Efterkrigstidens utveckling av ytstridsfartyg och dess utrustning kan tyckas ha varit dramatisk. Artilleribestyckadeslagskepp från det andra världskriget uppträdde sida vid sida med moderna robotfregatter under 60-talet. Världensörlogsflottor fick under 60-talet inslag av fartyg som var små men med en vapenräckvidd som kunde mäta sig medslagskeppens svåra artilleri. Detta är några exempel på fenomen som ligger till grund för uppsatsen. Uppsatsens syfte är attutröna om begreppet teknologisk utveckling är en faktor som påverkar utformningen av ytstridskrafterna. Frågan ärberättigad då mycket av vad som framkommer ur teoribildningar och i sjökrigshistorien indikerar att så skulle vara falletsamt att denna forskningsaspekt inte tidigare är prövad. Forskningsproblemet angrips via en kvantitativ metod vilket harmedfört ett omfattande datainsamlings- och faktasammanställningarbete. Som en del av teoribildningen används tidigareforskning kring rustningsteorier och den tekniska utvecklingens påverkan sjökrigföringen. Ur teoribildningen formas sedanhypoteser som prövas via regressionsanalys.Resultatet visar att den teknologiska utvecklingen, i form av prestandaökning av egna vapensystem, i sig inte är enpåverkansfaktor. Som främsta påverkansfaktor på en stats utformning av ytstridskrafter fungerar i stället den tänktamotståndarens teknologiska utveckling i form av hans maximala vapenräckvidd. / Naval history is full of examples of how naval ships and their equipmentchanged dramatically after World War 2. Battleships with heavy artilleryhave sailed side by side with modern missile-guided frigates during the 60´s.At the same time the world naval fleets got a new type of small ships armedwith missiles. These ships could in terms of weapon range challenge the bigbattleships. This is one of example of a phenomenon that is the starting pointfor this study. This studies aim is to ascertain if technological development isa factor that influences the design of naval forces. The question is entitled dueto two circumstances; much of what have been written in many theories andmodels about armament has indicated that this is the case but the specificquestion has never been studied.A quantitative method have been used in the study and as aresult of that an extensive collection of data preceded the actual study. As apart of the underlying theories have the research about arms races theoriesconcerning naval warfare been used. From these theories have then thehypothesis been designed and later on tested with regression analysis.The result shows that national technological development, inform of increased weapon range is not a factor that influences the design ofthe naval forces. Instead is it the enemy and his technological development, inform of increased weapons range, which has the dominant influence over thedesign of a states naval force. / Avdelning: ALB - Slutet Mag 3 C-upps.Hylla: Upps. ChP 00-02

The significance of urban areas for military operations is increasing due to the proliferation of cities and the amount of people living in them; armed forces must, to a higher degree, fight in these urban areas in the future. This essay highlights that, despite the increasing importance of urban areas for armed forces, there is a lack of developed theory regarding how armed forces fight in urban areas and how tactics, techniques, and procedures result in casualties. Using previous research on urban warfare, this essay posits three hypotheses and applies these on exercises from the Swedish Armed Forces’ training area for military operations in urban terrain.        The results show that mortars are responsible for a large number of the casualties incurred during the exercises. When exercises involve vehicles the combat ranges, at which casualties are suffered, are longer in comparison to exercises without vehicles. A small percentage of casualties are suffered in close-quarters combat. Finally, the essay elaborates on the meaning of the results and offer some possible explanations that also are suitable for further research. It concludes that further research is warranted, especially regarding close-quarters combat and the use of hand grenades.

The development and application of artificial intelligence (AI) for military purposes are increasing rapidly in many parts of the world. Military powers are driving programs aimed at the advantages that AI can generate. Simultaneously, ethical questions arise concerning autonomous military systems. This study aims to provide clarity on how future Swedish officers with different backgrounds within the profession relate to the ethical issues that accompany the use of autonomous weapon systems. In this study, the respondents are presented with two fictitious scenarios based on the principles of distinction and proportionality, describing ethically problematic attacks that affect civilians. In each scenario, respondents are asked to take a stance on attacks carried out with different degrees of autonomy. The results of the study show that future officers consider the ethical defensibility of an attack to decrease as the degree of autonomy in the weapon system used increases.

