As a result of a historically anchored relationship between the Swedish state and the sports movement, gender equality has been a prioritized area of interest in Swedish sports since the 1970s. Despite long-term work in this field, research indicates a notable gap between what is said and done at the central level and locally. Research also indicates attitude problems; gender equality is often seen as an insignificant or unnecessary issue. This thesis seeks to relate to and analyze this development. Answers are sought via male sport coaches and leaders. This approach is motivated by the fact that gender equality-related sport research in Sweden seldom focuses on men and masculinities. At the same time men have been overrepresented as power holders and decision makers, and gender equality has consequently been constructed as a women’s issue. By means of a post-structural discourse analysis, the aim is to investigate constructions of gender equality in interviews with 47 leaders selected from seven sports. How is gender equality constructed in terms of meanings of and standpoints in relation to the concept, and which discourses set the frames for these constructions? Which subject positions are articulated? Results show that gender equality is given many different meanings in the interviews and that these meanings are produced in line with three discourses: a women’s rights discourse (semi-essentialism, structural feminism, a quantitative and qualitative support for women’s sport), a gender critical discourse (constructionism, structural feminism, “women can”, deconstructions of femininities) and a liberal discourse (“sport for all”, individualism, gender neutrality). Furthermore, four subject positions are distinguished: the skeptic, the cynic, the women rightist and the norm critic position. When the results are related to the production of gender equality policies four aspects are discussed, 1) relations between discourses (the discourses generate contradictory interpretations of sport, subjectivity, gender and equality), 2) men and gender equality, 3) the relatively substantial lack of interest in gender equality in the interviews and 4) sport and pluralism. One conclusion in the thesis is that the women’s rights discourse dominates and that the liberal discourse is marginalized in the interviews. Further, it is suggested that an elaboration and a more frequent practice of the gender critical discourse could be useful in the development of the gender equality project in Swedish sport. / Forskningslinjen Fritid

This study looks at school children´s intersectional experience with weight norms and tries to give insights on the issue of body normativities, from a feminist sport scientist point of view. Its purpose is to inform good practice in juvenile health education on the one hand and to contribute with intersectional feminist insights to the interdisciplinary dialogue on body weight and health on the other. The here presented research project has been conceived as a pilot study for the juvenile health program The Club of Strong Friends. It aims to answer the question how troubled subject positions in a curricular setting come to be and how children use their intersectional corporeality to navigate in and out of different positionings. Using workshops as a method, a workshop series called Self-worth, Body Weight and Health was carried out with children between 11 and 13 in 3 different public schools in the most eastern province of Austria in spring 2015. Four of these sessions constitute the material for the analysis which has been realized by using Staunaes´ conceptualisation of intersectionality and troubled subject positions. Results: It has been found that many children who conformed to normative body weight ideals drew attention to this fact. This was inter alia to claim an untroubled position within the group or overshadow a troubled position as an ethnic minority in a dominant Austrian school context. Being of non-normative body weight on the other hand often hindered children to connect with others and aggravated the participation in in-group activities. The data demonstrate that body weight plays a significant role in negotiating one´s intersectional position within the peer group. Non-normative body weight can thereby be a barrier for children to take part in a learning community. The findings also suggest that a variety of intersections that constitute children´s corporeal experiences within educational contexts are overlooked or insufficiently addressed within educational environments. Conclusion: Given this study´s findings, it is recommended to start incorporating intersectionality as an analytical tool and methodology in health promotion and health education in order to address pupils´ differences and intersections in a valuing non-oppressive way.

