / As we inflect the semantics of the Latin noun "medium", we feel we unearth some of the characteristics of Italian literature as female writers from the Balkans compiled it. The thesis, titled Italian female writers from the Balkan migration, is a work that exploits devices borrowed from literature, linguistics and human geography alike, aiming at analysing the complete corpus of authors of short stories and novels in Italian who arrived to Italy following the migration wave that swept the Balkan peninsula in the nineties. "Median" is the geopolitical position of the region, sitting between the European "promised land" and the "East", both myths created by the colonising West; "mediator" is the role of these "subordinate" writers who, having reconstructed an individual identity in their autobiographic works, herald collective messages through a realist prose; lastly, the "medium" is the Italian language chosen to formulate a literature that can sometimes bring to life unexpected fantastic and surrealistic motifs. / Declinando la semantica del sostantivo latino “medium”, ci sembra di scovare alcune delle caratteristiche della letteratura italiana redatta da scrittrici d’origine balcanica. La tesi dal titolo Scrittrici italiane della migrazione balcanica è un lavoro che si serve degli strumenti propri tanto alla letteratura e alla linguistica che alla geografia umana, al fine di analizzare il corpus completo delle autrici di racconti brevi o romanzi in lingua italiana, giunte in Italia al seguito di quell’ondata emigratoria che negli anni Novanta scosse la Penisola balcanica. “Mediana” è la posizione geopolitica della regione, a cavallo tra la “terra promessa” europea e l’“Oriente”, miti entrambi creati dall’Occidente colonizzatore; “mediatore” è il ruolo di quelle scrittrici “subalterne” che, dopo aver ricostruito un’identità singolare nell’opera autobiografica, si fanno portavoce d’istanze collettive servendosi di una prosa di genere realista; “mezzo”, infine, è l’idioma italiano scelto per formulare una letteratura matura che può dar luogo, in alcuni casi, ad inattese tinte fantastico-surrealiste.

Little is known about the factors that influence people from the Caribbean to seek reproductive health services in the United States. In this paper, I focus on Indo-Caribbean women from Guyana and Trinidad who undertake reproductive journeys to New York. I ask: (1) What influences Indo-Caribbean women to begin their reproductive journeys to Richmond Hill, New York? (2) How do Indo-Caribbean women challenge gender norms during their reproductive journeys? (3) How does women’s class inform their decision making in challenging gendered norms? After conducting 30 in-depth interviews with Indo-Caribbean women from Guyana and Trinidad who seek reproductive health services in New York, I find that Indo-Caribbean women’s reproductive journeys are influenced by sexism experienced within households, communities, and doctors’ offices, lack of proper care, legal restrictions, and unaffordable treatment. Another driver is support from women networks. Social networks helped women challenge gendered norms around motherhood that are present within communities in home countries. As women receive support from their networks, they challenge gender norms varied by their class. Women from middle-income households are more likely to challenge gender norms outwardly. Obtaining reproductive health care abroad becomes a journey with multidimensional experiences of gendered negotiations and constraints.

No description available.

Research on attitudes towards immigration policies typically considers the economic and cultural threats that compel many Americans to favor exclusionary policies that curb immigration. Less is understood about how indifference to inequality shapes Americans’ attitudes towards immigration policies—that is, how ‘not caring’ about the unequal conditions faced by immigrants likely has detrimental consequences for their safety and wellbeing. The present research examines indifference to inequality as a predictor for policies that impact opportunities for immigrants to come to the U.S., and who are otherwise undocumented and/or at great risk for exploitation. Using survey data from the American National Election Studies gathered in 2016 (Study 1; n = 3,187) and 2020 (Study 2; n = 6,941), we find that greater indifference to inequality is associated with less support for providing a path to citizenship for undocumented immigrants, and greater support for building a wall between the U.S. and Mexico, independently of other explanatory intergroup variables (e.g., prejudice, threat, and demographic characteristics). However, these associations tend to be moderated by ethnoracial background, such that although indifference to inequality predicts immigration policy attitudes among U.S.-born White Americans, it is not predictive of attitudes among U.S.-born Latino and Black Americans. Furthermore, these associations are not moderated by recent family history of immigration, suggesting that respondents’ group status in the U.S. ethnoracial hierarchy, and not the personal relevance of immigration, may well be driving these associations.

The intent of this thesis is to analyze the racial attitudes of residents in the Orlando MSA towards Puerto Rican migrants that have moved as a result of Hurricane Maria and analyze the effects these attitudes may have on racial residential segregation in Central Florida. As the state with the third largest population of Latinos, Florida's residential landscape continues to be uniquely formed by a diverse, and markedly Latino, population. Florida's location in relation to South American and Caribbean countries has made it an opportune destination for immigrants and refugees. Therefore, it came as no surprise that when Hurricane Maria hit Puerto Rico in late 2017, thousands of Puerto Ricans sought refuge in Florida. This thesis examines racial attitudes towards this group of Puerto Rican migrants and the ways in which they could potentially affect neighborhood demographics. The study proceeds by collecting survey responses from participants living in the Orlando areas being analyzed. The survey asks participants about their general views of Puerto Rican migrants, it tests their knowledge of racial residential patterns in Orlando, and it analyzes their neighborhood preferences using a show card method.

