Approved for public release, distribution is unlimited / This study reports the initial findings of a four-year longitudinal study undertaken to assess the total amount of sleep received by cadets at the United States Military Academy. Specifically, data on the Class of 2007 were collected and analyzed during the freshman year. Survey data were collected (n=1290) on sleep habits prior to the cadets reporting to the Academy. Actigraphy data were collected (n=80) during summer military training and during the Fall academic semester. Survey data were analyzed using two different methods to determine total amount of sleep prior to reporting to the Academy ( x =8.5 hrs, s.d.=1.7 hrs; x =7.76 hrs, s.d.=1.46 hrs). Actigraphy data revealed that cadets received much less nighttime sleep (naps not included) during the Fall academic semester than they reported receiving in the month before CBT (total: x =5.32 hrs, s.d.=35.3 mins; school nights: x =4.86 hrs, s.d.= 37.4 mins; non-school nights: x =6.56 hrs, s.d.=64.4 mins). Using morningness/eveningness chronotypes, owls and non-owls differed significantly along the following dimensions: cadet attrition (z=2.66, p=0.0039), fall term academic quality point average (t=3.92, p<0.001), military program score (t=5.169, p<0.001), and physical program score (t=3.295, p=0.001). Suggestions for additional analysis of existing and subsequent data are proposed. / United States Military Academy, West Point, NY / Ensign, United States Naval Reserve

Thesis (MPA (School of Public Management and Planning))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis examines the Norwegian Army Cadets‟ worldview in light of Complexity Theory and the implications of this theory for leadership. The investigation uses two contradicting theories as a point of departure, Complexity Theory and Newtonian Theory. Complexity Theory is a Social Science-theory that originates from the Natural Science-theory of Quantum Physics where aspect such as non-linearity, chaos and self-organization are highlighted. Furthermore, holistic thinking and bottom-up processes are emphasized. Newtonian Theory is on the other hand based on a mechanistic and reductionist worldview where a constant strife to achieve balance and control through deterministic- and rational mechanisms are highlighted. A Newtonian system thus operates in a causal- and relatively closed environment where change is incremental and top-down driven. Using Complexity Theory as a theoretical starting point speaks for a shift in the way we look at leadership. Traditional leadership theories are normally based on the assumptions of Newtonian thinking, i.e. objectivity, reductionism and determinism. A traditional leader is actively shaping the future through regulations that ultimately end in the obtainment of goals. In other words, the processes are characterized as rational, “hard” and incremental. A Complexity Approach, on the other hand, supports Complexity Theory Principles such as self-organizational processes and chaos. Hence, leaders in complex systems should function as enablers of bottom-up processes and embrace chaos and uncertainty as something positive and nourishing. Furthermore, leaders in complex systems use vision and values as guiding principles and focus on micro-level interactions as opposed to a rule-bound and technical approach. The results from the empirical survey reveal that the Norwegian Army Cadets have a relatively balanced worldview towards Complexity Theory- and Newtonian Principles. On the one hand, a number of strong Newtonian trends such as the perception of conflict, chaos and change as something negative and the embracement of a direct and “hard” leadership style are evident. On the other hand, the Cadets express an adherence towards typical Complexity Theory Principles such as relationship orientation and informal leadership. Hence, it can be argued that the Cadets‟ worldview have elements of both Newtonian Theory and Complexity Theory. This study can be used to evaluate the effect of the current educational paradigm in the Norwegian Army and simultaneously contribute to further insight and discussion around the field of leadership. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie verhandeling ondersoek die wêreldbeskouing van Norweegse Leër-kadette in die lig van die Kompleksiteitsteorie, en die implikasies van dié teorie vir leierskap. Twee teenstrydige teorieë word as vertrekpunt in die ondersoek gebruik, naamlik. Kompleksiteitsteorie en Newtoniaanse Teorie. Kompleksiteitsteorie is „n Sosiale Wetenskapsteorie wat uit die Natuurwetenskaplike teorie van Kwantum-Fisika ontstaan het, met klem op aspekte soos nie-lineariteit, chaos en self-organisasie. Verder word holisitiese denke en prosesse wat van onder na bo werk, beklemtoon. Newtoniaanse Teorie, aan die ander kant, is gebaseer op „n meganistiese en reduksionistiese wêreldbeeld, met klem op „n konstante strewe na balans en kontrole deur deterministiese en rasionele meganismes. ‟n Newtonianse sisteem opereer dus binne ‟n kousale en relatief geslote omgewing, waar verandering inkrementeel is en van bo na onder gedryf word. Die gebruik van Kompleksiteitsteorie as ‟n teoretiese vertrekpunt dui op ‟n verandering in die manier waarop ons leierskap benader. Tradisionele leierskap-teorieë is normaalweg gebaseer op Newtoniaanse denke, d.w.s. objektiwiteit, reduksionisme en determinisme. ‟n Tradisionele leier vorm die toekoms aktief deur regulasies wat uitloop op die bereiking van doelstellings. Met ander woorde, die prosesse word gekarakteriseer as rasioneel, ”hard” en inkrementeel. „n Kompleksiteitsteorie-benadering aan die ander kant, ondersteun beginsels van Kompleksiteitsteorie soos self-organiserende prosesse en chaos. Leiers in komplekse sisteme moet dus funksioneer deur prosesse wat van onder na bo werk moontlik te maak, en deur chaos en onsekerheid as iets positief en voedend te beskou. Verder gebruik leiers in komplekse sisteme visie en waardes as riglyne, en fokus op mikro-vlak interaksies in teenstelling met ‟n reël gebonde en tegniese benadering. Die resultate van die empiriese studie toon aan dat Noorweegse Leër-kadette „n relatief gebalanseerde wêreldbeskouing het t.o.v Kompleksiteitsteorie- en Newtoniaanse beginsels. Aan die een kant, is daar duidelik ‟n aantal sterk Newtoniaanse tendense teenwoordig, soos die persepsie van konflik, chaos en verandering as iets negatiefs, en die aanhang van ‟n direkte en ”harde” leierskapstyl. Aan die ander kant, is daar ‟n neiging tot tipiese beginsels van Kompleksiteitsteori soos verhoudingsoriëntering en informele leierskap. Dit kan dus aangevoer word dat die Kadette se wêreldbeskouing elemente van sowel Newtoniaanse Teorie as Kompleksitetsteorie bevat. Hierdie studie kan gebruik word om die effek van die huidige onderwysparadigma in die Noorweegse Leër te evalueer, en terselfdertyd ‟n bydrae lewer tot dieper insig in en besprekning van die terrein van leierskap.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T13:16:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ArquivoTotal.pdf: 1066898 bytes, checksum: 1872fda6365fa3e08c97def9cb816509 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-04-15 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Military police and firefighters, in performing their work activities, are subject to a variety of situations and conditions arising from the external environment, in addition to having to survive the challenges posed by the public structure in which they operate. This reflection led to our interest in conducting a study with future law enforcement and public safety agents, namely military cadets. Therefore, the general aim of this thesis was to analyze the process by which the relationship between subjective well-being and mental health, and subjective well-being and burnout, acquire psychological meaning from the mediating effect of beliefs of self-efficacy. Toward this end, we set out to achieve the following specific objectives: a) to investigate the mediating effect of selfefficacy in the relationship of the mental health of future military police and firefighters with two sets of variables: those sociodemographic and those related to subjective wellbeing; and b) to evaluate the mediating effect of self-efficacy on the onset of burnout syndrome in future military police and firefighters, with two sets of variables: those sociodemographic and those related to subjective well-being. The study included 228 military cadets, mostly male (79%), between 17 and 24 years of age (60%), and of unmarried status (74%); it is noted that 65% attended the Military Police Officer Training Course, and 35% the Fire and Rescue Service Officer Training Course, with 42% having already attended the course one year earlier, 30% two years, and 28% three years prior. After research project approval by the Ethics Committee, and the consent and authorization of the Director of the Military Police Education Center of Paraíba, we proceeded to collect data. Participants received a booklet containing the following instruments: General (Mental) Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12), Maslach Burnout Inventory - Student Survey (MBI-SS), General Perceived Self-efficacy Scale, Positive and Negative Affect Schedule, Subjective Vitality Scale, and the Satisfaction with Life Scale. Initially, we conducted a hierarchical regression, using the "Enter" method, to assess: 1) the role of sociodemographic variables and subjective well-being in the mental health of military cadets; and 2) the role of sociodemographic variables and subjective well-being in the development of burnout in the military cadets. Subsequently, simple regressions were run, using the "Enter" method, to test the mediating effect of self-efficacy among the aforementioned variables. Regarding the construct of subjective well-being, we found that, despite being exposed to various adverse contingencies, these military cadets manage to maintain balanced levels of mental health, largely due to the dynamics of the four types of mediating functions (cognitive , selective, affective, and regulatory) set in motion by the beliefs of selfefficacy, in these individuals. Another interesting finding showed that the relationship between length of service and mental health is fully explained by self-efficacy. And in relation to burnout, it is emphasized that despite coming from the same academic environment (CEPMPB), police cadets and firefighter cadets showed a divergence in terms of burnout levels - police cadets exhibited a higher level of burnout than did firefighter cadets. Other evidence indicates that the more time cadets spend in the service, the more likely they are to develop burnout. The analysis results of this thesis indicate that military cadets (irrespective of gender and type of service to which they belong) are using (even partially) their self-efficacy beliefs to help deal with day-to-day stress. The discussions suggest intervention programs as a way for the military services to conserve resources, as this will prevent the emergence of burnout syndrome in the professional life of military police and firefighters. / Os policiais e bombeiros militares, ao realizarem suas atividades laborais, estão sujeitos às várias situações e intempéries advindas do ambiente externo, além de ter que sobreviver aos desafios impostos pela estrutura pública à qual estão inseridos. A partir desta reflexão, surgiu o interesse por realizar um estudo com os futuros agentes da segurança pública e defesa social, os cadetes militares. Logo, o objetivo geral desta tese foi o de analisar o processo pelo qual as relações entre o bem-estar subjetivo e a saúde mental e o bem-estar subjetivo e o burnout adquirem significado psicológico a partir do efeito mediador das crenças da autoeficácia. Para tanto, buscou-se o atingimento dos seguintes objetivos específicos: a) investigar o efeito mediador da autoeficácia na relação entre a saúde mental de futuros policiais e bombeiros militares e dois conjuntos de variáveis: as sociodemográficas e as relacionadas ao bem estar subjetivo; e b) avaliar o efeito mediador da autoeficácia no aparecimento da síndrome de burnout em futuros policiais e bombeiros militares e dois conjuntos de variáveis: as sociodemográficas e as relacionadas ao bem-estar subjetivo. Participaram deste estudo 228 cadetes militares, cuja maioria é do sexo masculino (79%), com idades variando entre 17 e 24 anos (60%), e declarados solteiros (74%); destaca-se que 65% frequentava o Curso de Formação de Oficiais da Polícia Militar e 35% o Curso de Formação de Oficiais do Corpo de Bombeiros Militar, sendo que 42% já frequentava o curso há um ano, 30% há dois anos e 28% há três anos. Após aprovação do projeto de pesquisa pelo Comitê de Ética e do consentimento e autorização do Diretor do Centro de Educação da Polícia Militar da Paraíba, procedeu-se a coleta dos dados. Os participantes receberam um livreto contendo os seguintes instrumentos: Questionário de Saúde mental (QSG-12), Maslach Burnout Inventory Student Survey (MBI-SS), Escala de Autoeficácia Geral Percebida, Escala de Afetos Positivos e Negativos, Escala de Vitalidade Subjetiva e Escala de Satisfação com a Vida. Inicialmente, foi realizada uma regressão hierárquica, método Enter, para avaliar: 1) o papel de variáveis sociodemográficas e do bem-estar subjetivo na saúde mental dos cadetes militares; e 2) o papel de variáveis sociodemográficas e do bem-estar subjetivo no desenvolvimento de burnout dos cadetes militares. Posteriormente, realizaram-se regressões simples com método Enter, para testar o efeito mediador da autoeficácia entre as variáveis supracitadas. Quanto ao construto do bem-estar subjetivo, observou-se que, apesar de estarem expostos a contingências diversas e adversas, os cadetes militares conseguem manter níveis equilibrados de saúde mental, em boa parte, devido à dinâmica dos quatro tipos de funções mediadoras (cognitiva, seletiva, afetiva e reguladora) que as crenças da autoeficácia realizam nestes indivíduos. Outro dado interessante apontou que a relação entre o tempo na corporação e a saúde mental é completamente explicada pela autoeficácia. Já em relação ao burnout, enfatiza-se que, apesar de conviverem no mesmo ambiente acadêmico (CEPMPB), cadetes policiais e cadetes bombeiros apresentaram divergência em termos de nível de burnout, sendo que que os cadetes da PM apresentam maior nível de burnout do que os cadetes BM. Outra evidência aponta que quanto mais tempo os cadetes passam na corporação, maior será a probabilidade destes virem a desenvolver a síndrome de burnout. Os resultados das análises desta tese indicam que os cadetes militares (independente do sexo e do tipo de corporação ao qual pertencem) estão se valendo (mesmo que parcialmente) das suas crenças de autoeficácia para conseguir enfrentar os estressores diários. As discussões sugerem programas de intervenção como forma de poupar recursos às corporações militares, pois estarão prevenindo o aparecimento da síndrome de burnout na vida profissional dos seus policiais e bombeiros militares.