<p>The aim of this thesis is to investigate the discursive construction of school leadership in a gender perspective and the meanings attached to school leadership. Theoretically, I draw on discourse analysis, and feminist poststructuralist theories have been my source of inspiration. Discourse, subjectivity, subject positions and power are key concepts applied to the analysis of the data. Four male and four female school leaders representing eight primary and secondary schools were interviewed. Furthermore, interviews were carried out with two teachers at each of these schools: in total nine female and seven male teachers were interviewed.</p><p>The leaders and teachers talk about leadership in relation to four different arenas, which I have labelled the teachers’, the children’s, the parents’ and the societal arena respectively. Three main positions have been identified for the school leaders: (1) the supporter, (2) the manager and (3) the pedagogical leader. Most of the statements deal with the relation to the teachers, whereas the parents’ arena is not much talked about.</p><p>As for gender, both male and female school leaders construct themselves as leaders in rather similar ways. Both men and women activate the three positions in similar ways. Women do not repeat the supporter position more often than men, and men do not position themselves as managers more frequently than women. This indicates that traditional gender discourses do not govern the school leaders’ talk about school leadership. For the position of pedagogical leader, some gender differences have been distinguished. The men position themselves as pedagogical leaders, whose mission it is to take the lead in pedagogical issues, whilst the women talk about the importance of evaluating and reflecting on their pedagogical leadership. Gender discourses seem to affect the way teachers construct school leadership, as male leaders who act as supporters are sometimes positioned as deviant. Instead, especially female teachers expect their male leader to act as a manager. Furthermore, the female teachers construct female school leaders as supporters to a higher extent than the male teachers.</p>

<p><p>Aim<p> </p><p>The aim of the study is to, from a comparative perspective, examine principals’ view of leadership in successful schools. Questions:<p> </p><ol><li>How do the principals describe their own leadership? </li><li>What subject positions do the principals take? </li></ol><p>Method<p> </p><p>Three principals were interviewed in the study. The interviews lasted for about 60 minutes. The interviews were recorded and transcribed. The interviews were analyzed according to the theories of transformative and instructional leadership and also which of the three subject positions <em>supporter, pedagogical leader and chief</em> the principals enabled.<em> </em><p> </p><p>Results<p> </p><p>The principals had not an entirely consistent approach to school leadership. Two of the principals spoke of leadership in accordance to the transformative theory with a focus on development and change. The third principal described his leadership in a manner more similar to the instructional theory with clear top-down approach and focus on school to be a safe place for students in a troubled area. All headmasters enabled in some degree all three subject positions however, they had one position each as they foremost enabled.<p> </p><p>Conclusions<p> </p><p>The headmasters’ view of leadership differs on some points which could indicate that the leadership needs to be adapted to the specific school in order to make the school and the headmaster successful. Common to all headmasters was that they had a strong commitment to the mission and students. The headmasters are taking different positions when they talk about leadership. This may be because they tend to use transformative or instructional leadership. The instructional leadership is beneficial in the beginning of the structuring of a school. In light of growing maturity in the organization, it is possible to switch to transformative leadership which gives the principal greater opportunities to work with future visions and the school's overall goals.<p> </p><p> </p></p></p></p></p></p></p></p></p></p> / <p><p>Syfte och frågeställningar<p> </p><p>Studiens syfte är ur ett komparativt perspektiv undersöka rektorers syn på ledarskap i framgångsrika skolor. Frågeställningar:<p> </p><ol><li>Hur beskriver rektorerna sitt eget ledarskap? </li><li>Vilka subjektspositioner intar rektorerna? </li></ol><p>Metod<p> </p><p>Tre rektorer intervjuades i studien. Intervjuerna pågick under ca 60 minuter. Intervjuerna spelades in och transkriberades. Intervjuerna analyserades enligt teorierna om transformativt och instruerande ledarskap samt vilka av de tre subjektspositionerna <em>supporter, pedagogisk ledare och chef</em> rektorerna intog.