This study aims to refine the current cartographic standards and specifications used by the Australian Defence Force to produce the 1:50 000 scale Topographic Line Map (TLM) so that TLMs can be read with both normal chromatic vision and with achromatic NVG vision. The proliferation and integration of Night Vision Goggles (NVG) into the Australian Army has increased the operating capacity of forces at night. The Australian Army has incorporated NVG into standard operating procedures and training to the effect that Australian military personnel do not operate, at night, without NVG. The increased use of NVG in the Australian Army has required existing systems to be modified or redesigned to be effective within the limitations of NVG. The inability to read TLMs effectively with NVG is an identified problem within the Australian Army. This research has investigated the problems associated with using NVG and the information, which cannot be read on TLMs with NVG. This information was compared to a survey of features on a TLM that are critical for successful military operations. The combined information determined which features on a TLM were to be refined to enable effective reading with NVG. The scope of this research limited refinements to current or previous cartographic standards and specifications used by the Australian Army to produce TLMs. Refinements were limited to symbology, size, and colour and three critical information features of contours, watercourses and vegetation. The problems of cartographic design for a dual vision system (chromatic/achromatic) were investigated and it was determined that the common factor of value contrast exhibits the greatest effect on the refinement process. Prototype TLMs were produced and tested with normal and NVG vision to determine the best cartographic portrayal of the critical information features, without compromising the Figure/ground relationship, balance and cognitive meanings of the TLM. A final product was produced from the prototype experiment results providing a TLM for use with both normal and NVG vision. The refined TLM has changed contours from brown to black without changes to symbology or size and watercourses from 0.1mm width to 0.2mm width without changing colour or symbology. Vegetation was retained at the current standard and specification.

Thesis (M.M.A.S)--School of Advanced Airpower Studies, 1995. / Subject: Conflict termination during MOOTW. Cover page date: June 1995. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

This is a submission for a PhD by portfolio on the subject of managing health services support to military operations. It is based upon my prior published work supported by an ‘action research’ analysis of the application of this prior knowledge to my experiences from spending a year in the South of Afghanistan from October 2009 to November 2010. The submission is structured around three thematic areas; medical planning to support military operations, management of military medical operations and international military medical engagement with indigenous health sectors. The submission presents evidence for my contribution to original thinking in each of these thematic areas by means of a review of my published work, my application of these concepts in support of NATO operations in Afghanistan and evidence of the impact of these concepts in influencing other military organisations. The first theme area on medical planning to support military operations will be supported by 3 monographs. These will describe the context of medical support to military operations in the current security environment, the use of the ‘estimate’ process to develop a medical plan and the analytical process termed ‘the casualty estimate’. The second theme covers the management of military medical operations. This is the largest section and contains monographs on pre-hospital helicopter medical evacuation, aeromedical evacuation movement between hospitals, managing casualty flows, deployed hospital care, and quality assurance of the medical system. The final theme covers international military medical engagement with medical support systems for indigenous security forces and indigenous civilian health systems. The closing section of this submission reflects on my two tours in Afghanistan comparing my recent experiences with my views at the end of my first tour in 2006/07. My whole thesis provides evidence of my considerable personal learning from my experiences managing medical support to military operations. This section will highlight how I have tried to share this experience both personally and across multiple stakeholder organisations to ensure my observations can be converted into lessons learned.