Im Zentrum dieser literaturwissenschaftlichen Arbeit steht der „homo migrans“ (Klaus Bade). Dieser ist nicht ein Typus, sondern vielmehr Sammelbegriff verschiedenster Länder, Kulturen und Sprachen querender Figuren der Bewegung: eurokoloniale Rück- und postkoloniale Zuwanderer, Asylbewerber, politische Dissidenten, Glaubensflüchtlinge, Arbeitsmigranten, Familiennachzügler und Aussiedler. Sie alle bewegen sich transnational und häufig interkontinental über und zwischen Grenzräumen. Unter dem Eindruck einer erneuten Beschleunigung globaler Migrationsprozesse ist es daher aus der Perspektive der Literaturwissenschaft entscheidend, sich zeitgenössischen Literaturen zu stellen, deren Autorschaft in genau jener kritischen wie produktiven Dynamik von Ortswechsel, Ent- und Reterritorialisierung, Heimatverlust und Herkunftsentwürfen stattfindet. Anhand ausgewählter Texte der deutschsprachigen Schriftstellerin ungarischer Herkunft Terézia Mora und des mexikanischen Schriftstellers italienischer Herkunft Fabio Morábito soll verdeutlicht werden, mit welch unterschiedlichen auktorialen Vorraussetzungen, produktionsästhetischen Strategien und leitmotivischen Schwerpunkten literarische Gegenwelten der Migration, der Fremd- und Selbsterfahrung erzeugt werden. So entstehen aus dem Innern eines als vielfach fremd empfundenen urbanen Lebensraums Zwischenweltfiguren und Bewegungsmuster, die zu analysieren sich allemal lohnt, wenn es darum gehen soll, mit den Mitteln der Literatur als Speicher von „Lebenswissen“ (Ottmar Ette) zu einem tieferen Verständnis dieser – ökonomisch wie kulturell wie analytisch – immer wichtiger werdenden Wissensressourcen vorzudringen. Die Analyse berücksichtigt bei beiden Autoren das bisher publizierte, literarische Gesamtwerk, setzt aber deutliche Schwerpunkte bei Terézia Moras Roman 'Alle Tage' und bei Fabio Morábitos Erzählband 'También Berlín se olvida', unter besonderer Berücksichtigung seiner umfangreichen, für das vorliegende Thema sehr ergiebigen Lyrik. / The main focus of this master’s thesis in literary studies is the ‘homo migrans’ (Klaus Bade). This entity is not a uniform archetype of migration, but a conglomeration of subjects who traverse a diverse range of countries, cultures and languages: the eurocolonial and postcolonial migrant, the asylum seeker, the dissident, the labor or family migrant, the refugee, the ethnic repatriate. They all share transnational and often intercontinental paths of trans-border movement. In light of the perpetual acceleration of global migration, it is of crucial importance that the humanities confront and discuss contemporary literature, which deals with the critical and productive dynamics of delocalization, de- and reterritorialization, the loss of homeland and the multiple constructions of belonging. In this thesis, selected works by the German-Hungarian author Terézia Mora and the Mexican-Italian author Fabio Morábito are analyzed to demonstrate the diverse auctorial conditions, aesthetic strategies and leitmotifs that produce literary counterworlds of migration, oscillating conceptions of identity and alienation. From within urban spaces that are oftentimes estranging, perspectives emerge of liminal identities that navigate between different worlds. As the analyses of Mora and Morábito illustrate, modes of identity and movement are literary expressions of ‘Lebenswissen’ (Ottmar Ette). They are therefore an invaluable contribution to our understanding of migration, in an economic, cultural, as well as analytical sense. The thesis takes into account the complete series of literary works that the two authors published until 2006. However, its focal points are Terézia Mora’s novel 'Alle Tage', as well as the short stories of 'También Berlín se olvida' and the lyrical oeuvre of Fabio Morábito.

This research study explores how ten Eritrean refugees living in Pretoria, South Africa, make sense of their refugee identity in individual interviews. Discursive analysis was employed as a methodology to capture the different ways of talking (interpretative repertoires) about their institutionally-ascribed refugee identity, their experiences as refugees and alternative identities which the refugees discursively constructed in their interaction with the researcher. The study was motivated to provide the refugees, as a marginalized social group, a platform for expressing their agency. Six men and four women were recruited for the study using a convenience sampling technique. Analysis resulted in the identification of five dominant and two less dominant interpretative repertoires. The dominant interpretative repertoires were as follows: ‘we have rights’ repertoire; ‘accept who you are’ repertoire; ‘they target you’ repertoire; ‘I am secure: they can’t deport me’ repertoire and ‘we are misunderstood as criminals’ repertoire. The two less dominant repertoires were: ‘our refugee identity is transient’ repertoire and ‘I am lost; I don’t have a country any more’ repertoire. The findings of such varied, contradictory and inconsistent ways of talking by the participants about their refugee identity demonstrate a challenge to previous empirical studies conducted on the experiences and identities of Eritrean refugees in different settings which treated participant accounts as consistent and coherent. Furthermore, the results of the study defy dominant discourses about refugees which describe them as voiceless and without agency. / Dissertation (MSocSci)--University of Pretoria, 2014. / am2014 / Sociology / unrestricted