<p> </p><p>Resultat<p> </p><p>Rektorerna har inte en helt samstämmig syn på skolledarskap. Två av rektorerna talade om ledarskapet i enlighet med den transformativa teorin med fokus på utveckling och förändring. Den tredje rektorn beskrev sitt ledarskap på ett sätt som mer liknar den instruerande teorin med tydlig toppstyrning och fokus på att skolan ska vara en trygg plats för elever i ett oroligt område. Samtliga rektorer aktiverade i någon grad alla tre subjektspositioner dock hade de varsin position som de främst aktiverade.<p> </p><p>Slutsats<p> </p><p>Rektorernas syn på ledarskap skiljer sig på en del punkter vilket skulle kunna tyda på att ledarskapet behöver passa för den specifika skolan för att skolan och rektorn ska kunna bli framgångsrika. Gemensamt för rektorerna var att de hade ett starkt engagemang för uppdraget och eleverna. Rektorerna tar olika positioner när de talar om ledarskap. Detta kan bero på om de tenderar att leda transformativt eller instruerande. Det instruerande ledarskapet är fördelaktigt i början av struktureringen av en skola. I takt med ökande mognad inom organisationen finns det möjlighet att växla till transformativt ledarskap vilket ger rektorn större möjligheter att arbeta med framtidsvisioner och skolans övergripande mål.<p> </p><p> </p></p></p></p></p></p></p></p></p></p>

The aim of this thesis is to investigate the discursive construction of school leadership in a gender perspective and the meanings attached to school leadership. Theoretically, I draw on discourse analysis, and feminist poststructuralist theories have been my source of inspiration. Discourse, subjectivity, subject positions and power are key concepts applied to the analysis of the data. Four male and four female school leaders representing eight primary and secondary schools were interviewed. Furthermore, interviews were carried out with two teachers at each of these schools: in total nine female and seven male teachers were interviewed. The leaders and teachers talk about leadership in relation to four different arenas, which I have labelled the teachers’, the children’s, the parents’ and the societal arena respectively. Three main positions have been identified for the school leaders: (1) the supporter, (2) the manager and (3) the pedagogical leader. Most of the statements deal with the relation to the teachers, whereas the parents’ arena is not much talked about. As for gender, both male and female school leaders construct themselves as leaders in rather similar ways. Both men and women activate the three positions in similar ways. Women do not repeat the supporter position more often than men, and men do not position themselves as managers more frequently than women. This indicates that traditional gender discourses do not govern the school leaders’ talk about school leadership. For the position of pedagogical leader, some gender differences have been distinguished. The men position themselves as pedagogical leaders, whose mission it is to take the lead in pedagogical issues, whilst the women talk about the importance of evaluating and reflecting on their pedagogical leadership. Gender discourses seem to affect the way teachers construct school leadership, as male leaders who act as supporters are sometimes positioned as deviant. Instead, especially female teachers expect their male leader to act as a manager. Furthermore, the female teachers construct female school leaders as supporters to a higher extent than the male teachers.

Aim  The aim of the study is to, from a comparative perspective, examine principals’ view of leadership in successful schools. Questions:  How do the principals describe their own leadership? What subject positions do the principals take? Method  Three principals were interviewed in the study. The interviews lasted for about 60 minutes. The interviews were recorded and transcribed. The interviews were analyzed according to the theories of transformative and instructional leadership and also which of the three subject positions supporter, pedagogical leader and chief the principals enabled.   Results  The principals had not an entirely consistent approach to school leadership. Two of the principals spoke of leadership in accordance to the transformative theory with a focus on development and change. The third principal described his leadership in a manner more similar to the instructional theory with clear top-down approach and focus on school to be a safe place for students in a troubled area. All headmasters enabled in some degree all three subject positions however, they had one position each as they foremost enabled.  