Orientador: Carlos Gustavo Poggio Teixeira / Resumo: No período da Guerra Fria, o desempenho da OTAN fora dos limites territoriais abrangidos pelo Artigo 6º sucedia-se por meio de arranjos informais e operações que não estivessem sob o seu comando. Logo, a atuação da OTAN no Atlântico Sul ocorreu de forma bastante limita-da em decorrência da ausência de uma política oficial acerca das operações out-of-area. Com o fim da era bipolar, a OTAN ganhou maior espaço de atuação no mundo e deixou de ser uma mera aliança militar, sob a base da defesa coletiva e, transformou-se em uma organização de segurança coletiva. Do mesmo modo, ao longo dos anos 2000, o Atlântico Sul adquire impor-tância estratégica aos olhos das potências globais e regionais, constituindo-se como uma área de oportunidades econômicas para conquista de autonomia energética e de projeção de poder político e militar. Portanto, a pesquisa tem por objetivo analisar como se dá a atuação da Or-ganização do Tratado do Atlântico Norte (OTAN) no ambiente geoestratégico do Atlântico Sul. Isso serve para compreender as motivações que conduzem os membros a envolver a or-ganização em uma área que oferece poucas ameaças às suas seguranças e que não foi contem-plada no seu mais recente Conceito Estratégico de 2010. Nessa pesquisa, elencam-se três fato-res de envolvimento da Aliança na região: os recursos naturais, a realidade de segurança e a crescente presença de China, Índia, Rússia. Temos que para países como França, Inglaterra, Portugal e EUA, que já possuem significativa influ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: In the period of the Cold War, NATO's performance outside the territorial boundaries covered by Article 6 was provided through informal arrangements and operations that were not under its command. Therefore, NATO's action in the South Atlantic had occurred in a very limited way due to the absence of an official policy on out-of-area operations. With the end of the bi-polar era, NATO gained more space in the world and it is no longer only to be a mere military alliance, under the base of collective defense, and became a collective security organization. Likewise, throughout the 2000s, the South Atlantic acquired strategic importance in the eyes of global and regional powers, constituting itself as an area of economic opportunities for the achievement of energy autonomy and the projection of political and military power. There-fore, the aim of the research is to analyze how the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) operates in the geostrategic environment of the South Atlantic. This is to understand the motivations that lead members to involve the organization in an area that offers few threats to its security and that was not contemplated in its most recent Strategic Concept 2010. In this research, there are three factors of Alliance's involvement in the region: natural re-sources, security reality and the increasing presence of China, India, Russia. For countries such as France, England, Portugal and the USA, which already have significant influence in the region, there a... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Submitted by DANIELLA DA SILVA NOGUEIRA DE MELO null (dani_melo192@hotmail.com) on 2018-02-28T14:48:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Daniella- arquivo completo.pdf: 1564598 bytes, checksum: a4388a81c5d6db892ce0403ed30ba6a1 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Satie Tagara (satie@marilia.unesp.br) on 2018-02-28T17:05:54Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 melo_dsn_me_mar.pdf: 1564598 bytes, checksum: a4388a81c5d6db892ce0403ed30ba6a1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-02-28T17:05:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 melo_dsn_me_mar.pdf: 1564598 bytes, checksum: a4388a81c5d6db892ce0403ed30ba6a1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-21 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / No período da Guerra Fria, o desempenho da OTAN fora dos limites territoriais abrangidos pelo Artigo 6º sucedia-se por meio de arranjos informais e operações que não estivessem sob o seu comando. Logo, a atuação da OTAN no Atlântico Sul ocorreu de forma bastante limita-da em decorrência da ausência de uma política oficial acerca das operações out-of-area. Com o fim da era bipolar, a OTAN ganhou maior espaço de atuação no mundo e deixou de ser uma mera aliança militar, sob a base da defesa coletiva e, transformou-se em uma organização de segurança coletiva. Do mesmo modo, ao longo dos anos 2000, o Atlântico Sul adquire impor-tância estratégica aos olhos das potências globais e regionais, constituindo-se como uma área de oportunidades econômicas para conquista de autonomia energética e de projeção de poder político e militar. Portanto, a pesquisa tem por objetivo analisar como se dá a atuação da Or-ganização do Tratado do Atlântico Norte (OTAN) no ambiente geoestratégico do Atlântico Sul. Isso serve para compreender as motivações que conduzem os membros a envolver a or-ganização em uma área que oferece poucas ameaças às suas seguranças e que não foi contem-plada no seu mais recente Conceito Estratégico de 2010. Nessa pesquisa, elencam-se três fato-res de envolvimento da Aliança na região: os recursos naturais, a realidade de segurança e a crescente presença de China, Índia, Rússia. Temos que para países como França, Inglaterra, Portugal e EUA, que já possuem significativa influência na região, há maiores vantagens em engajar a OTAN no Atlântico Sul. Por outro lado, a falta de clareza dos objetivos da organi-zação na região cria uma imagem de desconfiança para as potências regionais (Brasil, Argen-tina) que assumem uma postura defensiva em evitar a interferência de atores extrarregionais em seus espaços estratégicos. De forma geral, a pesquisa mostra que a participação da Aliança no Atlântico Sul serve para reforçar os interesses dos aliados e reformular as relações de força na região por meio de acordos diplomáticos, exercícios militares conjuntos, formação de par-cerias, intercâmbio de recursos e capacidades como se vê nas relações da OTAN com Cabo Verde, Mauritânia, Colômbia e outros países desse entorno regional. / In the period of the Cold War, NATO's performance outside the territorial boundaries covered by Article 6 was provided through informal arrangements and operations that were not under its command. Therefore, NATO's action in the South Atlantic had occurred in a very limited way due to the absence of an official policy on out-of-area operations. With the end of the bi-polar era, NATO gained more space in the world and it is no longer only to be a mere military alliance, under the base of collective defense, and became a collective security organization. Likewise, throughout the 2000s, the South Atlantic acquired strategic importance in the eyes of global and regional powers, constituting itself as an area of economic opportunities for the achievement of energy autonomy and the projection of political and military power. There-fore, the aim of the research is to analyze how the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) operates in the geostrategic environment of the South Atlantic. This is to understand the motivations that lead members to involve the organization in an area that offers few threats to its security and that was not contemplated in its most recent Strategic Concept 2010. In this research, there are three factors of Alliance's involvement in the region: natural re-sources, security reality and the increasing presence of China, India, Russia. For countries such as France, England, Portugal and the USA, which already have significant influence in the region, there are greater advantages in engaging NATO in the South Atlantic. On the other hand, the lack of clarity of the organization's objectives in the region creates a distrust image for the regional powers (Brazil, Argentina) that take a defensive stance in avoiding the inter-ference of extra-regional actors in their strategic spaces. Overall, the research shows that the Alliance's participation in the South Atlantic serves to reinforce the interests of allies and to reshape the region's power relations through diplomatic agreements, joint military exercises, partnerships, exchange of resources and capacity as it is seen in NATO relations with Cape Verde, Mauritania, Colombia and other countries in this region.