The ethical implications of autonomous weapon systems is a highly debated topic. While research and development of autonomous weapon systems is ongoing, non-governmental organizations seek to ban the technology. Ethicists give conflicting answers as to what is right and what is wrong. Although, arguments opposing the use of autonomous weapon systems seem to dominate the debate, particularly when balancing deontological arguments that oppose autonomous weapon systems against those who advocate the technology.  The purpose of this study is to evaluate deontological arguments opposing the use of autonomous weapon systems using argument analysis. This is done in order to assess the deontological case for opposing autonomous weapon systems.  The findings of this study are that, although influential deontological arguments opposing autonomous weapon systems are more numerous than supporting ones, the deontological case for opposing autonomous weapon systems is weak in both tenability and relevance. The main tenability concerns are the application of theory in premises and conceptual incoherence. The main relevance concern is variations in the way autonomous weapon systems is defined. These weaknesses show that the analysed deontological arguments opposing the use of autonomous weapon systems should not alone dictate the direction of the ethical debate.

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Military developments suggest that autonomous weapons systems will be the future ofwarfare. Therefore, it is important to understand how to define the concept and how peopleexpress themselves around it. This paper will analyze how important actors in Sweden talkabout autonomous weapon systems. The concept of how autonomous weapons is constructedand what diversities and similarities there are in the expressions of autonomous weapons willbe examined in this paper. The question is if there is a hegemonic status in any discourse?Actors' expressions, such as political parties and researchers as FOI, SIPRI and The SwedishPeace and Arbitration Society, will be investigated. Social constructivism and discourseanalysis provide theoretical tools for the analysis. The discourses are organized byoperational and financial, human involvement, legal field and political discourses.The analysis shows how important characters try to give meaning to the phenomenon, forexample economic, human involvement and fear, which affect the different discourses. Theconclusions indicate that the juridical discourse has reached a hegemonic status, because allactors connect autonomous weapons to juridical frameworks.

The purpose of this study was to gain a greater understanding of potential challenges from a moral stress perspective that Swedish military leaders can face when implementing autonomous weapons systems. Two questions were asked to investigate this: what demands may arise and how can leaders be impacted? The study was conducted as a literature study and data from nine peer reviewed articles and a research report from the Swedish Defense Research Institute were analyzed via thematic analysis. The result seems to show that the lack of control, the lack of trust and difficulty in demanding responsibility from an autonomous weapon system creates moral leadership challenges. Without control over the autonomous weapon system, the consequences of its actions risk going against the leader's moral and this creates problems with how leadership can and should be conducted. The study also seems to show that autonomous weapon systems can lead to a moral impact on leaders, since autonomous weapon systems risk leading to increased distancing and risking contributing to increased violence. Given the moral leadership challenges and the moral influence made visible in this study, there seems to be a great risk of moral stress and even moral injury if autonomous weapon systems are used for actions that go against the leader's morality.

Utviklingen innen UAV er stor og bruken av slike systemer har fått stor oppmerksomhet.Spesielt etter at de er nyttet til bekjempning av mål under de seneste konfliktene. Samtidigpågår det nå en begynnende utvikling av offensive systemer, såkalte UCAV’er som skal kunnebekjempe mål blant annet på bakken.Landoperasjonen krever systemer med høyt tempo, fleksibilitet og systemer som har evne til åvirke kombinert for å få størst mulig effekt på motstanderen. Forfatteren henter krav til slikesystemer gjennom å beskrive landoperasjoner og hvordan nærstøtten utføres. Nærstøtten iform av CAS kontrolleres i dag av FAC’er som leder bemannede plattformer og deresvåpensystemer. Oppsatsen beskriver dessuten UCAV systemer og deres komponenter medvekt på autonomi, sensorer, kommunikasjon og våpensystemer. Hensikten med denneoppsatsen er å knytte sammen utførelsen av nærstøtte generelt og CAS spesielt medbeskrivelsen av UCAV systemer for å finne frem til hvordan nærstøtte tillandoperasjonene best kan utføres med UCAV. Oppsatsen svarer derfor på spørsmålenehvordan CAS kan ledes og utføres med UCAV og hvordan en slik UCAV bør konfigureres oghvilke krav som kan stilles til denne. / The development in the field of UAVs is extensive and gaining in focus andinterest as their mission catalogue is widened. The recent use of weaponizedUAVs in Afghansistan and Iraq to combat an array of targets has shown theirpotential. At the same time there is an ongoing development of offensivesystemes known as UCAVs, designed to strike targets all throughout thebattlespace.Land operations demands systems which allow tempo, flexibility and the useof combined effects to achieve the maximum possible dislocation of theopponent. The author arrives at preconditions for such systems to partakeeffectively by outlining land operations and describing the conduct of closesupport of land formations. Today, the air to ground support part of it iscontrolled by a forward air controller who controls manned platforms andtheir weapon systems. This thesis also describes UCAV systems and theircomponents with focus on authonomy, sensors, communications and weaponsystems.By connecting the conduct of landoperations, close support in general andclose air support (CAS) especially with the description of UCAV systems, thepurpose of the thesis is to outline how CAS to land operations can beconducted with UCAVs. The thesis does this by answering the questions as tohow to control CAS with UCAV and which demands that must be met by theUCAV system. / Avdelning: ALB - Slutet Mag 3 C-upps.Hylla: Upps. ChP T 01-03