Conclusions  The headmasters’ view of leadership differs on some points which could indicate that the leadership needs to be adapted to the specific school in order to make the school and the headmaster successful. Common to all headmasters was that they had a strong commitment to the mission and students. The headmasters are taking different positions when they talk about leadership. This may be because they tend to use transformative or instructional leadership. The instructional leadership is beneficial in the beginning of the structuring of a school. In light of growing maturity in the organization, it is possible to switch to transformative leadership which gives the principal greater opportunities to work with future visions and the school's overall goals. / Syfte och frågeställningar  Studiens syfte är ur ett komparativt perspektiv undersöka rektorers syn på ledarskap i framgångsrika skolor. Frågeställningar:  Hur beskriver rektorerna sitt eget ledarskap? Vilka subjektspositioner intar rektorerna? Metod  Tre rektorer intervjuades i studien. Intervjuerna pågick under ca 60 minuter. Intervjuerna spelades in och transkriberades. Intervjuerna analyserades enligt teorierna om transformativt och instruerande ledarskap samt vilka av de tre subjektspositionerna supporter, pedagogisk ledare och chef rektorerna intog.  Resultat  Rektorerna har inte en helt samstämmig syn på skolledarskap. Två av rektorerna talade om ledarskapet i enlighet med den transformativa teorin med fokus på utveckling och förändring. Den tredje rektorn beskrev sitt ledarskap på ett sätt som mer liknar den instruerande teorin med tydlig toppstyrning och fokus på att skolan ska vara en trygg plats för elever i ett oroligt område. Samtliga rektorer aktiverade i någon grad alla tre subjektspositioner dock hade de varsin position som de främst aktiverade.  Slutsats  Rektorernas syn på ledarskap skiljer sig på en del punkter vilket skulle kunna tyda på att ledarskapet behöver passa för den specifika skolan för att skolan och rektorn ska kunna bli framgångsrika. Gemensamt för rektorerna var att de hade ett starkt engagemang för uppdraget och eleverna. Rektorerna tar olika positioner när de talar om ledarskap. Detta kan bero på om de tenderar att leda transformativt eller instruerande. Det instruerande ledarskapet är fördelaktigt i början av struktureringen av en skola. I takt med ökande mognad inom organisationen finns det möjlighet att växla till transformativt ledarskap vilket ger rektorn större möjligheter att arbeta med framtidsvisioner och skolans övergripande mål.

Linha de pesquisa: Curr?culos, avalia??o, pr?ticas pedag?gicas e forma??o de professores. / Submitted by Jos? Henrique Henrique (jose.neves@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2017-09-18T19:08:28Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) cristiane-lima-rocha.pdf: 1268270 bytes, checksum: f509f9fe195cac2b92b54e5a7858a87b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rodrigo Martins Cruz (rodrigo.cruz@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2017-09-18T19:12:39Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) cristiane-lima-rocha.pdf: 1268270 bytes, checksum: f509f9fe195cac2b92b54e5a7858a87b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-18T19:12:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) cristiane-lima-rocha.pdf: 1268270 bytes, checksum: f509f9fe195cac2b92b54e5a7858a87b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017 / A presente disserta??o analisa como os discursos homof?bicos que circulam nos curr?culos dos filmes "Billy Elliot (Inglaterra, 2000)", "Carol (Reino Unido/Estados Unidos, 2015)", "C.R.A.Z.Y. - Loucos de Amor (Canad?, 2005)" e "Madame Sat?" (Brasil, 2002), demandam corpos normalizados em um padr?o heteronormativo e que efeitos t?m sobre as personagens. Tomo como metodologia a an?lise do discurso, de inspira??o foucaultiana. As an?lises ser?o realizadas por meio das falas, as cenas, dos sons, das imagens, nas coisas expl?citas e silenciadas. Bem como, os conceitos de curr?culo, g?nero, homofobia, heteronormatividade, norma, discurso, rela??es de saber-poder e processos de subjetiva??o e posi??es de sujeito foram eleitos como ferramentas te?rico-conceituais para essa pesquisa. Em termos te?ricos, esta disserta??o se inscreveu no campo dos Estudos Culturais, na vers?o dos estudos p?s-cr?ticos de curr?culo. Assim, o conceito central da investiga??o ? curr?culo, compreendendo-se que ele ensina modos de ser, pensar