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. / In military operations, covertness of operation is of paramount importance. The transmission power of the data link must be kept to the minimum to maintain a low probability of detection (LPD) from the adversary. However, a reduction in the transmitted power implies a reduction in the operating range, though the detection range by the enemy is also reduced. Therefore, to reduce the enemy’s detection range while maintaining operating distance, this thesis explores strategies to discriminate gain against an adversary’s sensor. The strategies involve using processing gain, directional antennas, polarization and the natural environment as a transmission shield. The processing gain strategy analyzed in this thesis uses a diversity technique called Maximal Ratio Combining (MRC) applied to an IEEE 802.16a link. Sinclair D. Smith carried out a study on the possible processing gain derivable from this technique and this thesis will bring his results to practical applications via link analyses. In the event that the link is detected and the enemy decides to carry out jamming, the thesis explores a possible anti-jamming (AJ) strategy by using MRC and a directional antenna. Daniel P. Zastrow carried out a study on the AJ capability of MRC and this thesis brings his results to practical applications via link analyses. / Major, Republic of Singapore Airforce

The significance of urban areas for military operations is increasing due to the proliferation of cities and the amount of people living in them; armed forces must, to a higher degree, fight in these urban areas in the future. This essay highlights that, despite the increasing importance of urban areas for armed forces, there is a lack of developed theory regarding how armed forces fight in urban areas and how tactics, techniques, and procedures result in casualties. Using previous research on urban warfare, this essay posits three hypotheses and applies these on exercises from the Swedish Armed Forces’ training area for military operations in urban terrain.        The results show that mortars are responsible for a large number of the casualties incurred during the exercises. When exercises involve vehicles the combat ranges, at which casualties are suffered, are longer in comparison to exercises without vehicles. A small percentage of casualties are suffered in close-quarters combat. Finally, the essay elaborates on the meaning of the results and offer some possible explanations that also are suitable for further research. It concludes that further research is warranted, especially regarding close-quarters combat and the use of hand grenades.