To determine whether a weapon system meets the requirements set for insensitivity, the system is getting exposed for special tests. One of these tests shows how the system reacts when it ends up in a fire. This test is called the "Fast Cook-Off (FCO) Test", called FCO-test, and performed with a Sand Bed Burner (SBB). According to primary testing provision, the fuel for this test is used of jet fuel such as Jet A-1. A project at Bofors Test Center (BTC) is in progress to use an alternative fuel of Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG). This fuel is very advantageous compared to jet fuel in terms of environmental impact, work environment and testing costs. The aim of this thesis is to improve the existing test equipment considering fire over the entire surface and solve the problems with dropped gas flow and freezing of gas bottles. SBB works in the sense that the new petrol LPG streams into the SBB and expands in the free space below the sand bed before the gas will diffuse through the bed of sand and the fire engulfs the object. LPG is a condensable gas that requires oxygen. LPG exceed from liquid to gas phase and needs a large lateral surface to take up more energy which results in better evaporationto the phase transfer. Reaction products from complete combustion of LPG are only water vapor and carbon dioxide, the same as in your exhaled air. To solve these problems it was needed to change P11 composite bottles to P45 steel bottles to get a longer evaporation and larger lateral surface. Four flow inlets instead were used of one into SBB for a better stream in the free space under the sand bed. Propane regulators used to get a lower and more constant flow to avoid freezing. Compressed airconnected tothe SBB to geta mix between oxygen and LPG. The result shows in higherheat radiation efficiency even though the flow was settled down to 1/3 with the new propane regulators. In test 2 the value was 37 kW/m2 and in test 7 it was around 57 kW/m2. Because of a smaller flow and bigger steel bottles the freezing disappeared. Smaller grain of sand together with four inlets and compressed air gave a more complete combustion.

Artificial intelligence (AI) is one of the fastest developing technologies globally. AI has recently entered warfare and thus taken a place in international law. Today the use of AI in warfare is through machine learning and autonomous weapon systems. Autonomous weapons are expected to play a decisive role in future war- fare and therefore have a major impact on both civilians and combatants. This gives rise to an examination of the role of artificial intelligence, machine learning and autonomous weapon systems in international law, specifically international humanitarian law (IHL).  The purpose and main research question of the thesis is to examine how the use of AI, machine learning and autonomous weapon systems is regulated within international law. Further the thesis examines if the regulations sufficiently can ensure the protection that is guaranteed within IHL or if additional regulation is needed. The research question is answered by examining the relevant rules in IHL, compliance with the protection stated in the principles of distinction, pro- portionality and precautions in attack and lastly by analyzing the consequences for civilians and combatants.  Conclusions that can be made is that the rules of IHL are both applicable and sufficient to, in theory, regulate autonomous weapon systems. However the weapon itself must be capable to follow IHL and in order to guarantee this ad- ditional regulation is needed on the use of autonomous weapons. The use of autonomous weapon systems does not necessarily violate the principles of dis- tinction, proportionality and precaution in attack. On the contrary, the use of autonomous weapons can possibly ensure that the principles are respected even further. This however depends on the actual capabilities of autonomous weapon systems and whether they can make the complex judgments required for each principle. It is although still of importance to ensure that the element of human control is never completely lost. The issue that keeps returning is the potential loss of human control. At all times human control must be guaranteed to ensure that the final decision always remains with a human. If humanity in warfare is lost the consequences and risks for civilians will increase. Not only is there a possibility of increase in use of violence but also an increase of indiscriminate attacks. The rules of IHL aim to protect civilians as well as combatants, and the use of this new weapon will lead to difficulties to navigate armed situations for combatants. This will increase the suffering of civilians, but also risk overriding the protection of combatants that IHL ensures.