e agir ?s pessoas, bem como produz determinados tipos de sujeitos e corpos. Igualmente, o conceito de discurso tem espa?o importante, sendo entendido como "pr?ticas que formam sistematicamente os objetos de que falam" (FOUCAULT, 1986, p. 56). Destaco que o discurso da homofobia circula nos mais diversos espa?os produzindo efeitos sobre os corpos, demandando posi??es de sujeito, seja nos filmes, nas novelas, na escola, na fam?lia, na religi?o, na roda de amig@s. O problema central desta investiga??o ?: como os discursos sobre g?nero, por meio de discursos homof?bicos, t?m demandado corpos normalizados em um padr?o heteronormativo nos filmes em an?lise? Para isso, trago como objetivos espec?ficos: verificar os processos de constru??o de pr?ticas ditas femininas e masculinas nos filmes investigados; registrar quais marcas s?o nomeadas e classificadas como "normais" ?s posi??es de g?nero; identificar quais posi??es de sujeito generificados s?o demandadas e produzidas em atividades cotidianas nos filmes em quest?o; investigar como se expressam as desigualdades de g?nero nos longa-metragens pesquisados; analisar quais mecanismos, t?cnicas e estrat?gias de poder s?o utilizadas no refor?o ? homofobia nessas obras cinematogr?ficas; identificar e analisar poss?veis tentativas de apagamento de marcas homossexuais ou escapes nas personagens dos filmes. O argumento central ? de que h? uma reitera??o do padr?o heteronormativo no curr?culo dos filmes investigados mesmo quando se percebe uma suposta tentativa de romper com padr?es tidos como ideais e normais. Desse modo, soma-se ao discurso homof?bico e heteronormativo, por exemplo, discursos biologicistas, religiosos, psicol?gicos e moralistas, demandando posi??es de sujeito heterossexuais. / Disserta??o (Mestrado Profissional) ? Programa de P?s-Gradua??o em Educa??o, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2017. / The present dissertation analyzes how the homophobic discourses circulating in the curricula of the films "Billy Elliot (England, 2000)", "Carol (United Kingdom / United States, 2015)", "C.R.A.Z.Y. - Madras de Amor (Canada, 2005)" and "Madame Sat? (Brazil, 2002)", demand normalized bodies in a heteronormative pattern and what effects they have on the characters. I take as a methodology the analysis of the discourse, inspired by Foucauld. The analyzes will be carried out through the speeches, the scenes, the sounds, the images, the explicit and silenced things. As well as some concepts ? curriculum, gender, homophobia, heteronormativity, norm, discourse, knowledge-power relations and subjectivation processes and subject positions ? were chosen as theoretical-conceptual tools for this research. In theoretical terms, this dissertation was inscribed in the field of Cultural Studies, in the version of post-critical curriculum studies. Thus, the central concept of research is curriculum, it is understood that it teaches ways of being, thinking and acting to people, as well as producing certain types of subjects and bodies. Likewise, the concept of discourse has important space, being understood as "practices that systematically form the objects of which they speak" (Foucault 1986: 56). I emphasize that the discourse of homophobia circulates in the most diverse spaces producing effects on the bodies, demanding positions of subject, be it in the movies, novels, school, family, religion, the wheel of friends. The central problem of this research is: how have gender discourses, through homophobic discourses, demanded normalized bodies in a heteronormative pattern in the films under analysis? For that, I have as specific objectives: to verify the processes of construction of so-called feminine and masculine practices in the investigated films; Register which brands are named and classified as "normal" to gender positions; Identify which generalized subject positions are demanded and produced in daily activities in the films in question; To investigate how gender inequalities are expressed in the studied films; To analyze which mechanisms, techniques and strategies of power are used to reinforce homophobia in these cinematographic works; Identify and analyze possible attempts to erase homosexual marks or escapes in the characters of the films. The central argument is that there is a reiteration of the heteronormative pattern in the curriculum of the investigated films even when one perceives an alleged attempt to break with patterns considered as ideal and normal. In this way, it adds up to the homophobic and heteronormative discourse, for example, biological, religious, psychological and moral discourses, demanding heterosexual subject positions.