This thesis investigates the notions of military masculinities in the gender training of the Nordic Centre of Gender in Military Operations (NCGM). Military masculinities are argued to create problematic gender norms that value men and devalue women. Therefore, there is a need to see if NCGM does reinforce or construct these gender norms into their training. The masculine norms are constructed as a dichotomy to the female norms, giving traits such as men being protectors and women the protected, and men being perpetrators and women being victims. The study is carried out through a qualitative text analysis of publications found on NCGM’s website. The analysis examines the extent of military masculine traits in their publications, and how these traits are depicted. The results show that NCGM is aware of the gender stereotypes of military masculinities, but they still do depict men and women in stereotypical feminine and masculine roles.

Command and control is central in all distributed tactical operations such as rescue operations and military operations. It takes place in a complex system of humans and artefacts, striving to reach common goals. The command and control complexity springs from several sources, including dynamism, uncertainty, risk, time pressure, feedback delays and interdependencies. Stemming from this complexity, the thesis approaches two important and related problem areas in command and control research. On a general level, the thesis seeks to approach the problems facing the command and control operators and the problems facing the designers in the associated systems development process. We investigate the specific problem of operators losing sight of the overall perspective when working with large maps in geographical information systems with limited screen area. To approach this problem, we propose high-precision input techniques that reduce the need for zooming and panning in touch-screen systems, and informative unit representations that make better use of the screen area available. The results from an experimental study show that the proposed input techniques are as fast and accurate as state-of-the-art techniques without the need to resort to zooming. Furthermore, results from a prototype design show that the proposed unit representation reduces on-screen clutter and makes use of off-screen units to better exploit the valuable screen area. Developing command and control systems is a complex task with several pitfalls, including getting stuck in exhaustive analyses and overrated reliance on rational methods. In this thesis, we employ a design-oriented research framework that acknowledges creative and pragmatic ingredients to handle the pitfalls. Our approach adopts the method of reconstruction and exploration of mission histories from distributed tactical operations as a means for command and control analysis. To support explorative analysis of mission histories within our framework, we propose tools for communication analysis and tools for managing metadata such as reflections, questions, hypotheses and expert comments. By using these tools together with real data from live tactical operations, we show that they can manage large amounts of data, preserve contextual data, support navigation within data, make original data easily accessible, and strengthen the link between metadata and supporting raw data. Furthermore, we show that by using these tools, multiple analysts, experts, and researchers can exchange comments on both data and metadata in a collaborative and explorative investigation of a complex scenario. / <p>Report code: LiU-Tek-Lic-2004:61.</p>

The United Nations has a long history of peacekeeping missions. These have evolved over time but since the end of the Cold War there has been rapid growth in those missions where the remit placed on the peacekeepers, both military and civilian, is more complex and demanding. In trying to define these missions and their mandates a wide range of terminology has been developed in an effort to describe the exact nature of the mission. Since many of these deployments take place into theatres where there is no peace to keep, or where a fragile peace reverts to a conflict situation such tight definitions often lead to the troops involved no longer having an appropriate mandate. More recently some of these larger missions constitute in fact interventions to impose peace. Attempts to find a `peace¿ classification for such deployments often confuse the issue rather than bring clarity. In reality these missions are not peacekeeping at all. The almost forgotten doctrine, principles and practices of Counterinsurgency provide a better framework for defining these missions, the respective roles of the key players and the factors necessary to bring success.