The specific aim of this dissertation is to formulate and examine the discursive constructions of “the good teacher” in a specific discursive practice in the media arena. The broader aim is to participate in a discussion about the relationship between the media and education, including education policy. The discursive practice that is studied is the Swedish daily newspaper Dagens Nyheter. The material underlying the study consists of articles published on the editorial and comment pages of the paper during the 1990s, a decade when the Swedish education system underwent some major changes. In the first part of the empirical study, the articles included are categorised, first according to the debates constituted and then according to five themes related to the position of the teacher. The second part of the empirical study focuses on education as it is constructed in the discursive practice examined, progressing step by step towards achieving the specific aim of the study. The findings here include the following: a situation for education is established which involves a clear distinction between two different ways of perceiving education; a space of possibility for schooling is opened which excludes certain issues; a preferred school is formed in which priority is given to subject knowledge and order; distinct subject positions are offered to different figures in education, including teachers who are given an authoritative voice and educational researchers who are not; and finally the “good teacher” constructed is an expert who bears and transmits subject knowledge and a proponent of traditional values who manages to individualise teaching. It is also found in the study that a conservative discourse serves to provide an illness for a remedy that is put forward by a neo-liberal discourse, and that media logic is at work in the framing of educational issues in the practice studied.

The specific interest of this dissertation is to analyze and discuss the Swedish political struggle of defining the purposes and aims of higher education during the time period 1992-2007. Underlying this specific interest is a broader interest to take part in a multifold discussion concerning the role of higher education in relation to issues of societal and democratic development and of individual identity and citizenship, in times defined in terms of globalization and pluralism. The study takes its point of departure in discourse theory that directs the research interest to language use and the analysis of the political struggle as a contested discursive practice. The main aims of the study are: (I) To analyze the different discourses concerning the purposes and aims of higher education that are (re)articulated in the political struggle. (II) To analyze how the subject student is positioned in the different discourses. (III) To discuss hegemonic tendencies within the political struggle. The material studied in the dissertation consists of national and European policy texts, including government bills, official government inquiries, departmental reports and declarations from the Bologna process. From the analysis four discourses and subject positions provided for the student are constructed and derived; the classical academic discourse and the critically trained student; the discourse of globalization and the employable student; the discourse of democracy and the actively participating student; and finally the discourse of individual identity and the reflexive student. From the analysis it is concluded that it is possible to observe a variation in language use – in terms of the occurrence of (re)articulation of the different discourses – in the 1990s and the beginning of the 21st century in the political struggle. The closer one gets to 2007 the more this variation in language use is reduced, and the narrower definitions of the purposes and aims of higher education one finds, owing to the hegemonic tendencies of the discourse of globalization. It is also concluded that national politics then assume a more bureaucratic shape and guide itself towards administration of supranational (European) definitions.

Substance abuse constitutes a multi-layered social issue. The practical social work carried out with individuals suffering from substance abuse is, among other things, directed by the guidelines set out by Socialstyrelsen. This study aims to, from a critical discursive point of view, map out the discursive field within those guidelines for care and support in cases of substance abuse and its consequences. Additionally, the study aims to clarify the connection between policy and real- world social work practices by illuminating subject positions articulated within the discourses of substance abuse contained in those same guidelines. Six different, partly if not fully competing, discourses within the guidelines are identified through the study, within which the subsequent subject positions affects any practical social work carried out. Furthermore, the study shows the hegemonic status of the medical discourse – how its construction of the substance abuse subject as medically afflicted is the most dominant. Finally, the results indicate, in accordance with previous research, the discourse of harm reduction is increasing its extent as a discourse surrounding substance abuse. Possibly, this signifies a paradigm shift in the making as regards perspectives on substance abuse and its treatment.